1
|
Pratiwi R, Noviana E, Fauziati R, Carrão DB, Gandhi FA, Majid MA, Saputri FA. A Review of Analytical Methods for Codeine Determination. Molecules 2021; 26:800. [PMID: 33557168 PMCID: PMC7913935 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Codeine is derived from morphine, an opioid analgesic, and has weaker analgesic and sedative effects than the parent molecule. This weak opioid is commonly used in combination with other drugs for over-the-counter cough relief medication. Due to the psychoactive properties of opioid drugs, the easily obtained codeine often becomes subject to misuse. Codeine misuse has emerged as a concerning public health issue due to its associated adverse effects such as headache, nausea, vomiting, and hemorrhage. Thus, it is very important to develop reliable analytical techniques to detect codeine for both quality control of pharmaceutical formulations and identifying drug misuse in the community. This review aims to provide critical outlooks on analytical methods applicable to the determination of codeine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rimadani Pratiwi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (R.F.); (F.A.G.); (M.A.M.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Eka Noviana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia;
| | - Rizky Fauziati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (R.F.); (F.A.G.); (M.A.M.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Daniel Blascke Carrão
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil;
| | - Firas Adinda Gandhi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (R.F.); (F.A.G.); (M.A.M.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Mutiara Aini Majid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (R.F.); (F.A.G.); (M.A.M.); (F.A.S.)
| | - Febrina Amelia Saputri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (R.F.); (F.A.G.); (M.A.M.); (F.A.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang S, Xie T, Dong X, Hu J, Men L, Cao J. Determination of Iodine Species in Seafood by Ionic Liquid–Based In-line Solid-Phase Extraction-Capillary Electrophoresis. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01553-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
3
|
Hamdan II. Capillary electrophoresis in the analysis of pharmaceuticals in environmental water: A critical review. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2017.1293550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Imad I. Hamdan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tascon M, Gagliardi LG, Benavente F. Parts-per-trillion detection of harmala alkaloids in Undaria pinnatifida algae by on-line solid phase extraction capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 954:60-67. [PMID: 28081815 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
β-carboline alkaloids of the harmala group (HAlks)-a family of compounds with pharmacologic effects-can be found at trace levels (<25 μg kg-1 algae) in the edible invasive algae Undaria pinnatifida, known commonly as wakame. In this study, we present a simple and sensitive method to detect and quantify at low parts-per-trillion levels the six HAlks more frequently found in those plants. The method is based on on-line solid phase extraction capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry using a C18 sorbent. First, the methodology was optimized and validated with standard solutions through the use of ultraviolet (UV) and mass spectrometry (MS) detection. Second, the optimized method for MS detection was applied to an analysis of the HAlks in U. pinnatifida extracts. The method achieved limits of detection between 2 and 77 pg mL-1 for standards, producing an analyte preconcentration of about 1000-times in comparison to CE-MS. Some matrix effects were observed for the complex wakame extracts, especially for the most polar HAlks (harmol and harmalol), which bear aromatic hydroxyl groups. Harmine, harmaline, and norharmane were not detected in the algal extracts, whereas harmane was found at 70 pg mL-1 (70 ng kg-1 dry algae). The results underscored that C18-SPE-CE-MS may be considered as a powerful method to detect trace levels of alkaloids and other bioactive small molecules in complex plant extracts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Tascon
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Métodos Analíticos (LIDMA), División Química Analítica, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina
| | - Leonardo G Gagliardi
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Métodos Analíticos (LIDMA), División Química Analítica, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina
| | - Fernando Benavente
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química i Química Analítica, Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Drugs of abuse in drinking water – a review of current detection methods, occurrence, elimination and health risks. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
6
|
Baciu T, Botello I, Borrull F, Calull M, Aguilar C. Capillary electrophoresis and related techniques in the determination of drugs of abuse and their metabolites. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
7
|
Medina-Casanellas S, Tak YH, Benavente F, Sanz-Nebot V, Sastre Toraño J, Somsen GW, de Jong GJ. Evaluation of fritless solid-phase extraction coupled on-line with capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry for the analysis of opioid peptides in cerebrospinal fluid. Electrophoresis 2015; 35:2996-3002. [PMID: 25074562 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fritless SPE on-line coupled to CE with UV and MS detection (SPE-CE-UV and SPE-CE-MS) was evaluated for the analysis of opioid peptides. A microcartridge of 150 μm id was packed with a C18 sorbent (particle size > 50 μm), which was retained between a short inlet capillary and a separation capillary (50 μm id). Several experimental parameters were optimized by SPE-CE-UV using solutions of dynorphin A (DynA), endomorphin 1 (End1), and methionine-enkephaline (Met). A microcartridge length of 4 mm was selected, sample was loaded for 10 min at 930 mbar and the retained peptides were eluted with 67 nL of an acidic hydro-organic solution. Using SPE-CE-MS, peak area and migration time repeatabilities for the three opioid peptides were 12-27% and 4-5%, respectively. SPE recovery was lower for the less hydrophobic DynA (22%) than for End1 (66%) and Met (78%) and linearity was satisfactory in all cases between 5 and 60 ng/mL. The LODs varied between 0.5 and 1.0 ng/mL which represent an enhancement of two orders of magnitude when compared with CE-MS. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples spiked with the opioid peptides were analyzed to demonstrate the applicability to biological samples. Peak area and migration time repeatabilities were similar to the standard solutions and the opioid peptides could be detected down to 1.0 ng/mL.
