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Hefnawy M, El-Gendy M, Al-Salem H, Marenga H, El-Azab A, Abdel-Aziz A, Gamal AE, Alanazi M, Obaidullah A, Al-Hossaini A, Hefnawy A. Trends in monoliths: Packings, stationary phases and nanoparticles. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1691:463819. [PMID: 36724721 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Monoliths media are gaining interest as excellent substitutes to conventional particle-packed columns. Monolithic columns show higher permeability and lower flow resistance than conventional liquid chromatography columns, providing high-throughput performance, resolution and separation in short run times. Monolithic columns with longer length, smaller inner diameter and specific selectivity to peptides or enantiomers have been played important role in hyphenated system. Monolithic stationary phases possess great efficiency, resolution, selectivity and sensitivity in the separation of complex biological samples, such as the complex mixtures of peptides for proteome analysis. The development of monolithic stationary phases has opened the new avenue in chromatographic separation science and is in turn playing much more important roles in the wide application area. Monolithic stationary phases have been widely used in fast and high efficiency one- and multi-dimensional separation systems, miniaturized devices, and hyphenated system coupled with mass spectrometers. The developing technology for preparation of monolithic stationary phases is revolutionizing the column technology for the separation of complex biological samples. These techniques using porous monoliths offer several advantages, including miniaturization and on-line coupling with analytical instruments. Additionally, monoliths are ideal support media for imprinting template-specific sites, resulting in the so-called molecularly-imprinted monoliths, with ultra-high selectivity. In this review, the origin of the concept, the differences between their characteristics and those of traditional packings, their advantages and drawbacks, theory of separations, the methods for the monoliths preparation of different forms, nanoparticle monoliths and metal-organic framework are discussed. Two application areas of monolithic metal-organic framework and nanoparticle monoliths are provided. The review article discusses the results reported in a total of 218 references. Other older references were included to illustrate the historical development of monoliths, both in preparation and types, as well as separation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hefnawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Manal El-Gendy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huda Al-Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanin Marenga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel El-Azab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali El Gamal
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal, Aromatic & Poisonous Plant Research Center (MAPPRC), College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alanazi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Obaidullah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Al-Hossaini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Hefnawy
- Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura Manchester Medical Program, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Neequaye T, El Rassi Z. Poly(carboxyethyl acrylate-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) precursor monolith with bonded anthracenyl ligands for use in reversed-phase capillary electrochromatography based on hydrophobic and π-π interactions. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1682:463526. [PMID: 36166884 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this research report, the post polymerization functionalization (PPF) of a carboxyethyl acrylate (CEA)-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) [poly-CEA-co-EDMA)] precursor monolith with 2-aminoanthracene was carried out in the presence of an organic solvent soluble carbodiimide, namely N,N´-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), yielding the so-called anthracenyl-poly-CEA-co-EDMA monolith. This novel monolith proved to be an excellent monolithic stationary for reversed-phase capillary electrochromatography (RP-CEC) with hydrophobic and π-π interactions of a wide range of nonpolar solutes including those bearing aryl functional groups in their structures such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), toluene derivatives and aniline derivatives as well as solutes carrying in their structures electron withdrawing substituents such as dinitrophenyl-amino acids (DNP-AAs) and di-DNP-AAs. The retention behaviors of the just mentioned solutes obtained on the anthracenyl-poly-CEA-co-EDMA monolithic column were compared to those obtained on octadecyl-poly-CEA-co-EDMA monolithic column prepared from the same carboxy-precursor monolith. The results demonstrated the superiority of anthracenyl column over the octadecyl column for the separation and enhanced selectivity for aromatic solutes since it provides not only hydrophobic interactions but also π-π interactions with aromatic nonpolar solutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theophilus Neequaye
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Ziad El Rassi
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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Baca M, Kryj A, Naghdi E, Gelin P, Sukas S, Laha P, Terryn H, Ottevaere H, De Malsche W. Performance of laterally elongated pillar array columns in capillary electrochromatography mode. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1287-1295. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Baca
- μFlow groupDepartment of Chemical EngineeringVrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Agata Kryj
- μFlow groupDepartment of Chemical EngineeringVrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Elahe Naghdi
- Faculty of ChemistryShahid Beheshti University, G.C. Tehran Iran
| | - Pierre Gelin
- μFlow groupDepartment of Chemical EngineeringVrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Sertan Sukas
