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Bénet T, Frei N, Spichtig V, Cuany D, Austin S. Determination of Seven Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs) in Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals: First Action 2022.07. J AOAC Int 2024; 107:286-302. [PMID: 38218728 PMCID: PMC10907138 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsae001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are important components of breast milk and may be responsible for some of the benefits of breastfeeding, including resistance to infections and the development of a healthy gut microbiota. Selected HMOs are now available for addition to infant formula, and suitable methods to control the dosing rate are needed. OBJECTIVE To develop and validate a suitable method for the analysis of HMOs in infant formula. METHOD A method was developed for the determination of seven human milk oligosaccharides (2'-fucosyllactose, 3-fucosyllactose, 3'-sialyllactose, 6'-sialyllactose (6'SL), 2',3-difucosyllactose, lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT)) in infant formula and adult nutritionals. The oligosaccharides are labeled at their reducing end with 2-aminobenzamide, separated by liquid chromatography and detected using a fluorescence detector. Maltodextrins are enzymatically hydrolyzed before analysis to prevent potential interference; likewise, an optional β-galactosidase treatment can be used to remove β-galactooligosaccharides. Fructooligosaccharides or polydextrose do not generally interfere with the analysis. RESULTS The method has been validated in a single laboratory on infant formula and adult nutritionals. The seven HMOs were spiked into eight matrixes at three or four spike levels, giving a total of 176 data points. Recoveries were in the range of 90.9-109% in all cases except at the lowest spike level in one matrix (elemental formula), where the LNT recovery was 113%, the LNnT recovery was 111%, and the 6'SL recovery was 121%. Relative repeatabilities (RSD(r)) were in the range of 0.1-4.2%. The performance is generally within the requirements outlined in the Standard Method Performance Requirements (SMPR®) published by AOAC INTERNATIONAL. CONCLUSIONS The method developed is suitable for the determination of seven HMOs in infant formula and demonstrated good performance during single-laboratory validation. HIGHLIGHTS A method has been developed that is suitable for the determination of seven HMOs in infant formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Bénet
- Nestlé Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Sciences, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Frei
- Nestlé Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Sciences, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Véronique Spichtig
- Nestlé Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Sciences, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Denis Cuany
- Nestlé Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Sciences, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sean Austin
- Nestlé Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Sciences, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Hussnaetter KP, Palm P, Pich A, Franzreb M, Rapp E, Elling L. Strategies for Automated Enzymatic Glycan Synthesis (AEGS). Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108208. [PMID: 37437855 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Glycans are the most abundant biopolymers on earth and are constituents of glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans with multiple biological functions. The availability of different complex glycan structures is of major interest in biotechnology and basic research of biological systems. High complexity, establishment of general and ubiquitous synthesis techniques, as well as sophisticated analytics, are major challenges in the development of glycan synthesis strategies. Enzymatic glycan synthesis with Leloir-glycosyltransferases is an attractive alternative to chemical synthesis as it can achieve quantitative regio- and stereoselective glycosylation in a single step. Various strategies for synthesis of a wide variety of different glycan structures has already be established and will exemplarily be discussed in the scope of this review. However, the application of enzymatic glycan synthesis in an automated system has high demands on the equipment, techniques, and methods. Different automation approaches have already been shown. However, while these techniques have been applied for several glycans, only a few strategies are able to conserve the full potential of enzymatic glycan synthesis during the process - economical and enzyme technological recycling of enzymes is still rare. In this review, we show the major challenges towards Automated Enzymatic Glycan Synthesis (AEGS). First, we discuss examples for