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Queiroz de Souza JC, Penna EA, Chellini PR, Leal de Oliveira MA. Antimalarial analysis of pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples by capillary electrophoresis: the state of the art and applications. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:5751-5776. [PMID: 39143944 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00860j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Malaria is a serious public health problem, being an endemic disease in 84 countries, mainly in Africa. This review explores the application of capillary electrophoresis (CE) techniques for analyzing antimalarial drugs, highlighting methods from 2000 to 2023 for the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations and human biological samples. The versatility, selectivity, high efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and high analytical frequency of CE techniques have become attractive choices for pharmaceutical analysis, focusing on quality control and impurity analysis applications. The evolution of achiral and chiral electromigration methods has been described based on the features of each mode of separation: capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), micellar electrokinetic chromatography, microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography, and capillary electrochromatography. As expected, CZE is reported in most articles owing to its compatibility with drug properties and separation mode. However, it is necessary to perform other separation modes for a few drugs that are present in neutral form. After exhaustive research using different databases and statistical analyses, 27 articles using CE techniques for antimalarial drug analysis were found and are mentioned in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Cordeiro Queiroz de Souza
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria - GQAQ, Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 36026-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Eduarda Alves Penna
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria - GQAQ, Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 36026-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 36026-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Paula Rocha Chellini
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria - GQAQ, Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 36026-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 36026-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcone Augusto Leal de Oliveira
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria - GQAQ, Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 36026-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Bioanalytics - INCTBio, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Parveen S, Maurya N, Meena A, Luqman S. Cinchonine: A Versatile Pharmacological Agent Derived from Natural Cinchona Alkaloids. Curr Top Med Chem 2024; 24:343-363. [PMID: 38031797 DOI: 10.2174/0115680266270796231109171808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cinchonine is one of the Cinchona alkaloids that is commercially extracted from the Peruvian bark of Cinchona officinalis L. (Family: Rubiaceae). It is also obtained in much lower quantities from other species of Cinchona, such as Cinchona calisaya, Cinchona succirubra, and Cinchona pubescens, and in some other plants, such as Remijia peruviana. Cinchonine has been historically used as an anti-malarial agent. It also has a wide range of other biological properties, including anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, anti-parasitic, antimicrobial, anti-platelet aggregation, and anti-osteoclast differentiation. AIM AND OBJECTIVE This review discusses the pharmacological activity of cinchonine under different experimental conditions, including in silico, in vitro, and in vivo. It also covers the compound's physicochemical properties, toxicological aspects, and pharmacokinetics. METHODOLOGY A comprehensive literature search was conducted on multiple online databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The aim was to retrieve a wide range of review/research papers and bibliographic sources. The process involved applying exclusion and inclusion criteria to ensure the selection of relevant and high-quality papers. RESULTS Cinchonine has numerous pharmacological properties, making it a promising compound for various therapeutic applications. It induces anti-cancer activity by activating caspase-3 and PARP-1, and triggers the endoplasmic reticulum stress response. It up-regulates GRP78 and promotes the phosphorylation of PERK and ETIF-2α. Cinchonine also inhibits osteoclastogenesis, inhibiting TAK1 activation and suppressing NFATc1 expression by regulating AP-1 and NF-κB. Its potential anti-inflammatory effects reduce the impact of high-fat diets, making it suitable for targeting obesity-related diseases. However, research on cinchonine is limited, and further studies are needed to fully understand its therapeutic potential. Further investigation is needed to ensure its safety and efficacy in clinical applications. CONCLUSION Overall, this review article explains the pharmacological activity of cinchonine, its synthesis, and physicochemical properties, toxicological aspects, and pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz Parveen
- Bioprospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nidhi Maurya
- Bioprospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abha Meena
- Bioprospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Suaib Luqman
- Bioprospection and Product Development Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
This paper examines the scope of anorectics in counterfeit weight-reducing formulations and provides insight into the present state of research in determining such adulterants. Analytical techniques utilised in profiling adulterants found in slimming products, including limitations and mitigation steps of these conventional methods are also discussed. The current legal status of the anorectics and analogues routinely encountered in non-prescription slimming formulations is also explored.