- μFlow groupDepartment of Chemical EngineeringVrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Priya Laha
- Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF)Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Herman Terryn
- Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF)Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Heidi Ottevaere
- Department of Applied Physics and PhotonicsVrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Wim De Malsche
- μFlow groupDepartment of Chemical EngineeringVrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
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Hajba L, Guttman A. Recent Advances in Capillary Electrochromatography of Proteins and Carbohydrates in the Biopharmaceutical and Biomedical Field. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 51:289-298. [PMID: 32022586 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1720589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrochromatography (CEC) is a powerful hybrid separation technique that combines capillary electrophoresis and capillary chromatography, capable to address the analytical challenges of proteomics and glycomics. The focus of this paper is to review the recent developments in capillary electrochromatography of proteins and carbohydrates. The different column types applied in capillary electrochromatography such as packed bed, open tubular and monoliths are conferred in detail with respective separation examples. A comprehensive comparison is also given listing the mostly utilized coating methods, stationary phase materials and column preparation methods. The choice of porogenic solvent combinations for monolithic column fabrication is thoroughly discussed, paying close attention to the fine tuning options for the separation driving electroosmotic flow. Application examples of CEC in process analytical technology for the biopharmaceutical and biomarker discovery in the biomedical fields are also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hajba
- Translational Glycomics Research Group, Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprem, Hungary
| | - A Guttman
- Translational Glycomics Research Group, Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprem, Hungary.,Horváth Csaba Memorial Laboratory for Bioseparation Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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5
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Mikšík I. Capillary electrochromatography of proteins and peptides (2006-2015). J Sep Sci 2016; 40:251-271. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Mikšík
- Institute of Physiology; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
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Khadka S, El Rassi Z. Postpolymerization modification of a hydroxy monolith precursor. Part I. Epoxy alkane and octadecyl isocyanate modified poly (hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-pentaerythritol triacrylate) monolithic capillary columns for reversed-phase capillary electrochroma. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:3160-3171. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ziad El Rassi
- Department of Chemistry; Oklahoma State University; Stillwater OK USA
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Losno M, Ferrante I, Brennetot R, Varlet J, Blanc C, Grenut B, Amblard E, Descroix S, Mariet C. Photochemical Synthesis and Versatile Functionalization Method of a Robust Porous Poly(ethylene glycol methacrylate-co-allyl methacrylate) Monolith Dedicated to Radiochemical Separation in a Centrifugal Microfluidic Platform. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:E45. [PMID: 30407417 PMCID: PMC6189732 DOI: 10.3390/mi7030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of a centrifugal microfluidic platform is an alternative to classical chromatographic procedures for radiochemistry. An ion-exchange support with respect to the in situ light-addressable process of elaboration is specifically designed to be incorporated as a radiochemical sample preparation module in centrifugal microsystem devices. This paper presents a systematic study of the synthesis of the polymeric porous monolith poly(ethylene glycol methacrylate-co-allyl methacrylate) used as a solid-phase support and the versatile and robust photografting process of the monolith based on thiol-ene click chemistry. The polymerization reaction is investigated, varying the formulation of the polymerisable mixture. The robustness of the stationary phase was tested in concentrated nitric acid. Thanks to their unique "easy-to-use" features, centrifugal microfluidic platforms are potential successful candidates for the downscaling of chromatographic separation of radioactive samples (automation, multiplexing, easy integration in glove-boxes environment, and low cost of maintenance).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Losno
- Den-Service d'Etudes Analytiques et de Réactivité des Surfaces (SEARS), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France.
| | - Ivan Ferrante
- MMBM Group, Institut Curie Research Center, CNRS UMR 168, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - René Brennetot
- Den-Service d'Etudes Analytiques et de Réactivité des Surfaces (SEARS), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France.
| | - Jérôme Varlet
- Den-Service d'Etudes Analytiques et de Réactivité des Surfaces (SEARS), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France.
| | - Cécile Blanc
- Den-Service d'Etudes Analytiques et de Réactivité des Surfaces (SEARS), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France.
| | - Bernard Grenut
- Den-Service d'Etude du Comportement des Radionucléides (SECR), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France.
| | - Etienne Amblard
- Den-Service d'Etude du Comportement des Radionucléides (SECR), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France.
| | - Stéphanie Descroix
- MMBM Group, Institut Curie Research Center, CNRS UMR 168, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - Clarisse Mariet
- Den-Service d'Etudes Analytiques et de Réactivité des Surfaces (SEARS), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France.