immobilization of glycans or glycosyltransferases as an important prerequisite for the embedment and implementation in an enzyme reactor. Next, improvement of bioreactors towards automation will be described. Finally, analysis and monitoring of the synthesis process are discussed. Furthermore, automation processes and cycle design are highlighted. Accordingly, the transition of recent approaches towards a universal automated glycan synthesis platform will be projected. To this end, this review aims to describe essential key features for AEGS, evaluate the current state-of-the-art and give thought- encouraging impulses towards future full automated enzymatic glycan synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Philip Hussnaetter
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Philip Palm
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry and DWI Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Franzreb
- Karlsruher Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces, Hermann v. Helmholtz, Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Erdmann Rapp
- glyXera GmbH, Brenneckestrasse 20 * ZENIT, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical System, Bioprocess Engineering, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lothar Elling
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Giorgetti A, Paganini D, Nyilima S, Kottler R, Frick M, Karanja S, Hennet T, Zimmermann MB. The effects of 2'-fucosyllactose and lacto-N-neotetraose, galacto-oligosaccharides, and maternal human milk oligosaccharide profile on iron absorption in Kenyan infants. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 117:64-72. [PMID: 36789945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether prebiotic human milk oligosaccharides (HMO), such as 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), enhance iron absorption in infants is unknown. Moreover, whether maternal HMO profile affects absorption of iron fortificants or the effects of prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) and/or HMO on iron absorption is uncertain. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to test whether consumption of 3.0 g GOS or HMO enhances iron absorption from iron-fortified maize porridge in partially breastfed Kenyan infants and whether maternal HMO profile modulates these effects. METHODS In a randomized, prospective crossover study, 55 infants (aged 8-12 mo) were fed test meals fortified with 1 of the following: 1) 5.0 mg iron as 54Fe-labeled ferrous fumarate (FeFum); 2) 5.0 mg iron as 58FeFum and 3.0 g GOS (FeFum+GOS); and 3) 5.0 mg iron as 57FeFum and 2.0 g 2'-FL and 1.0 g LNnT (FeFum+HMO). Fractional iron absorption (FIA) was assessed by erythrocyte incorporation of iron isotopes. HMO profiles were determined by capillary gel electrophoresis with laser-induced florescence detection. Data were analyzed with mixed-effect models, and iron dialyzability was measured in vitro. RESULTS Of the 55 infants included, 49 were fed as instructed. FIA from the FeFum+GOS group [median (IQR) 22.2% (16.5%-25.9%)] was higher than that from the FeFum group [12.5% (9.5%-20.9%)] (P = 0.005). FIA from the FeFum+HMO group was 13.3% (7.1%-24.4%) and did not differ from the FeFum group (P = 0.923). Maternal HMO profile did not predict FIA or modulate the effects of GOS or HMO on FIA. Iron dialyzability ratios at pH 2 of FeFum+GOS to FeFum and FeFum+HMO to FeFum were 2.1 and 0.9 (P = 0.001 and P = 0.322), respectively. CONCLUSIONS In Kenyan infants consuming FeFum-fortified maize porridge, co-provision of 3.0 g GOS increased FIA by 78%, whereas co-provision of 3.0 g HMO did not affect FIA. Variations in maternal HMO profile, including secretor and Lewis phenotype, did not predict FIA. These data argue against a physiologic role for 2'-FL and LNnT in facilitating iron absorption in infancy. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04163406 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04163406).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Giorgetti
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Daniela Paganini
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Suzane Nyilima
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Simon Karanja
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Thierry Hennet
- Department of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael B Zimmermann
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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4