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhou H, Zhang Q, Wang X, Zhang Q, Ma L, Zhan Y. Systematic screening of common wastewater-marking pharmaceuticals in urban aquatic environments: implications for environmental risk control. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:7113-7129. [PMID: 24557805 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we refer to pharmaceuticals that are widespread in the urban aquatic environment and that mainly originate from wastewater treatment plants or non-point source sewage as "wastewater-marking pharmaceuticals" (WWMPs). To some extent, they reflect the condition or trend of water contamination and also contribute to aquatic environmental risk assessment. The method reported here for screening typical WWMPs was proposed based on academic concerns about them and their concentrations present in the urban aquatic environment, as well as their properties of accumulation, persistence, eco-toxicity and related environmental risks caused by them. The screening system consisted of an initial screening system and a further screening system. In the former, pharmaceuticals were categorised into different evaluation levels, and in the latter, each pharmaceutical was given a normalised final evaluation score, which was the sum of every score for its properties of accumulation, persistence, eco-toxicity and environmental risk in the aquatic environment. The system was applied to 126 pharmaceuticals frequently detected in the aquatic environment. In the initial screening procedure, five pharmaceuticals were classified into the "high" category, 16 pharmaceuticals into the "medium" category, 15 pharmaceuticals into the "low" category and 90 pharmaceuticals into the "very low" category. Subsequently, further screening were conducted on 36 pharmaceuticals considered as being of "high", "medium" and "low" categories in the former system. We identified 7 pharmaceuticals with final evaluation scores of 1-10, 10 pharmaceuticals with scores of 11-15, 15 pharmaceuticals with scores from 16 to 20 and 4 pharmaceuticals with scores above 21. The results showed that this screening system could contribute to the effective selection of target WWMPs, which would be important for spatial-temporal dynamics, transference and pollution control of pharmaceuticals in the urban aquatic environment. However, there remains a number of pharmaceutical parameters with measured data gaps, such as organic carbon adsorption coefficients and bioconcentration factors, which, if filled, would improve the accuracy of the screening system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Zhou
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516, Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tubaon RMS, Rabanes H, Haddad PR, Quirino JP. Capillary electrophoresis of natural products: 2011-2012. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:190-204. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ria Marni S. Tubaon
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS); School of Physical Sciences-Chemistry; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Heide Rabanes
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS); School of Physical Sciences-Chemistry; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
- Chemistry Department; Xavier University, Ateneo de Cagayan; Cagayan de Oro City Philippines
- Department of Chemistry; School of Science and Engineering; Loyola Schools; Ateneo de Manila University; Quezon City Philippines
| | - Paul R. Haddad
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS); School of Physical Sciences-Chemistry; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Joselito P. Quirino
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS); School of Physical Sciences-Chemistry; University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
BOTELLO I, BORRULL F, AGUILAR C, CALULL M. In-line Solid-phase Extraction–Capillary Zone Electrophoresis for the Determination of Barbiturate Drugs in Human Urine. ANAL SCI 2014; 30:971-7. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.30.971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor BOTELLO
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili
| | - Francesc BORRULL
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili
| | - Carme AGUILAR
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili
| | - Marta CALULL
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jooß K, Sommer J, Bunz SC, Neusüß C. In-line SPE-CE using a fritless bead string design-Application for the analysis of organic sulfonates including inline SPE-CE-MS for APTS-labeled glycans. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:1236-43. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Jooß
- Faculty of Chemistry; Aalen University; Aalen Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ramautar R, Somsen GW, de Jong GJ. Developments in coupled solid-phase extraction-capillary electrophoresis 2011-2013. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:128-37. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rawi Ramautar
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research; Leiden University; Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Govert W. Somsen
- AIMMS Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry; VU University; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ahmar H, Tabani H, Hossein Koruni M, Davarani SSH, Fakhari AR. A new platform for sensing urinary morphine based on carrier assisted electromembrane extraction followed by adsorptive stripping voltammetric detection on screen-printed electrode. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 54:189-94. [PMID: 24280048 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Electromembrane extraction (EME) coupled with electrochemical detection on screen-printed carbon electrode has been developed for the quantification of morphine in urine samples. Charged morphine molecules were extracted from an aqueous sample by applying an electrical potential through a thin supported liquid membrane (SLM) into an acidic aqueous acceptor solution (20 µL) placed inside the lumen of a hollow fiber. Then, the acceptor solution was mixed with 20 µL of NaOH solution (0.1 M) and analyzed using screen printed electrochemical strip. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) peak current at 0.18 V was selected as the signal and the influences of experimental parameters were investigated and optimized using Box-behnken design and also one-variable-at-a-time methodology as follows: adsorptive accumulation time, 40 s; SLM, 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether+10% tris-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate+10% di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate; pH of the sample solution, 6.0; pH of the acceptor solution, 1.0; EME time, 24 min; EME potential, 90 V and stirring rate, 1000 rpm. The calibration curve which was plotted by the variation of DPV currents as a function of morphine concentration was linear within the range of 0.005-2.0 µg mL(-1). The limit of detection and the limit of quantification were 0.0015 (S/N=3) and 0.005 µg mL(-1), respectively. Finally, the proposed method was able to determine morphine simply and effectively at concentration levels encountered in toxicology and doping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Ahmar
