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Zaki M, Shafie E, Abdel-Gawad S, Fekry A, Saad R, shehata M. Mn/Cu nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode as a novel electrochemical sensor for nicotine detection. ELECTROANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202200143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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2
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Alhusban AA, Hammad AM, Alzaghari LF. Simple HPLC method for simultaneous quantification of nicotine and cotinine levels in rat plasma after exposure to two different tobacco products. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2022. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2022.01054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Development and validation of a selective analytical method to accurately and precisely quantify nicotine and cotinine levels in rat's plasma after exposure to tobacco cigarettes and tobacco water-pipe.
Methods
An easy HPLC-Photodiode-Array Detection (PDA) method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of nicotine and cotinine levels in plasma of 15 rats (10 rats after tobacco products exposure and 5 control rats). Nicotine and cotinine were extracted in one step from plasma using acetonitrile and concentrated to lowest volume using nitrogen stream.
Results
The developed method offered a rapid analysis time of 14 min with single step of analytes extraction from rat's plasma with recovery percentage range between 93 and 95% and excellent linearity with correlation factor more than 0.994 with analytical range between 50 and 1000 ng mL−1 and LOD of 25 ng mL−1 and 23 ng mL−1 for nicotine and cotinine, respectively. The analysis of rat's plasma after 28 days of exposure to tobacco cigarettes and tobacco water-pipe revealed that the average concentrations of 376 ng mL−1 for cotinine and 223 ng mL−1 for nicotine were obtained after tobacco cigarettes exposure, and 220 ng mL−1 for cotinine and 192 ng mL−1 for nicotine after tobacco water-pipe exposure.
Conclusion
Higher nicotine and cotinine levels were found in plasma after tobacco cigarettes exposure than water-pipe exposure which may have potential undesirable effects on passive smokers in both cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala A. Alhusban
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Alaa M. Hammad
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Lujain F. Alzaghari
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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3
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Brown K, Dennany L. Electrochemiluminescence sensors and forensic investigations: a viable technique for drug detection? PURE APPL CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2021-1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) are today considered one of the major ticking public health time bombs in regard to drug abuse. The inability to identify these substances with current screening methods, sees their distribution remain uninterrupted and contributes to the high death rates amongst users. To tackle this problem, it is vital that new robust screening methods are developed, addressing the limitation of those currently in place, namely colour subjectivity and lack of compatibility with the complex matrices these substances may be found within. To this avail, electrochemical methods have been assessed. These low cost and extremely portable sensors have been successfully applied for the direct detection of a broad range of compounds of interest in a range of matrices including, herbal material, commercial drinks and biological fluids (serum, saliva, sweat and urine). With their high versatility, gifted through a significant degree of flexibility in regard to electrode material a range of sensors have to date been reported. In this review the various electrochemical sensors developed to date for NPS detection will be compared and contrasted, with a special focus upon those utilising electrochemiluminescence (ECL) technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Brown
- Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , Technology & Innovation Centre, 99 George Street , G1 1RD Glasgow , UK
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4
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Amr AEGE, Kamel AH, Almehizia AA, Sayed AYA, Elsayed EA, Abd-Rabboh HSM. Paper-Based Potentiometric Sensors for Nicotine Determination in Smokers' Sweat. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:11340-11347. [PMID: 34056289 PMCID: PMC8153920 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe for the first time, the design and fabrication of a novel nicotine paper-based sensor, in which a miniaturized paper reference electrode is integrated for potentiometric measurements. The paper-based sensors were designed using printed wax barriers to define the electrochemical cell and the sample zones. The electrodes were based on the use of the ion association complexes of the nicotinium cation (Nic) with either tetraphenylborate (TPB) or 5-nitrobarbiturate (NB) counter anions as sensing materials for nicotine recognition. A poly (3,4 ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly-(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS) conducting polymer was used as an ion-to-electron transducer. The performance characteristics of the proposed sensors were evaluated and it revealed a rapid and stable response with a Nernstian slope of 55.2 ± 0.3 and 51.2 ± 0.6 mV/decade over the linear range of 1.0 × 10-5 to 1.0 × 10-2 M and detection limits of 6.0 and 8.0 μM for [Nic/TPB] and [Nic/NB], respectively. The sensors revealed a constant response over the pH range 3.5-6.5. The designed sensors provided a portable, inexpensive, and disposable way of measuring trace levels of nicotine coming from different cigarettes and in the collected human sweat of heavy smokers. All results were compared favorably with those obtained by the standard gas chromatographic method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd El-Galil E. Amr
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry Department, Drug Exploration and Development Chair (DEDC),
College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Applied
Organic Chemistry Department, National Research
Center, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Ayman H. Kamel
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams
University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Abdulrahman A. Almehizia
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry Department, Drug Exploration and Development Chair (DEDC),
College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Y. A. Sayed
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry Department, Drug Exploration and Development Chair (DEDC),
College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elsayed A. Elsayed
- Zoology
Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud
University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry
of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