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Derrien M, Mikulic N, Uyoga MA, Chenoll E, Climent E, Howard-Varona A, Nyilima S, Stoffel NU, Karanja S, Kottler R, Stahl B, Zimmermann MB, Bourdet-Sicard R. Gut microbiome function and composition in infants from rural Kenya and association with human milk oligosaccharides. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2178793. [PMID: 36794816 PMCID: PMC9980514 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2178793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota evolves rapidly after birth, responding dynamically to environmental factors and playing a key role in short- and long-term health. Lifestyle and rurality have been shown to contribute to differences in the gut microbiome, including Bifidobacterium levels, between infants. We studied the composition, function and variability of the gut microbiomes of 6- to 11-month-old Kenyan infants (n = 105). Shotgun metagenomics showed Bifidobacterium longum to be the dominant species. A pangenomic analysis of B. longum in gut metagenomes revealed a high prevalence of B. longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis) in Kenyan infants (80%), and possible co-existence of this subspecies with B. longum subsp. longum. Stratification of the gut microbiome into community (GMC) types revealed differences in composition and functional features. GMC types with a higher prevalence of B. infantis and abundance of B. breve also had a lower pH and a lower abundance of genes encoding pathogenic features. An analysis of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) classified the human milk (HM) samples into four groups defined on the basis of secretor and Lewis polymorphisms revealed a higher prevalence of HM group III (Se+, Le-) (22%) than in most previously studied populations, with an enrichment in 2'-fucosyllactose. Our results show that the gut microbiome of partially breastfed Kenyan infants over the age of six months is enriched in bacteria from the Bifidobacterium community, including B. infantis, and that the high prevalence of a specific HM group may indicate a specific HMO-gut microbiome association. This study sheds light on gut microbiome variation in an understudied population with limited exposure to modern microbiome-altering factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Derrien
- Advanced Health & Science, Danone Nutricia Research, Palaiseau, France,CONTACT Muriel Derrien Advanced Health & Science, Danone Nutricia Research, Palaiseau, France
| | - Nadja Mikulic
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mary A Uyoga
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Empar Chenoll
- ADM-Biopolis, ADM, Parc Cientific Universitat de Valencia, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eric Climent
- ADM-Biopolis, ADM, Parc Cientific Universitat de Valencia, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Adrian Howard-Varona
- ADM-Biopolis, ADM, Parc Cientific Universitat de Valencia, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Suzane Nyilima
- Public and Community Health Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nicole U Stoffel
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Karanja
- Public and Community Health Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Bernd Stahl
- Advanced Health & Science, Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael B Zimmermann
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raphaëlle Bourdet-Sicard
- Advanced Health & Science, Danone Nutricia Research, Palaiseau, France,Raphaëlle Bourdet-Sicard Advanced Health & Science, Danone Nutricia Research, Palaiseau, France
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Trbojević-Akmačić I, Lageveen-Kammeijer GSM, Heijs B, Petrović T, Deriš H, Wuhrer M, Lauc G. High-Throughput Glycomic Methods. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15865-15913. [PMID: 35797639 PMCID: PMC9614987 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycomics aims to identify the structure and function of the glycome, the complete set of oligosaccharides (glycans), produced in a given cell or organism, as well as to identify genes and other factors that govern glycosylation. This challenging endeavor requires highly robust, sensitive, and potentially automatable analytical technologies for the analysis of hundreds or thousands of glycomes in a timely manner (termed high-throughput glycomics). This review provides a historic overview as well as highlights recent developments and challenges of glycomic profiling by the most prominent high-throughput glycomic approaches, with N-glycosylation analysis as the focal point. It describes the current state-of-the-art regarding levels of characterization and most widely used technologies, selected applications of high-throughput glycomics in deciphering glycosylation process in healthy and disease states, as well as future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bram Heijs
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden
University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tea Petrović
- Genos,
Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Borongajska cesta 83H, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Helena Deriš
- Genos,
Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Borongajska cesta 83H, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden
University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Genos,
Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Borongajska cesta 83H, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty
of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University
of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
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6
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Rastall RA, Diez-Municio M, Forssten SD, Hamaker B, Meynier A, Moreno FJ, Respondek F, Stah B, Venema K, Wiese M. Structure and function of non-digestible carbohydrates in the gut microbiome. Benef Microbes 2022; 13:95-168. [PMID: 35729770 DOI: 10.3920/bm2021.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Together with proteins and fats, carbohydrates are one of the macronutrients in the human diet. Digestible carbohydrates, such as starch, starch-based products, sucrose, lactose, glucose and some sugar alcohols and unusual (and fairly rare) α-linked glucans, directly provide us with energy while other carbohydrates including high molecular weight polysaccharides, mainly from plant cell walls, provide us with dietary fibre. Carbohydrates which are efficiently digested in the small intestine are not available in appreciable quantities to act as substrates for gut bacteria. Some oligo- and polysaccharides, many of which are also dietary fibres, are resistant to digestion in the small intestines and enter the colon where they provide substrates for the complex bacterial ecosystem that resides there. This review will focus on these non-digestible carbohydrates (NDC) and examine their impact on the gut microbiota and their physiological impact. Of particular focus will be the potential of non-digestible carbohydrates to act as prebiotics, but the review will also evaluate direct effects of NDC on human cells and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Rastall
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading, P.O. Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - M Diez-Municio
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - S D Forssten
- IFF Health & Biosciences, Sokeritehtaantie 20, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - B Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2009, USA
| | - A Meynier
- Nutrition Research, Mondelez France R&D SAS, 6 rue René Razel, 91400 Saclay, France
| | - F Javier Moreno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, CIAL (CSIC-UAM), CEI (UAM+CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - F Respondek
- Tereos, Zoning Industriel Portuaire, 67390 Marckolsheim, France
| | - B Stah
- Human Milk Research & Analytical Science, Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - K Venema
- Centre for Healthy Eating & Food Innovation (HEFI), Maastricht University - campus Venlo, St. Jansweg 20, 5928 RC Venlo, the Netherlands
| | - M Wiese
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE, Zeist, the Netherlands
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7
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Weighted analysis of 2'-fucosylactose, 3-fucosyllactose, lacto-N-tetraose, 3'-sialyllactose, and 6'-sialyllactose concentrations in human milk. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 163:112877. [PMID: 35304182 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Over 150 human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have been identified and their concentrations in human milk vary depending on Secretor and Lewis blood group status, environmental and geographical factors, lactation stage, gestational period, and maternal health. Quantitation of HMOs in human milk has been the focus of numerous studies, however, comprehensive and weighted statistical analyses of their levels in human milk are lacking. Therefore, weighted means, standard deviations, medians, interquartile ranges, and 90th percentiles for 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 3'-sialyllactose (3'-SL) and 6'-sialyllactose (6'-SL) were calculated using random sampling and the levels of these HMOs in human milk reported in the literature. Probability distributions of the reported levels were also constructed. Although the levels reported in the published studies varied, the weighted means for 2'-FL, 3-FL, LNT, 3'-SL, and 6'-SL were calculated to be 2.58, 0.57, 0.94, 0.28, and 0.39 g/L, respectively, which are consistent with those that have been previously determined in other systematic analyses. Likely due to the use of weighting, the 90th percentiles were greater than the 95% confidence limits that have been previously calculated. Our study therefore provides accurate and important statistical data to help support the level of appropriate HMO supplementation in infant formula.