Methods
All reviewed literature was extracted from Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases using relevant search terms, such as, ‘counterfeit drugs’, ‘weight loss drugs’, ‘weight-reducing drugs’, ‘slimming drugs’, ‘anorectic agents’, and ‘counterfeit anorexics’. Legislation related to anorectics was obtained from the portals of various government and international agencies.
Results
Anorectics frequently profiled in counterfeit slimming formulations are mostly amphetamine derivatives or its analogues. Five routinely reported pharmacological classes of adulterants, namely anxiolytics, diuretics, antidepressants, laxatives, and stimulants, are mainly utilised as coadjuvants in fake weigh-reducing formulations to increase bioavailability or to minimise anticipated side effects. Liquid and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detectors are predominantly used techniques for anorectic analysis due to the possibility of obtaining detailed information of adulterants. However, interference from the complex sample matrices of these fake products limits the accuracy of these methods and requires robust sample preparation methods for enhanced sensitivity and selectivity. The most common anorectics found in counterfeit slimming medicines are either completely banned or available by prescription only, in many countries.
Conclusions
Slimming formulations doped with anorectic cocktails to boost their weight-reducing efficacy are not uncommon. Liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry remains the gold standard for counterfeit drug analysis, and requires improved preconcentration methods for rapid and quantitative identification of specific chemical constituents. Extensive method development and validation, targeted at refining existing techniques while developing new ones, is expected to improve the analytical profiling of counterfeit anorectics significantly.
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de Souza JCQ, Chellini PR, Viçosa AL, de Souza MVN, de Oliveira MAL. Simultaneous separation of artesunate and mefloquine in fixed-dose combination tablets by CZE-UV. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:5709-5717. [PMID: 33210689 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01755h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel method was proposed for simultaneous determination of artesunate (ATS) and mefloquine (MFQ) in fixed-dose combination tablets by capillary zone electrophoresis with simultaneous direct and indirect detection by ultraviolet (CZE-UV). The background electrolyte, consisting of 30/15 mmol L-1 TRIS/3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid buffer at pH 8.2, a chromophore buffer, was selected taking into account a detailed study involving the effective mobility vs. pH curves of the analytes and electrolyte compounds in association with the very low molar absorptivity of ATS. Suitable separation conditions, considering voltage, temperature and buffer concentration as factors, were achieved through the 33 Box-Behnken design investigation. The optimum baseline separation conditions were: injection pressure of 30 mbar for 10 s, cartridge temperature of 22.5 °C and positive voltage of +30 kV. The method proved to be rapid (5 minutes), simple, selective, linear (r2 > 0.98), precise (relative standard deviation (RSD): ATS < 2.9% and MFQ < 2.2%) and accurate (recoveries: ATS 98.13-102.96% and MFQ 98.75-106.77%), proving to be suitable for routine quality control analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Cordeiro Queiroz de Souza
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
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Abdollahi A, Roghani-Mamaqani H, Razavi B, Salami-Kalajahi M. Photoluminescent and Chromic Nanomaterials for Anticounterfeiting Technologies: Recent Advances and Future Challenges. ACS NANO 2020; 14:14417-14492. [PMID: 33079535 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Counterfeiting and inverse engineering of security and confidential documents, such as banknotes, passports, national cards, certificates, and valuable products, has significantly been increased, which is a major challenge for governments, companies, and customers. From recent global reports published in 2017, the counterfeiting market was evaluated to be $107.26 billion in 2016 and forecasted to reach $206.57 billion by 2021 at a compound annual growth rate of 14.0%. Development of anticounterfeiting and authentication technologies with multilevel securities is a powerful solution to overcome this challenge. Stimuli-chromic (photochromic, hydrochromic, and thermochromic) and photoluminescent (fluorescent and phosphorescent) compounds are the most significant and applicable materials for development of complex anticounterfeiting inks with a high-security level and fast authentication. Highly efficient anticounterfeiting and authentication technologies have been developed to reach high security and efficiency. Applicable materials for anticounterfeiting applications are generally based on photochromic and photoluminescent compounds, for which hydrochromic and thermochromic materials have extensively been used in recent decades. A wide range of materials, such as organic and inorganic metal complexes, polymer nanoparticles, quantum dots, polymer dots, carbon dots, upconverting nanoparticles, and supramolecular structures, could display all of these phenomena depending on their physical and chemical characteristics. The polymeric anticounterfeiting inks have recently received significant attention because of their high stability for printing on confidential documents. In addition, the printing technologies including hand-writing, stamping, inkjet printing, screen printing, and anticounterfeiting labels are discussed for introduction of the most efficient methods for application of different anticounterfeiting inks. This review would help scientists to design and develop the most applicable encryption, authentication, and anticounterfeiting technologies with high security, fast detection, and potential applications in security marking and information encryption on various substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Abdollahi
