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Caslavska J, Thormann W. Bioanalysis of drugs and their metabolites by chiral electromigration techniques (2010-2020). Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1744-1760. [PMID: 33570170 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The further development and application of capillary electromigration techniques for the enantioselective determination of drugs and their metabolites in body fluids, tissues, and in vitro preparations during the 2010 to 2020 time period continued to proof their usefulness and attractiveness in bioanalysis. This review discusses the principles and important aspects of capillary electrophoresis- based chiral drug bioassays, provides a survey of the assays reported during the past 10 years and presents an overview of the key achievements encountered in that time period. For systems with charged chiral selectors, special attention is paid on assays that feature field-amplified sample injection to enable the determination of ppb levels of analytes and optimized online incubation procedures for the rapid assessment of a metabolic pathway. Applications discussed encompass the pharmacokinetics of drug enantiomers in vivo and in vitro, the impact of inhibitors on metabolic steps, the elucidation of the stereoselectivity of drug metabolism in vivo and in vitro, and drug enantiomers in toxicological, forensic, and doping analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Caslavska
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Thormann
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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2
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Huang S, Adams E, Van Schepdael A. Study of aldehyde oxidase by micellar electrokinetic chromatography separation of O 6 -benzylguanine and 8-oxo-O 6 -benzylguanine. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:330-335. [PMID: 30221782 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A separation method for O6 -benzylguanine (O6 -BG) and 8-oxo-O6 -benzylguanine (8-oxo-O6 -BG) is developed by using MEKC. This study includes the optimization of separation and incubation parameters for both off-line and on-line procedures. The BGE consisted of 25 mM sodium phosphate buffer-methanol (70:30, v/v), apparent pH 7.4, in which SDS and methyl-β-cyclodextrin were dissolved yielding final concentrations of 50 and 15 mM, respectively. Separations were performed at 15 kV using an untreated fused-silica capillary (40 cm length, effective length is 30 cm) with the detection wavelength at 195 nm. The capillary was kept at 15°C. Good performances were demonstrated for the repeatability and linearity. The LOQ was determined to be 14 μM for 8-oxo-O6 -BG (S/N = 10). The accuracy values showed a bias of +7.9% for 50 μM and -7.0% for 100 μM. Premix and transverse diffusion of laminar flow profiles (TDLFP) methods were used for on-line mixing and reaction of the substrate O6 -BG with aldehyde oxidase. Both procedures were successful in mixing as well as subsequent separation of the substrate and the metabolite, while the repeatability of TDLFP (14.7% (n = 3)) was much better than the premix technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyun Huang
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erwin Adams
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Van Schepdael
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Leuven, Belgium
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3
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Penny WM, Palmer CP. Sphingomyelin ability to act as chiral selector using nanodisc electrokinetic chromatography. Chem Phys Lipids 2018; 214:11-14. [PMID: 29753650 PMCID: PMC6657505 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how stereochemistry affects interactions with cell membranes is important for effective drug development. Chirality has been shown to greatly effect pharmaceutical distribution and metabolism within the cell. However it has been thought that interactions with, and passive diffusion through, the membrane are not stereochemically selective. Various studies have produced conflicting results regarding whether interactions with lipid bilayers are or can be stereoselective. In the current work, stereoselective interactions between a pair of atropisomers, R-(+)/(S)-(-) 1,1'-Bi-2-naphthol, and sphingomyelin nanodisc bilayers, are demonstrated. This is accomplished using nanodisc electrokinetic chromatography, demonstrating that this approach is sensitive to subtle differences in affinity between small molecule probes and lipid bilayers. Using the same approach, no evidence of stereoselectivity was observed using enantiomer or diastereomer probes of varied chemistry and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Penny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59803, United States
| | - Christopher P Palmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59803, United States.