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8
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Tolonen AC, Beauchemin N, Bayne C, Li L, Tan J, Lee J, Meehan BM, Meisner J, Millet Y, LeBlanc G, Kottler R, Rapp E, Murphy C, Turnbaugh PJ, von Maltzahn G, Liu CM, van Hylckama Vlieg JET. Synthetic glycans control gut microbiome structure and mitigate colitis in mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1244. [PMID: 35273143 PMCID: PMC8913648 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28856-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Relative abundances of bacterial species in the gut microbiome have been linked to many diseases. Species of gut bacteria are ecologically differentiated by their abilities to metabolize different glycans, making glycan delivery a powerful way to alter the microbiome to promote health. Here, we study the properties and therapeutic potential of chemically diverse synthetic glycans (SGs). Fermentation of SGs by gut microbiome cultures results in compound-specific shifts in taxonomic and metabolite profiles not observed with reference glycans, including prebiotics. Model enteric pathogens grow poorly on most SGs, potentially increasing their safety for at-risk populations. SGs increase survival, reduce weight loss, and improve clinical scores in mouse models of colitis. Synthetic glycans are thus a promising modality to improve health through selective changes to the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas Beauchemin
- Kaleido Biosciences, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA.,Seres Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Lingyao Li
- Kaleido Biosciences, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Jie Tan
- Kaleido Biosciences, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Jackson Lee
- Kaleido Biosciences, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Brian M Meehan
- Kaleido Biosciences, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA.,Pareto Bio, Cambridge, MA, 02140, USA
| | | | - Yves Millet
- Kaleido Biosciences, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | | | | | - Erdmann Rapp
- glyXera GmbH, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Chris Murphy
- Kaleido Biosciences, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA.,Bacainn Therapeutics, Inc and Morningside BioPharma Advisory, Concord, MA, 01742, USA
| | - Peter J Turnbaugh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Geoffrey von Maltzahn
- Kaleido Biosciences, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA.,Flagship Pioneering, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Christopher M Liu
- Kaleido Biosciences, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA.,Exo Therapeutics, Watertown, MA, 02472, USA
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9
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Presence and Levels of Galactosyllactoses and Other Oligosaccharides in Human Milk and Their Variation during Lactation and According to Maternal Phenotype. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072324. [PMID: 34371833 PMCID: PMC8308909 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the human milk oligosaccharides (HMOS), the galactosyllactoses (GLs) are only limitedly studied. This study aims to describe the presence and relative levels of HMOS, including GLs, in human milk (HM) according to maternal Secretor and Lewis (SeLe) phenotype and lactation stage. Relative levels of 19 HMOS were measured in 715 HM samples collected in the first 4 months postpartum from 371 donors participating in the PreventCD study. From a subset of 24 Dutch women (171 HM samples), samples were collected monthly up to 12 months postpartum and were additionally analyzed for relative and absolute levels of β6′-GL, β3′-GL and α3′-GL. Maternal SeLe phenotype or HM group was assigned based on the presence of specific fucosylated HMOS. Most HMOS, including β6′- and β3′-GL, were present in the vast majority (≥75%) of HM samples, whereas others (e.g., LNDFH II, 2′-F-LNH and α3′-GL) only occurred in a low number (<25%) of samples. Clear differences were observed between the presence and relative levels of the HMOS according to the maternal phenotype and lactation stage. Absolute concentrations of β6′-GL and β3′-GL were higher in HM group IV samples compared to samples of the other three HM groups. β3′-GL was also higher in HM group II samples compared to HM group I samples. β3′-GL and β6′-GL were stable over lactation stages. In conclusion, presence and levels of HMOS vary according to HM group and lactation stage. Not all HMOS behave similarly: some HMOS depend strongly on maternal phenotype and/or lactation stage, whereas others do not. β3′-GL and β6′-GL were present in low concentrations in over 75% of the analyzed HM samples and showed differences between HM groups, but not between the lactation stages.
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10
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Cajic S, Hennig R, Burock R, Rapp E. Capillary (Gel) Electrophoresis-Based Methods for Immunoglobulin (G) Glycosylation Analysis. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2021; 112:137-172. [PMID: 34687009 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76912-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The in-depth characterization of protein glycosylation has become indispensable in many research fields and in the biopharmaceutical industry. Especially knowledge about modulations in immunoglobulin G (IgG) N-glycosylation and their effect on immunity enabled a better understanding of human diseases and the development of new, more effective drugs for their treatment. This chapter provides a deeper insight into capillary (gel) electrophoresis-based (C(G)E) glycan analysis, addressing its impressive performance and possibilities, its great potential regarding real high-throughput for large cohort studies, as well as its challenges and limitations. We focus on the latest developments with respect to miniaturization and mass spectrometry coupling, as well as data analysis and interpretation. The use of exoglycosidase sequencing in combination with current C(G)E technology is discussed, highlighting possible difficulties and pitfalls. The application section describes the detailed characterization of N-glycosylation, utilizing multiplexed CGE with laser-induced fluorescence detection (xCGE-LIF). Besides a comprehensive overview on antibody glycosylation by comparing species-specific IgGs and human immunoglobulins A, D, E, G, and M, the chapter comprises a comparison of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies from different production cell lines, as well as a detailed characterization of Fab and Fc glycosylation. These examples illustrate the full potential of C(G)E, resolving the smallest differences in sugar composition and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Cajic
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - René Hennig
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany.