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, 51335-1996 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Roghani-Mamaqani
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, 51335-1996 Tabriz, Iran
- Institute of Polymeric Materials, Sahand University of Technology, 51335-1996 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bahareh Razavi
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, 51335-1996 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Salami-Kalajahi
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, 51335-1996 Tabriz, Iran
- Institute of Polymeric Materials, Sahand University of Technology, 51335-1996 Tabriz, Iran
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Haidar I, Harding IH, Bowater IC, McDowall AW. Physical characterisation of drug encapsulated soybean oil nano-emulsions. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mufusama JP, Hoellein L, Feineis D, Holzgrabe U, Bringmann G. Capillary zone electrophoresis for the determination of amodiaquine and three of its synthetic impurities in pharmaceutical formulations. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:2530-2539. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Mufusama
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques; Université de Kinshasa; Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Ludwig Hoellein
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry; University of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Doris Feineis
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry; University of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Gerhard Bringmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
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Kaale E, Höllein L, Holzgrabe U. Development and validation of a generic stability-indicating MEEKC method for five fluoroquinolone antibiotics. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:2736-2744. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eliangiringa Kaale
- University of Würzburg; Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry; Würzburg Germany
- School of Pharmacy; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences; Dar Es Salaam Tanzania
| | - Ludwig Höllein
- University of Würzburg; Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry; Würzburg Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- University of Würzburg; Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry; Würzburg Germany
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Mannemala SS, Nagarajan JSK. Development and validation of a generic liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of five commonly used antimalarial drugs: Application to pharmaceutical formulations and human plasma. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:1521-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sai Sandeep Mannemala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; JSS University; Udhagamandalam; Tamil Nadu India
- Department of Pharmacy; Annamalai University; Annamalai Nagar; Tamil Nadu India
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Hendrickx S, de Malsche W, Cabooter D. An overview of the use of microchips in electrophoretic separation techniques: fabrication, separation modes, sample preparation opportunities, and on-chip detection. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1274:3-17. [PMID: 25673478 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2353-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This chapter is intended as a basic introduction to microchip-based capillary electrophoresis to set the scene for newcomers and give pointers to reference material. An outline of some commonly used setups and key concepts is given, many of which are explored in greater depth in later chapters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Hendrickx
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, KU Leuven, O&N2 923, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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Aturki Z, Rocco A, Rocchi S, Fanali S. Current applications of miniaturized chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques in drug analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 101:194-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Chen YL, Jiang SJ, Feng CH, Wang SW, Lin YH, Liu PY. Application of Central Composite Design for the Determination of Exfoliating Agents in Cosmetics by Capillary Electrophoresis with Electroosmotic Flow Modulation. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2014.883523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Guo S, Cui Y, He L, Zhang L, Cao Z, Zhang W, Zhang R, Tan G, Wang B, Cui L. Development of a specific monoclonal antibody-based ELISA to measure the artemether content of antimalarial drugs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79154. [PMID: 24236102 PMCID: PMC3827310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemether is one of the artemisinin derivatives that are active ingredients in antimalarial drugs. Counterfeit and substandard antimalarial drugs have become a serious problem, which demands reliable analytical tools and implementation of strict regulation of drug quality. Structural similarity among artemisinin analogs is a challenge to develop immunoassays that are specific to artemisinin derivatives. To produce specific antibodies to artemether, we used microbial fermentation of artemether to obtain 9-hydroxyartemether, which was subsequently used to prepare a 9-O-succinylartemether hapten for conjugation with ovalbumin as the immunogen. A monoclonal antibody (mAb), designated as 2G12E1, was produced with high specificity to artemether. 2G12E1 showed low cross reactivities to dihydroartemisinin, artemisinin, artesunate and other major antimalarial drugs. An indirect competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) developed showed a concentration causing 50% of inhibition for artemether as 3.7 ng mL⁻¹ and a working range of 0.7-19 ng mL⁻¹. The icELISA was applied for determination of artemether content in different commercial drugs and the results were comparable to those determined by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. In comparison with reported broad cross activity of anti-artemisinin mAbs, the most notable advantage of the 2G12E1-based ELISA is its high specificity to artemether only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suqin Guo
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Capillary electrophoresis methods for the analysis of antimalarials. Part II. Achiral separative methods. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1276:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Deconinck E, Sacre PY, Courselle P, De Beer JO. Chromatography in the Detection and Characterization of Illegal Pharmaceutical Preparations. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 51:791-806. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Pharmacokinetic properties and bioequivalence of two sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine fixed-dose combination tablets: a parallel-design study in healthy Chinese male volunteers. Clin Ther 2012; 34:2212-20. [PMID: 23084093 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine fixed-dose combination (FDC) tablet is the long-acting portion of the antimalaria product Artecospe(®), coblister containing artesunate tablets plus sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine FDC tablets. This study was conducted to support the efficacy and tolerability of the sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine FDC tablet in the World Health Organization's (WHO) Prequalification of Medicines Programme, as well as to obtain marketing authorization in China. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to compare the pharmacokinetic profiles between a new generic and the branded reference formulation of sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine FDC tablets, and to assess the bioequivalence of the 2 products in healthy Chinese volunteers. METHODS This single-dose, open-label, randomized, parallel-group study was conducted in healthy Chinese male volunteers who were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive a single 1500/75-mg dose (3 × 500/25-mg tablets) of either the test or reference formulation after a 12-hour overnight fast. Seventeen blood samples were obtained over a 168-hour interval, and plasma concentrations of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine were determined by 2 separate validated liquid chromatography-isotopic dilution mass spectrometry methods. Pharmacokinetic properties (C(max), AUC(0-72), AUC(0-168), and T(max)) were calculated and analyzed statistically. The 2 formulations were to be considered bioequivalent if 90% CIs for the log-transformed ratios of C(max) and AUC(0-72) were within the predetermined bioequivalence range of 80% to 125%, in accordance with the guidelines of WHO and China's Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Tolerability was evaluated throughout the study by vital signs, physical examinations, clinical laboratory tests, 12-lead ECGs, and subject interviews on adverse events (AEs). RESULTS Forty-six healthy subjects completed the study. The mean values of sulfadoxine C(max) (183.07 and 165.15 mg/L), AUC(0-72) (11,036.52 and 10,536.78 mg/L/h), and AUC(0-168) (22,247.05 and 21,761.02 mg/L/h) were not significantly different between the test and reference formulations, respectively. The same was true for pyrimethamine (0.55 and 0.58 mg/L, 29.85 and 31.44 mg/L/h, and 56.18 and 59.27 mg/L/h, respectively). The 90% CIs for the log-transformed ratios of C(max), AUC(0-72), and AUC(0-168) of both sulfadoxine (105.4%-116.6%, 99.3%-110.6%, and 96.4%-108.1%) and pyrimethamine (88.8%-100.9%, 89.5%-101.0%, and 88.3%-101.6%) were within the acceptance limits for bioequivalence. A total of 7 mild AEs were reported in 7 subjects (15.2%). CONCLUSIONS The findings from this single-dose (1500/75-mg) study suggest that the test and reference formulations of sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine FDC 500/25-mg tablet have similar pharmacokinetic profiles both in terms of rate and extent of absorption. The formulations met WHO's and China's FDA regulatory criteria for bioequivalence in these healthy Chinese volunteers under fasting conditions. Both formulations were generally well-tolerated.
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