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Huang S, Paul P, Ramana P, Adams E, Augustijns P, Van Schepdael A. Advances in Capillary Electrophoretically Mediated Microanalysis for On-line Enzymatic and Derivatization Reactions. Electrophoresis 2017; 39:97-110. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengyun Huang
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis; Leuven Belgium
| | - Prasanta Paul
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis; Leuven Belgium
| | - Pranov Ramana
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis; Leuven Belgium
| | - Erwin Adams
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis; Leuven Belgium
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug delivery and disposition; Leuven Belgium
| | - Ann Van Schepdael
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis; Leuven Belgium
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Farcaş E, Pochet L, Crommen J, Servais AC, Fillet M. Capillary electrophoresis in the context of drug discovery. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 144:195-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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6
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Nowak PM, Woźniakiewicz M, Gładysz M, Janus M, Kościelniak P. Improving repeatability of capillary electrophoresis-a critical comparison of ten different capillary inner surfaces and three criteria of peak identification. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:4383-4393. [PMID: 28484810 PMCID: PMC5486911 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0382-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A poor repeatability of migration times caused by the fluctuations of electroosmotic flow (EOF) is an inherent weakness of capillary electrophoresis. Most researchers endeavor to prevent this problem using relative migration times or various capillary coatings which are expensive and not easy in comparison. Herein, we present an original approach to this problem: we apply a model sample designed to induce significant EOF instability, in order to critically compare ten capillary types with different physicochemical characteristics. Moreover, we accompany capillary modification with the evaluation of various criteria of peak identification: migration time, migration times ratio, and electrophoretic mobility. Our results show a great effectiveness of a dynamic coating in the stabilization of migration times, with the average RSD(%) value reduced from 3.5% (bare silica capillary) down to 0.5%. The good outcomes were also obtained for the surfactant-modified silica and amine capillaries. For the capillaries exhibiting significant instability of EOF, electrophoretic mobility turned out to be a more universal and reliable criterion of peak identification than relative migration time. It can be explained by an intrinsic dependency of migration times ratio on EOF change, which should always be considered during the selection of an internal standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Mateusz Nowak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Ingardena St. 3, 30-060, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Michał Woźniakiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Ingardena St. 3, 30-060, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marta Gładysz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Ingardena St. 3, 30-060, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Janus
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Ingardena St. 3, 30-060, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Kościelniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Ingardena St. 3, 30-060, Kraków, Poland
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7
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Nowak PM, Woźniakiewicz M, Michalik M, Fiedor L, Kościelniak P. Capillary coating as an important factor in optimization of the off-line and on-line MEKC assays of the highly hydrophobic enzyme chlorophyllase. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:1493-1501. [PMID: 27888314 PMCID: PMC5306352 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The choice between bare and coated capillaries is a key decision in the development and use of any methods based on capillary electrophoresis. In this work several permanently and dynamically coated capillaries were successfully implemented in a previously developed micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) assay of the plant membrane enzyme chlorophyllase. The results obtained demonstrate the rationale behind the use of capillary coating, which is crucial for successful optimization of both the off-line mode and the on-line/electrophoretically mediated microanalysis assay mode. The application of an amine permanently coated capillary (eCAP) is a simple way to significantly increase the repeatability of migration times and peak areas, and to ensure a strong electroosmotic flow that considerably decreases the overall analysis time. A dynamic coating (CEofix) allows one to apply an on-line incubation to control the reaction progress inside the capillary, and to increase the signal-to-noise ratio and peak efficiency. The dynamic coating is possible with use of both the normally applied uncoated silica capillary and the precoated amine capillary, which ensures more repeatable migration times. The strong points of the uncoated silica capillary are its attractive price and wide range of pH that can be applied. The characteristics presented may simplify the choice of capillary modification, especially in the case of hydrophobic analytes, MEKC-based separations, and other enzymatic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Mateusz Nowak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Ingardena 3, 30-060, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Michał Woźniakiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Ingardena 3, 30-060, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maciej Michalik
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Leszek Fiedor
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Kościelniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Ingardena 3, 30-060, Kraków, Poland
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8
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Ladner Y, Coussot G, Ebner S, Ibrahim A, Vidal L, Perrin C. Optimization of a nano-enzymatic reactor for on-line tryptic digestion of polypeptide conjugates by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:256-66. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoann Ladner
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron-IBMM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Université de Montpellier, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5247, Faculté de Pharmacie; Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Gaelle Coussot
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron-IBMM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Université de Montpellier, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5247, Faculté de Pharmacie; Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Stefanie Ebner
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron-IBMM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Université de Montpellier, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5247, Faculté de Pharmacie; Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Amal Ibrahim
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron-IBMM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Université de Montpellier, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5247, Faculté de Pharmacie; Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | | | - Catherine Perrin
