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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L. Crihfield
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Lisa A. Holland
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
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2
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Samarasinghe TN, Zeng Y, Johnson CK. Comparison of separation modes for microchip electrophoresis of proteins. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:744-751. [PMID: 33226183 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Separation of a set of model proteins was tested on a microchip electrophoresis analytical platform capable of sample injection by two different electrokinetic mechanisms. A range of separation modes-microchip capillary zone electrophoresis, microchip micellar electrokinetic chromatography, and nanoparticle-based sieving-was tested on glass and polydimethylsiloxane/glass microchips and with silica-nanoparticle colloidal arrays. The model proteins calmodulin (18 kiloDalton), bovine serum albumin (66 kDa), and concanavalin (106 kDa) were labeled with Alexa Fluor 647 for laser-induced fluorescence detection. The best separation and resolution were obtained in a silica-nanoparticle colloidal array chip.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yong Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Carey K Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
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3
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Liang Y, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Well-Defined Materials for High-Performance Chromatographic Separation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2019; 12:451-473. [PMID: 30939031 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061318-114854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chromatographic separation has been widely applied in various fields, such as chemical engineering, precision medicine, energy, and biology. Because chromatographic separation is based on differential partitioning between the mobile phase and stationary phase and affected by band dispersion and mass transfer resistance from these two phases, the materials used as the stationary phase play a decisive role in separation performance. In this review, we discuss the design of separation materials to achieve the separation with high efficiency and high resolution and highlight the well-defined materials with uniform pore structure and unique properties. The achievements, recent developments, challenges, and future trends of such materials are discussed. Furthermore, the surface functionalization of separation ma-terials for further improvement of separation performance is reviewed. Finally, future research directions and the challenges of chromatographic separation are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China;
| | - Lihua Zhang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China;
| | - Yukui Zhang
- CAS Key Lab of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China;
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4
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Ragland TS, Gossage MD, Furtaw MD, Anderson JP, Steffens DL, Wirth MJ. Electrophoresis of megaDalton proteins inside colloidal silica. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:817-823. [PMID: 30556148 PMCID: PMC6711471 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
With the growth of the biopharmaceutical industry, there is a need for rapid size-analysis of proteins on the megaDalton scale. The large pore sizes needed for such separations cannot be easily reached by pushing the current limits of size-exclusion chromatography or gel electrophoresis. The concept detailed here is the formation of arbitrarily wide pores by packing nonporous colloidal silica in capillaries. This method can be called packed-capillary electrophoresis, or "pCE". Electrophoresis of protein standards (11-155 kDa) by pCE, using 345 nm diameter particles in 100 μm diameter capillaries, gives 2x higher resolution than a typical PAGE gel in 1/6 of the time. The electropherograms show that pCE is highly efficient, with half-micrometer plate heights for all seven standards, giving 105 plates for a 50 mm length. The large pore radius of 65 nm enables baseline resolution of proteins of 0.72, 1.048 and 1.236 MDa in less than 15 min. The short separation time of pCE is attributed to the absence of small pores that restrict protein migration in gels. The pCE separation is applied to the analysis of a stressed pharmaceutical-grade IgG4 sample, giving unprecedented baseline resolution of monomer, dimer, trimer and tetramer in less than 10 min.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mary J. Wirth
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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5
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Ouyang W, Han J, Wang W. Nanofluidic crystals: nanofluidics in a close-packed nanoparticle array. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:3006-3025. [PMID: 28752878 PMCID: PMC5602602 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00588a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
With various promising applications demonstrated, nanofluidics has been of broad research interest in the past decade. As nanofluidics matures from a proof of concept towards practical applications, it faces two major barriers: expensive nanofabrication and ultra-low throughput. To date, the only material that enables nanofabrication-free, high-throughput, yet precisely controllable nanofluidic systems is the close-packed nanoparticle array, i.e. nanofluidic crystals. Recently, significant progress in nanofluidics has been made using nanofluidic crystals, including high-current ionic diodes, high-power energy harvesters, efficient biomolecular separation, and facile biosensors. Nanofluidic crystals are seen as a key to applying nanofluidic concepts to real-world applications. In this review, we introduce the key concepts and models in nanofluidic crystals, summarize the fabrication methods, and discuss the various applications of nanofluidic crystals in depth, highlighting their advantages in terms of simple fabrication, low cost, flexibility, and high throughput. Finally, we provide our perspectives on the future of nanofluidic crystals and their potential impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ouyang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States
- Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
| | - Jongyoon Han
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Beijing, 100871, P.R. China
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Azim M, Malekpourkoupaei A, Ye W, Jemere AB, Harrison DJ. Evaluation of protein separation mechanism and pore size distribution in colloidal self-assembled nanoparticle sieves for on-chip protein sizing. Electrophoresis 2016; 38:342-349. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Azim
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | | | - Wenmin Ye
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Abebaw B. Jemere
- National Institute for Nanotechnology; NRC; Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - D. Jed Harrison
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
- National Institute for Nanotechnology; NRC; Edmonton Alberta Canada
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7
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Shaabani N, Jemere AB, Harrison DJ. Size-based proteins separation using polymer-entrapped colloidal self-assembled nanoparticles on-chip. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:2602-2609. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Narges Shaabani
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Abebaw B. Jemere
- National Institute for Nanotechnology; National Research Council Canada; Edmonton AB Canada
| | - D. Jed Harrison
- Department of Chemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB Canada
- National Institute for Nanotechnology; National Research Council Canada; Edmonton AB Canada
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Rogers BA, Wu Z, Wei B, Zhang X, Cao X, Alabi O, Wirth MJ. Submicrometer particles and slip flow in liquid chromatography. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2520-6. [PMID: 25646567 DOI: 10.1021/ac504683d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Smaller particles have progressively led to higher efficiency in liquid chromatography, particularly for proteins, due to smaller diffusion distances. Particle diameter has recently entered the submicrometer region, with the back-pressure requirements alleviated by slip flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Rogers
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Njoya NK, Birdsall RE, Wirth MJ. Silica colloidal crystals as emerging materials for high-throughput protein electrophoresis. AAPS J 2013; 15:962-9. [PMID: 23800834 PMCID: PMC3787233 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-013-9506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Silica colloidal crystals are a new type of media for protein electrophoresis, and they are assessed for their promise in rapidly measuring aggregation of monoclonal antibodies. The nature of silica colloidal crystals is described in the context of the need for a high-throughput separation tool for optimizing the formulations of protein drugs for minimal aggregation. The fundamental relations between molecular weight and mobility in electrophoresis are used to make a theoretical comparison of selectivity between gels and colloidal crystals. The results show that the selectivity is similar for these media, but slightly higher, 10%, for gels, and the velocity is inherently lower than that for gels due to the smaller free volume fraction. These factors are more than compensated for by lower broadening in colloidal crystals. These new media give plate heights of only 0.15 μm for the antibody monomer and 0.42 μm for the antibody dimer. The monoclonal antibody is separated from its dimer in 72 s over a distance of only 6.5 mm. This is five times faster than size-exclusion chromatography, with more than tenfold miniaturization, and amenable to parallel separations, all of which are promising for the design of high-throughput devices for optimizing protein drug formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine K. Njoya
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 49707 USA
| | - Robert E. Birdsall
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 49707 USA
| | - Mary J. Wirth
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 49707 USA
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King SB, Dorfman KD. Role of Order during Ogston Sieving of DNA in Colloidal Crystals. Anal Chem 2013; 85:7769-76. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4010327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott B. King
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Materials Science, University of Minnesota−Twin Cities, 421 Washington
Ave. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Kevin D. Dorfman
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Materials Science, University of Minnesota−Twin Cities, 421 Washington
Ave. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Zhang Z, Wu Z, Wirth MJ. Polyacrylamide brush layer for hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography of intact glycoproteins. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1301:156-61. [PMID: 23806357 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A chromatographic column of nonporous silica particles with a bonded phase of linear polyacrylamide chains is evaluated for hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) of intact glycoproteins. The column is shown to retain glycoproteins significantly more strongly than non-glycoproteins. A particle diameter of 700nm gives two-fold higher resolution than does a 1.4μm particle diameter, and the column efficiency is found to be mostly limited by packing heterogeneity. LCMS is able to resolve the five glycoforms of ribonuclease B and give high quality mass spectra, but there is loss of resolution of the isomers of glycoforms due to the lower amount of TFA. Compared to two leading commercial HILIC columns operated at 60°C, the polyacrylamide column operated at 30°C provided at least two-fold higher resolution for intact ribonuclease B, and showed peaks for glycoforms of prostate specific antigen, although not resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaorui Zhang
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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