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5
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Mehmeti E, Kilic T, Laur C, Carrara S. Electrochemical determination of nicotine in smokers’ sweat. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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6
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Huang Z, Li Z, Xu L, Wei C, Zhu C, Deng H, Peng H, Xia X, Chen W. Mechanistic Insight into a Novel Ultrasensitive Nicotine Assay Base on High-Efficiency Quenching of Gold Nanocluster Cathodic Electrochemiluminescence. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11438-11443. [PMID: 32691587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring nicotine concentrations in human fluids is extremely crucial owing to the harmful effect of nicotine on human health. Herein, it is shown that nicotine could quench the cathodic electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) with high efficiency. The ECL quenching mechanism of nicotine was studied in detail using various experimental tools and theoretical calculations. It was concluded that the strongly oxidizing intermediate SO4•-, produced from K2S2O8, could oxidized nicotine, resulting in ECL emission quenching. On the basis of this high-efficiency ECL quenching of the AuNCs/K2S2O8 system, a recyclable, ultrasensitive, and selective ECL sensing platform for nicotine detection was proposed. Even in the absence of any complex signal amplification techniques, the ECL sensor for nicotine detection showed an unprecedentedly low detection limit of 7.0 × 10-13 M (S/N = 3) and a wide linear range over 8 orders of magnitude. Most remarkably, it could be successfully used for nicotine detection in human urine samples. This is expected to promote the investigations and applications on nicotine-related diseases. We believe that the proposed ECL platform can hold great prospects for commercialization in biomedical fields and tobacco industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongnan Huang
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Zhenglian Li
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Luyao Xu
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Chaoguo Wei
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Chenting Zhu
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Haohua Deng
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Huaping Peng
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Xinghua Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
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7
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Applications of capillary electrophoresis with chemiluminescence detection in clinical, environmental and food analysis. A review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 913:22-40. [PMID: 26944987 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the latest developments and analytical applications of chemiluminescence detection coupled to capillary electrophoresis (CE-CL). Different sections considering the most common CL systems have been included, such as the tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) system, the luminol and acridinium derivative reactions, the peroxyoxalate CL or direct oxidations. Improvements in instrumental designs, new strategies for improving both resolution and sensitivity, and applications in different fields such as clinical, pharmaceutical, environmental and food analysis have been included. This review covers the literature from 2010 to 2015.
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8
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Two orders-of-magnitude enhancement in the electrochemiluminescence of Ru(bpy)32+ by vertically ordered silica mesochannels. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 886:48-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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9
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Taujenis L, Olšauskaitė V, Padarauskas A. Determination of nicotine and three minor alkaloids in tobacco by hydrophilic interaction chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2015. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.27.2015.2.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Lin YH, Feng CH, Wang SW, Ko PY, Lee MH, Chen YL. Determination of Nicotine in Tobacco by Chemometric Optimization and Cation-Selective Exhaustive Injection in Combination with Sweeping-Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2015; 2015:869719. [PMID: 26101695 PMCID: PMC4460933 DOI: 10.1155/2015/869719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine is a potent chemical that excites the central nervous system and refreshes people. It is also physically addictive and causes dependence. To reduce the harm of tobacco products for smokers, a law was introduced that requires tobacco product containers to be marked with the amount of nicotine as well as tar. In this paper, an online stacking capillary electrophoresis (CE) method with cation-selective exhaustive injection sweeping-micellar electrokinetic chromatography (CSEI-sweeping-MEKC) is proposed for the optimized analysis of nicotine in tobacco. A higher conductivity buffer (160 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3)) zone was injected into the capillary, allowing for the analytes to be electrokinetically injected at a voltage of 15 kV for 15 min. Using 50 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate and 25% methanol in the sweeping buffer, nicotine was detected with high sensitivity. Thus, optimized conditions adapted from a chemometric approach provided a 6000-fold increase in the nicotine detection sensitivity using the CSEI-sweeping-MEKC method in comparison to normal CZE. The limits of detection were 0.5 nM for nicotine. The stacking method in combination with direct injection which matrix components would not interfere with assay performance was successfully applied to the detection of nicotine in tobacco samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hui Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsien Feng
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, Taipei 252, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yun Ko
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsun Lee
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ling Chen
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, College of Marine Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