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron-IBMM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Université de Montpellier, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5247, Faculté de Pharmacie; Montpellier cedex 5 France
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9
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10
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Asensi-Bernardi L, Martín-Biosca Y, Escuder-Gilabert L, Sagrado S, Medina-Hernández MJ. Fast evaluation of enantioselective drug metabolism by electrophoretically mediated microanalysis: Application to fluoxetine metabolism by CYP2D6. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:3214-20. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Asensi-Bernardi
- Departamento de Química Analítica; Facultad de Farmacia; Universitat de València; Burjassot Spain
| | - Yolanda Martín-Biosca
- Departamento de Química Analítica; Facultad de Farmacia; Universitat de València; Burjassot Spain
| | - Laura Escuder-Gilabert
- Departamento de Química Analítica; Facultad de Farmacia; Universitat de València; Burjassot Spain
| | - Salvador Sagrado
- Departamento de Química Analítica; Facultad de Farmacia; Universitat de València; Burjassot Spain
- Centro Interuniversitario de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico; Unidad Mixta Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Universitat de València; Valencia Spain
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11
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Mesbah K, Oukacine F, Lehnert S, Otto M, Taverna M. On-line capillary electrophoresis derivatization method for high sensitivity analysis of ubiquitin in filtered cerebrospinal fluid. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2733-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stefan Lehnert
- Department of Neurology; University of Ulm; Ulm; Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology; University of Ulm; Ulm; Germany
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12
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Nowak P, Woźniakiewicz M, Kościelniak P. An overview of on-line systems using drug metabolizing enzymes integrated into capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2604-14. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Nowak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University; Kraków; Poland
| | - Michał Woźniakiewicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University; Kraków; Poland
| | - Paweł Kościelniak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University; Kraków; Poland
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13
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Kim J, Jensen EC, Stockton AM, Mathies RA. Universal Microfluidic Automaton for Autonomous Sample Processing: Application to the Mars Organic Analyzer. Anal Chem 2013; 85:7682-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303767m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jungkyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United
States
| | - Erik C. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United
States
| | - Amanda M. Stockton
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United
States
| | - Richard A. Mathies
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United
States
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14
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Asensi-Bernardi L, Martín-Biosca Y, Escuder-Gilabert L, Sagrado S, Medina-Hernández M. In-line capillary electrophoretic evaluation of the enantioselective metabolism of verapamil by cytochrome P3A4. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1298:139-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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15
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Shanmuganathan M, Britz-McKibbin P. High quality drug screening by capillary electrophoresis: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 773:24-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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16
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Wang L, Liu Y, Xie H, Fu Z. Trivalent copper chelate-luminol chemiluminescence system for highly sensitive CE detection of dopamine in biological sample after clean-up using SPE. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1589-94. [PMID: 22736361 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A transition metal chelate unstable at a high oxidation state, diperiodatocuprate (III) (K₅[Cu(HIO₆)₂], DPC), was synthesized and applied in the luminol-based chemiluminescence (CL) system for highly sensitive CE end-column detection of dopamine (DA). This method was based on the fact that DA enhanced the CL emission resulting from the reaction between luminol and DPC in alkaline medium. The DPC-luminol-DA CL system showed very intensive emission and very fast kinetic characteristics, thus resulting in a high sensitivity in flow-through detection mode for CE. Under optimal conditions, the linear range was 1.0 × 10⁻⁸-5.0 × 10⁻⁵ g/mL (R² = 0.9984) with a limit of detection of 6.0 × 10⁻⁹ g/mL (S/N = 3). The RSDs of the peak height and the migration time were about 4.2 and 2.4% for a standard sample at 3.0 × 10⁻⁶ g/mL (n = 5), respectively. The presented method has been successfully used for the determination of DA in commercial preparation and human urine samples after clean-up using SPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Ying Kwan H, Thormann W. Electrophoretically mediated microanalysis for characterization of the enantioselective CYP3A4 catalyzed N-demethylation of ketamine. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:3299-305. [PMID: 22949220 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Execution of an enzymatic reaction performed in a capillary with subsequent electrophoretic analysis of the formed products is referred to as electrophoretically mediated microanalysis (EMMA). An EMMA method was developed to investigate the stereoselectivity of the CYP3A4-mediated N-demethylation of ketamine. Ketamine was incubated in a 50 μm id bare fused-silica capillary together with human CYP3A4 Supersomes using a 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at 37°C. A plug containing racemic ketamine and the NADPH regenerating system including all required cofactors for the enzymatic reaction was injected, followed by a plug of the metabolizing enzyme CYP3A4 (500 nM). These two plugs were bracketed by plugs of incubation buffer to ensure proper conditions for the enzymatic reaction. The rest of the capillary was filled with a pH 2.5 running buffer comprising 50 mM Tris, phosphoric acid, and 2% w/v of highly sulfated γ-cyclodextrin. Mixing of reaction plugs was enhanced via application of -10 kV for 10 s. After an incubation of 8 min at 37°C without power application (zero-potential amplification), the capillary was cooled to 25°C within 3 min followed by application of -10 kV for the separation and detection of the formed enantiomers of norketamine. Norketamine formation rates were fitted to the Michaelis-Menten model and the elucidated values for V(max) and K(m) were found to be comparable to those obtained from the off-line assay of a previous study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiu Ying Kwan
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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18
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Hai X, Yang BF, Van Schepdael A. Recent developments and applications of EMMA in enzymatic and derivatization reactions. Electrophoresis 2011; 33:211-27. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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