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P.O. Box 19839-4716, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Tabani
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P.O. Box 19839-4716, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Ali Reza Fakhari
- Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., P.O. Box 19839-4716, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li X, Ju Y, Xu Y, Wang W, Dong Y, Ma Y, Chen X. On-line capillary electrophoresis enrichment by combining chitosan trapping with surfactant assisted sample stacking for the ultratrace determination of organic acids in Plateau alfalfa roots. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 789:100-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
15
|
Han D, Tang B, Row KH. DETERMINATION OF DIURETIC DRUGS IN HUMAN URINE USING DISPERSIVE LIQUID–LIQUID MICROEXTRACTION BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.712931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Han
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , Inha University , Incheon , Korea
| | - Baokun Tang
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , Inha University , Incheon , Korea
| | - Kyung Ho Row
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , Inha University , Incheon , Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Breadmore MC, Shallan AI, Rabanes HR, Gstoettenmayr D, Abdul Keyon AS, Gaspar A, Dawod M, Quirino JP. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2010-2012). Electrophoresis 2013; 34:29-54. [PMID: 23161056 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CE has been alive for over two decades now, yet its sensitivity is still regarded as being inferior to that of more traditional methods of separation such as HPLC. As such, it is unsurprising that overcoming this issue still generates much scientific interest. This review continues to update this series of reviews, first published in Electrophoresis in 2007, with updates published in 2009 and 2011 and covers material published through to June 2012. It includes developments in the field of stacking, covering all methods from field amplified sample stacking and large volume sample stacking, through to isotachophoresis, dynamic pH junction and sweeping. Attention is also given to online or inline extraction methods that have been used for electrophoresis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Maijó I, Fontanals N, Borrull F, Neusüß C, Calull M, Aguilar C. Determination of UV filters in river water samples by in-line SPE-CE-MS. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:374-82. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Maijó
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Rovira i Virgili University; Tarragona; Spain
| | - Núria Fontanals
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Rovira i Virgili University; Tarragona; Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Rovira i Virgili University; Tarragona; Spain
| | | | - Marta Calull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Rovira i Virgili University; Tarragona; Spain
| | - Carme Aguilar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Rovira i Virgili University; Tarragona; Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Maijó I, Borrull F, Aguilar C, Calull M. Different strategies for the preconcentration and separation of parabens by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:363-73. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Maijó
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Rovira i Virgili University; Tarragona; Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Rovira i Virgili University; Tarragona; Spain
| | - Carme Aguilar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Rovira i Virgili University; Tarragona; Spain
| | - Marta Calull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Rovira i Virgili University; Tarragona; Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tak YH, Toraño JS, Somsen GW, de Jong GJ. Optimization of in-line fritless solid-phase extraction for capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1267:138-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
20
|
In-line solid-phase extraction-capillary electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry for determination of drugs of abuse in human urine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:777-84. [PMID: 22370589 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5872-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In-line solid-phase extraction-capillary electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometric detection (SPE-CE-MS) has been used for determination of 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), codeine (COD), hydrocodeine (HCOD), and 6-acetylmorphine (6AM) in urine. The preconcentration system consists of a small capillary filled with Oasis HLB sorbent and inserted into the inlet section of the electrophoresis capillary. The SPE-CE-MS experimental conditions were optimized as follows: the sample (adjusted to pH 6.0) was loaded at 930 mbar for 60 min, elution was performed with methanol at 50 mbar for 35 s, 60 mmol L(-1) ammonium acetate at pH 3.8 was used as running buffer, the separation voltage was 30 kV, and the sheath liquid at a flow rate of 5.0 μL min(-1) was isopropanol-water 50:50 (v/v) containing 0.5% acetic acid. Analysis of urine samples spiked with the four drugs and diluted 1:1 (v/v) was studied in the linear range 0.08-10 ng mL(-1). Detection limits (LODs) (S/N = 3) were between 0.013 and 0.210 ng mL(-1). Repeatability (expressed as relative standard deviation) was below 7.2%. The method developed enables simple and effective determination of these drugs of abuse in urine samples at the levels encountered in toxicology and doping.
Collapse
|