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Kim Y, Kim J. Modification of indium tin oxide with dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles to provide enhanced stable electrochemiluminescence of Ru(bpy)3(2+)/tripropylamine while preserving optical transparency of indium tin oxide for sensitive electrochemiluminescence-based analyses. Anal Chem 2014; 86:1654-60. [PMID: 24397739 DOI: 10.1021/ac403415m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report highly enhanced stable electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) of Ru(bpy)3(2+) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridyl) with tripropylamine (TPrA) coreactant on indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes modified with amine-terminated dendrimers encapsulating catalytic nanoparticles while maintaining optical transparency of ITO and feasibility of the modified ITOs to sensitive ECL-based assays. As model systems, we prepared Pt and Au dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles (DENs) using amine-terminated sixth-generation poly(amido amine) dendrimers and subsequently immobilized the DENs onto ITO surfaces via electrooxidative grafting of the terminal amines of dendrimers to the surfaces. The resulting DEN-modified ITOs preserved good optical transparency of ITO and exhibited highly catalyzed electrochemical oxidation of Ru(bpy)3(2+)/TPrA, leading to significantly increased ECL emission. Especially, the Pt DEN-modified ITO electrode provides negligible transmittance drop, i.e., only ∼1.99% over the entire visible region, and exhibited not only much enhanced (i.e., ∼213-fold increase compared to ECL obtained from bare ITO) but also stable ECL emission under consecutive potential scans from 0.00 to 1.10 V for 10 cycles, which allowed ∼329 times more sensitive ECL-based analysis of nicotine using the Pt DEN-modified ITO compared with the use of bare ITO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeoju Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University , 1 Hoegi-dong, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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12
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Lin X, Sun Y, Xu D, Li Y, Liu S, Xie Z. Sensitive capillary electrophoretic profiling of nicotine and nornicotine in mushrooms with amperometric detection. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2033-40. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xucong Lin
- Institute of Food Safety and Environmental Monitoring; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou; P. R. China
| | - Yingying Sun
- Institute of Food Safety and Environmental Monitoring; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou; P. R. China
| | - Dongjie Xu
- Institute of Food Safety and Environmental Monitoring; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou; P. R. China
| | - Yanping Li
- Institute of Food Safety and Environmental Monitoring; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou; P. R. China
| | - Shaofeng Liu
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC; Zhengzhou; P. R. China
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Kubica P, Kot-Wasik A, Wasik A, Namieśnik J. "Dilute & shoot" approach for rapid determination of trace amounts of nicotine in zero-level e-liquids by reversed phase liquid chromatography and hydrophilic interactions liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry-electrospray ionization. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1289:13-8. [PMID: 23548207 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Two analytical procedures are proposed where HILIC and RPLC techniques are coupled with tandem mass spectrometry detection for rapid determination of trace amounts of nicotine in zero-level liquids for electronic cigarettes. Samples are prepared on the basis of the approach "dilute & shoot" which makes this important step quick and not complicated. The chromatographic separation was carried out on a Zorbax XDB column (RPLC method) and Ascentis Si column (HILIC mode). Within-run precisions (CVs) measured at three concentration levels were as follows: 0.73%, 0.98% and 1.44% for RPLC method and 1.39%, 1.44% and 0.57% (HILIC mode). Between-run CVs were as follows: 1.94%, 1.02% and 1.22% for RPLC mode and 1.49%, 1.20% and 1.22% for HILIC mode. The detection limits of RPLC and HILIC modes were 4.08 and 3.90 ng/mL respectively. The proposed procedures are rapid, not complicated, sensitive and are suitable for fast determination of trace amounts of nicotine in zero-level liquids for electronic cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Kubica
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Li X, Yang Y, Zhou K. [Simultaneous determination of chlorpromazine and promethazine and their main metabolites by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence]. Se Pu 2013; 30:938-42. [PMID: 23285977 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2012.04025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the phenomenon that each of chlorpromazine (CPZ), promethazine (PMZ), chlorpromazine sulfoxide (CPZSO) and promethazine sulfoxide (PMZSO) could enhance the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) intensity of tris(2,2'-bipyridyl) ruthenium, a novel and sensitive method was proposed for the simultaneous determination of CPZ, PMZ and their main metabolites using capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled with ECL detection. The influences of several experimental parameters were explored. The optimum experimental conditions were as follows: detection potential of 1. 20 V (Ag/AgCl), 40 mmol/L of phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.5) containing 5 mmol/L tris(2,2'-bipyridyl) ruthenium in ECL detection cell, running buffer solution of 18 mmol/L (pH 4.8), sample injection of 8 s at 11 kV, and separation voltage of 13.5 kV. The detection limits (3sigma) of this method were 8.3 x 10(-7) g/L for CPZ, 7.2 x 10(-6) g/L for PMZ, 1.9 x 10(-5) g/L for CPZSO and 3.7 x 10(-6) g/L for PMZSO. The linear ranges of ECL intensity versus mass concentration of medicaments were 7. 1 x 10(-6) - 6. 3 x 10(-3) g/L for CPZ, 7.5 x 10(-5) - 4.6 x 10(-3) g/L for PMZ, 9.7 x 10(-5) - 3.6 x 10(-3) g/L for CPZSO and 8.1 x 10(-5) - 7.7 x 10(-3) g/L for PMZSO. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the four target compounds were not more than 3% for ECL intensity and 1% for migration time. This method has the merits of simplicity, speediness, sensitivity, small sample injection, and free from interference. This method was successfully utilized to directly and simultaneously detect CPZ, PMZ, CPZSO and PMZSO in urine samples of pet dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufei Li
- Biochemical Engineering College, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China
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15
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Xu X, Fan ZH. Concentration and determination of cotinine in serum by cation-selective exhaustive injection and sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2570-6. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering; University of Florida; Gainesville; FL; USA
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Abstract
AbstractCapillary electrophoresis (CE) is an attractive technique in separation science because of its high separation performance, short analysis time and low cost. Electrochemical detection (EC) is a powerful tool for CE because of its high sensitivity. In this review, developments of CE-EC from 2008 to August, 2011 are reviewed. We choose papers of innovative and novel results to demonstrate the newest and most important progress in CE-EC.
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