- glyXera GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | | | - Erdmann Rapp
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
- glyXera GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany
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11
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Pralow A, Cajic S, Alagesan K, Kolarich D, Rapp E. State-of-the-Art Glycomics Technologies in Glycobiotechnology. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 175:379-411. [PMID: 33112988 DOI: 10.1007/10_2020_143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation affects the properties of biologics; thus regulatory bodies classified it as critical quality attribute and force biopharma industry to capture and control it throughout all phases, from R&D till end of product lifetime. The shift from originators to biosimilars further increases importance and extent of glycoanalysis, which thus increases the need for technology platforms enabling reliable high-throughput and in-depth glycan analysis. In this chapter, we will first summarize on established glycoanalytical methods based on liquid chromatography focusing on hydrophilic interaction chromatography, capillary electrophoresis focusing on multiplexed capillary gel electrophoresis, and mass spectrometry focusing on matrix-assisted laser desorption; we will then highlight two emerging technologies based on porous graphitized carbon liquid chromatography and on ion-mobility mass spectrometry as both are highly promising tools to deliver an additional level of information for in-depth glycan analysis; additionally we elaborate on the advantages and challenges of different glycoanalytical technologies and their complementarity; finally, we briefly review applications thereof to biopharmaceutical products. This chapter provides an overview of current state-of-the-art analytical approaches for glycan characterization of biopharmaceuticals that can be employed to capture glycoprotein heterogeneity in a biopharmaceutical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pralow
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Samanta Cajic
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kathirvel Alagesan
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Daniel Kolarich
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Erdmann Rapp
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany.
- glyXera GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany.
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12
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van Leeuwen SS. Challenges and Pitfalls in Human Milk Oligosaccharide Analysis. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2684. [PMID: 31698698 PMCID: PMC6893418 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides have been recognized as an important, functional biomolecule in mothers' milk. Moreover, these oligosaccharides have been recognized as the third most abundant component of human milk, ranging from 10-15 g/L in mature milk and up to and over 20 g/L reported in colostrum. Initially, health benefits of human milk oligosaccharides were assigned via observational studies on the differences between breastfed and bottle fed infants. Later, pools of milk oligosaccharides were isolated and used in functional studies and in recent years more specific studies into structure-function relationships have identified some advanced roles for milk oligosaccharides in the healthy development of infants. In other research, the levels, diversity, and complexity of human milk oligosaccharides have been studied, showing a wide variation in results. This review gives a critical overview of challenges in the analysis of human milk oligosaccharides. In view of the myriad functions that can be assigned, often to specific structures or classes of structures, it is very relevant to assess the levels of these structures in the human milk correctly, as well as in other biological sample materials. Ultimately, the review makes a case for a comparative, inter-laboratory study on quantitative human milk oligosaccharide analysis in all relevant biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander S van Leeuwen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cluster Human Nutrition & Health, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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13
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Enzymatic Cascades for Tailored 13C 6 and 15N Enriched Human Milk Oligosaccharides. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193482. [PMID: 31557948 PMCID: PMC6803985 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several health benefits, associated with human milk oligosaccharides (HMOS), have been revealed in the last decades. Further progress, however, requires not only the establishment of a simple “routine” method for absolute quantification of complex HMOS mixtures but also the development of novel synthesis strategies to improve access to tailored HMOS. Here, we introduce a combination of salvage-like nucleotide sugar-producing enzyme cascades with Leloir-glycosyltransferases in a sequential pattern for the convenient tailoring of stable isotope-labeled HMOS. We demonstrate the assembly of [13C6]galactose into lacto-N- and lacto-N-neo-type HMOS structures up to octaoses. Further, we present the enzymatic production of UDP-[15N]GlcNAc and its application for the enzymatic synthesis of [13C6/15N]lacto-N-neo-tetraose for the first time. An exemplary application was selected—analysis of tetraose in complex biological mixtures—to show the potential of tailored stable isotope reference standards for the mass spectrometry-based quantification, using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) as a fast and straightforward method for absolute quantification of HMOS. Together with the newly available well-defined tailored isotopic HMOS, this can make a crucial contribution to prospective research aiming for a more profound understanding of HMOS structure-function relations.
