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Zhang D, Ye J, Song Y, Wei Y, Jiang S, Chen Y, Shao X. Isomerization and Stabilization of Amygdalin from Peach Kernels. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114550. [PMID: 37299025 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, isomerization conditions, cytotoxic activity, and stabilization of amygdalin from peach kernels were analyzed. Temperatures greater than 40 °C and pHs above 9.0 resulted in a quickly increasing isomer ratio (L-amygdalin/D-amygdalin). At acidic pHs, isomerization was significantly inhibited, even at high temperature. Ethanol inhibited isomerization; the isomer rate decreased with the ethanol concentration increasing. The growth-inhibitory effect on HepG2 cells of D-amygdalin was diminished as the isomer ratio increased, indicating that isomerization reduces the pharmacological activity of D-amygdalin. Extracting amygdalin from peach kernels by ultrasonic power at 432 W and 40 °C in 80% ethanol resulted in a 1.76% yield of amygdalin with a 0.04 isomer ratio. Hydrogel beads prepared by 2% sodium alginate successfully encapsulated the amygdalin, and its encapsulation efficiency and drug loading rate reached 85.93% and 19.21%, respectively. The thermal stability of amygdalin encapsulated in hydrogel beads was significantly improved and reached a slow-release effect in in vitro digestion. This study provides guidance for the processing and storage of amygdalin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decai Zhang
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Jianfen Ye
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Yu Song
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Yingying Wei
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Shu Jiang
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Yi Chen
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
| | - Xingfeng Shao
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315800, China
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Javed S, Ahsan W. Microemulsion based chromatographic techniques: Past lessons and future directions. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2019.1584746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shamama Javed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waquar Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Bensalah FO, Bil A, Wittine K, Bellahouel S, Lesur D, Markovic D, Laclef S. Solvent- and catalyst-free transamidations of unprotected glycosyl carboxamides. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:9425-9429. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02096a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New green and atom efficient transamidation reactions of various glycosyl carboxamides with primary and secondary amines are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouzia Ouadah Bensalah
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie
- des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources (LG2A) UMR CNRS 7378 – Institut de Chimie de Picardie FR 3085
- Université de Picardie Jules Verne
- FR-80039 Amiens Cedex
- France
| | - Abed Bil
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie
- des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources (LG2A) UMR CNRS 7378 – Institut de Chimie de Picardie FR 3085
- Université de Picardie Jules Verne
- FR-80039 Amiens Cedex
- France
| | - Karlo Wittine
- University of Rijeka
- Department of Biotechnology
- 51000 Rijeka
- Croatia
| | - Salima Bellahouel
- Université Oran1
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique Appliquée LSOA
- Oran 31000
- Algérie
| | - David Lesur
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie
- des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources (LG2A) UMR CNRS 7378 – Institut de Chimie de Picardie FR 3085
- Université de Picardie Jules Verne
- FR-80039 Amiens Cedex
- France
| | - Dean Markovic
- University of Rijeka
- Department of Biotechnology
- 51000 Rijeka
- Croatia
| | - Sylvain Laclef
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie
- des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources (LG2A) UMR CNRS 7378 – Institut de Chimie de Picardie FR 3085
- Université de Picardie Jules Verne
- FR-80039 Amiens Cedex
- France
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Radoičić A, Petronijević R, Andrić F, Tešić Ž, Milojković-Opsenica D. Development and validation of high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method for determination of amygdalin. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2017.1298032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Radivoj Petronijević
- Department of Chemical and Physio-Chemical Analysis, Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Filip Andrić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Živoslav Tešić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Song S, Chen F, Xing X, Ren M, Ma Q, Xie Y, Tang Q, Luo J. Concurrent quantification and comparative pharmacokinetic analysis of bioactive compounds in the Herba Ephedrae-Semen Armeniacae Amarum herb pair. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 109:67-73. [PMID: 25766850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Mahuang-Xingren herb-pair (MX), the combination of Herba Ephedrae (Mahuang in Chinese) and Semen Armeniacae Amarum (Xingren in Chinese), is a classical combination used in traditional Chinese Medicine to treat asthma and bronchitis. A simple and reliable ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to simultaneously quantify and compare the pharmacokinetics of 5 ephedra alkaloids and epimers of amygdalin and prunasin in rat plasma after oral administration of Mahuang, Xingren, and MX aqueous extracts. Samples were pretreated by a single-step protein precipitation with acetonitrile, and diphenhydramine hydrochloride and puerarin were used as internal standards. Pharmacokinetic parameters were investigated using DAS 3.2.2 (Mathematical Pharmacology Professional Committee of China, Shanghai, China). The validated method demonstrated adequate sensitivity, selectivity, and process efficiency for the bioanalysis of 8 compounds, including 3 pairs of epimers. MX administration improved the bioavailability of amygdalin and prunasin. Furthermore, MX facilitated intake of lower doses of ephedra alkaloids and increased elimination rates in comparison with Mahuang alone. These results illustrate the rationale behind the preferred use of the combination of Mahuang and Xingren. To our knowledge, this is the first report of stereo-selective metabolism of amygdalin. Further, the metabolic mechanism underlying this phenomenon merits future research attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Song
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Feilong Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Xuefeng Xing
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Mengyue Ren
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Qinhai Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Ying Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Xishuangbanna Prefecture, Jinghong 666100, PR China
| | - Qingfa Tang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
| | - Jiabo Luo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
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Yang C, Li X, Rong J. Amygdalin isolated from Semen Persicae (Tao Ren) extracts induces the expression of follistatin in HepG2 and C2C12 cell lines. Chin Med 2014; 9:23. [PMID: 25237385 PMCID: PMC4167460 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-9-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Chinese medicine formulation ISF-1 (also known as Bu-Yang-Huan-Wu-Tang) for post-stroke rehabilitation could increase the expression of growth-regulating protein follistatin by approximately 4-fold. This study aims to identify the active compounds of ISF-1 for the induction of follistatin expression. METHODS Active compounds in ISF-1 responsible for induction of follistatin were identified by a bioactivity-guided fractionation procedure involving liquid-liquid extraction, HPLC separation and RT-PCR detection. The aqueous extracts of seven ISF-1 ingredients including Semen Persicae (Tao Ren) and the S. Persicae-derived fractions were assayed for the induction of follistatin mRNA expression in human hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells by RT-PCR. The concentrations of isolated compounds were proportionally normalized to the reported IC50 concentration (5.8 mg/mL) of the formulation ISF-1 in HepG2. The active fractions were characterized by reverse-phase HPLC on a C18 column and identified by mass spectrometry. RESULTS Three ingredients of ISF-1, namely S. Persicae (Tao Ren), Pheretima (Di Long), and Flos Carthami (Hong Hua), induced the expression of follistatin mRNA. Among these, the ingredient S. Persicae were the most active, and amygdalin from S. Persicae extract was identified as a novel follistatin inducer. Amygdalin stimulated the growth of skeletal muscle cell line C2C12 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Amygdalin isolated from S. Persicae extract in ISF-1 through a bioactivity-guided fractionation procedure induced the expression of follistatin in HepG2 and C2C12 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanbin Yang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xuechen Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianhui Rong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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Ryan R, Altria K, McEvoy E, Donegan S, Power J. A review of developments in the methodology and application of microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography. Electrophoresis 2012; 34:159-77. [PMID: 23161220 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
MEEKC is a mode of CE, which utilizes microemulsion (ME) as the BGE to achieve separation of a diverse range of analytes. MEs are composed of nanometer-sized oil droplets suspended in aqueous buffer which are stabilized by the presence of a surfactant and co-surfactant. These MEs are commonly referred to as oil-in-water MEs and their application in MEEKC has been extensively examined. This review details advances in the theory, methodology, and application of MEEKC during the period 2010-2012. Areas covered include online sample concentration, advances in chiral separations, use of coated capillaries, chemometric approaches, and the use of novel additives to the ME system. This review also provides the reader with an introduction to MEEKC and a presentation of recent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richie Ryan
- Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland.
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Yu L, Chu K, Ye H, Liu X, Yu L, Xu X, Chen G. Recent advances in microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Ward
- Millsaps College, 1701 N. State Street, Box 150306, Jackson, Mississippi 39210, United States
| | - Karen D. Ward
- Millsaps College, 1701 N. State Street, Box 150306, Jackson, Mississippi 39210, United States
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