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Losno M, Ferrante I, Brennetot R, Descroix S, Mariet C. Microsystems for Anion Exchange Separation of Radionuclides in Nitric Acid Media. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proche.2016.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kip Ç, Tuncel A. New vinylester-based monoliths as a new stationary phase for capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:945-54. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Çiğdem Kip
- Hacettepe University; Chemical Engineering Department; Beytepe/Ankara Turkey
| | - Ali Tuncel
- Hacettepe University; Chemical Engineering Department; Beytepe/Ankara Turkey
- Hacettepe University; Division of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine; Beytepe/Ankara Turkey
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Jonnada M, Rathnasekara R, El Rassi Z. Recent advances in nonpolar and polar organic monoliths for HPLC and CEC. Electrophoresis 2014; 36:76-100. [PMID: 25266173 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This article is aimed at providing a review of the progress made in the field over the period 2011 to present in order to expand in parts on two previous reviews (S. Karenga and Z. El Rassi, Electrophoresis, 2011, 32, 90-104; D. Gunasena and Z. El Rassi, Electrophoresis, 2012, 33, 251-261). In brief, this review article describes progress made in nonpolar and polar monoliths used in RP HPLC and CEC and in hydrophilic interaction LC/CEC, respectively. This article is by no means an exhaustive review of the literature; it is rather a survey of the recent progress made in the field with 69 references published on nonpolar and polar polymeric monoliths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murthy Jonnada
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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Svec F, Lv Y. Advances and Recent Trends in the Field of Monolithic Columns for Chromatography. Anal Chem 2014; 87:250-73. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504059c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Svec
- International
Research Center
for Soft Matter, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Yongqin Lv
- International
Research Center
for Soft Matter, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
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12
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De Smet S, Lynen F. Kinetic performance evaluation and perspectives of contemporary packed column capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1355:261-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Creamer JS, Oborny NJ, Lunte SM. Recent advances in the analysis of therapeutic proteins by capillary and microchip electrophoresis. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2014; 6:5427-5449. [PMID: 25126117 PMCID: PMC4128283 DOI: 10.1039/c4ay00447g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of therapeutic proteins and peptides is an expensive and time-intensive process. Biologics, which have become a multi-billion dollar industry, are chemically complex products that require constant observation during each stage of development and production. Post-translational modifications along with chemical and physical degradation from oxidation, deamidation, and aggregation, lead to high levels of heterogeneity that affect drug quality and efficacy. The various separation modes of capillary electrophoresis (CE) are commonly utilized to perform quality control and assess protein heterogeneity. This review attempts to highlight the most recent developments and applications of CE separation techniques for the characterization of protein and peptide therapeutics by focusing on papers accepted for publication in the in the two-year period between January 2012 and December 2013. The separation principles and technological advances of CE, capillary gel electrophoresis, capillary isoelectric focusing, capillary electrochromatography and CE-mass spectrometry are discussed, along with exciting new applications of these techniques to relevant pharmaceutical issues. Also included is a small selection of papers on microchip electrophoresis to show the direction this field is moving with regards to the development of inexpensive and portable analysis systems for on-site, high-throughput analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S. Creamer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Nathan J. Oborny
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Susan M. Lunte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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Al-Massaedh AA, Pyell U. Adamantyl-group containing mixed-mode acrylamide-based continuous beds for capillary electrochromatography. Part IV: investigation of the chromatographic efficiency dependent on the retention mode. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1349:80-9. [PMID: 24856967 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In our previous work we have described the synthesis, characterization, and optimization of the chromatographic efficiency of a highly crosslinked macroporous mixed-mode acrylamide-based monolithic stationary phase synthesized by in situ free radical copolymerization of cyclodextrin-solubilized N-adamantyl acrylamide, piperazinediacrylamide, methacrylamide and vinylsulfonic acid in aqueous medium in pre-treated fused silica capillaries of 100μm I.D. In the present work, we study with different classes of neutral analytes (with varied hydrophobicity) the impact of the type of retention mode (influenced by the type of analyte and the mobile phase composition) and the impact of the solute functionality on the chromatographic efficiency and peak symmetry with a monolith synthesized under optimized synthesis parameters. With this monolithic capillary high separation efficiencies (up to ca. 220,000m(-1)) are obtained for the separation of different analyte classes (alkylphenones, nitrotoluenes, and phenolic compounds with k=0.2-0.55) in the reversed-phase mode, in the normal-phase mode, and in the mixed mode. For neutral alkylanilines (k<0.25) plate numbers of about 300,000m(-1) are routinely reached in the reversed-phase elution mode. For phenolic solutes separated in a mixed mode there is a solute-specific influence on peak symmetry and chromatographic efficiency. With increasing efficiency of the monolith, axial diffusion becomes an important mechanism of band broadening. For those peaks, which do not show a significant asymmetry (asymmetry factor ≤1.05), it is confirmed that plate heights gained via the tangent method are equivalent to those gained via moment analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayat Allah Al-Massaedh
- University of Marburg, Department of Chemistry, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ute Pyell
- University of Marburg, Department of Chemistry, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, D-35032 Marburg, Germany.
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Al-Massaedh “AA, Pyell U. Adamantyl-group containing mixed-mode acrylamide-based continuous beds for capillary electrochromatography. Part III. Optimization of the chromatographic efficiency. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1325:186-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Kašička V. Recent developments in capillary and microchip electroseparations of peptides (2011-2013). Electrophoresis 2013; 35:69-95. [PMID: 24255019 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The review presents a comprehensive survey of recent developments and applications of capillary and microchip electroseparation methods (zone electrophoresis, ITP, IEF, affinity electrophoresis, EKC, and electrochromatography) for analysis, isolation, purification, and physicochemical and biochemical characterization of peptides. Advances in the investigation of electromigration properties of peptides, in the methodology of their analysis, including sample preseparation, preconcentration and derivatization, adsorption suppression and EOF control, as well as in detection of peptides, are presented. New developments in particular CE and CEC modes are reported and several types of their applications to peptide analysis are described: conventional qualitative and quantitative analysis, determination in complex (bio)matrices, monitoring of chemical and enzymatical reactions and physical changes, amino acid, sequence and chiral analysis, and peptide mapping of proteins. Some micropreparative peptide separations are shown and capabilities of CE and CEC techniques to provide relevant physicochemical characteristics of peptides are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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