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14
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Rossdam C, Konze SA, Oberbeck A, Rapp E, Gerardy-Schahn R, von Itzstein M, Buettner FFR. Approach for Profiling of Glycosphingolipid Glycosylation by Multiplexed Capillary Gel Electrophoresis Coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection To Identify Cell-Surface Markers of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells and Derived Cardiomyocytes. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6413-6418. [PMID: 31058489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Application of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) as tissue transplants in regenerative medicine depends on cell-surface marker-based characterization and/or purification. Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are a family of highly diverse surface-exposed biomolecules that have been neglected as potential surface markers for hiPSC-CMs due to significant analytical challenges. Here, we describe the development of a novel and high-throughput-compatible workflow for the analysis of GSL-derived glycans based on ceramide glycanase digestion, 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (APTS) labeling, and multiplexed capillary gel electrophoresis coupled to laser-induced fluorescence detection (xCGE-LIF). GSL glycans were detected with highly reproducible migration times after repeated analysis by xCGE-LIF. We built up a migration time database comprising 38 different glycan species, and we showed exemplarily that as few as 10 pg of fucosyl lactotetra was detectable. GSL glycan profiling could be performed with 105 human induced pluripotent stem cells, and we quantitatively dissected global alterations of GSL glycosylation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and hiPSC-CMs by employing xCGE-LIF. In our study, we observed a general switch from complex GSLs with lacto- and globo-series core structures comprising the well-known human pluripotent stem cell marker stage-specific embryonic antigen 3 (SSEA3) and SSEA4 in hiPSCs toward the simple gangliosides GM3 and GD3 in hiPSC-CMs. This is the first description of GM3 and GD3 being highly abundant GSLs on the cell surface of stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Rossdam
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry , Hannover Medical School , Hannover 30625 , Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence , Hannover Medical School , Hannover 30625 , Germany
| | - Sarah A Konze
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry , Hannover Medical School , Hannover 30625 , Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence , Hannover Medical School , Hannover 30625 , Germany
| | - Astrid Oberbeck
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry , Hannover Medical School , Hannover 30625 , Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence , Hannover Medical School , Hannover 30625 , Germany
| | - Erdmann Rapp
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems , Magdeburg 39106 , Germany.,glyXera GmbH , Magdeburg 39120 , Germany
| | - Rita Gerardy-Schahn
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry , Hannover Medical School , Hannover 30625 , Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence , Hannover Medical School , Hannover 30625 , Germany
| | - Mark von Itzstein
- Institute for Glycomics , Griffith University , Gold Coast Campus , Gold Coast , Queensland 4222 , Australia
| | - Falk F R Buettner
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry , Hannover Medical School , Hannover 30625 , Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence , Hannover Medical School , Hannover 30625 , Germany
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15
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Improvement of electrospray stability in negative ion mode for nano-PGC-LC-MS glycoanalysis via post-column make-up flow. Glycoconj J 2018; 35:499-509. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-018-9848-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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16
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Mank M, Welsch P, Heck AJR, Stahl B. Label-free targeted LC-ESI-MS 2 analysis of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOS) and related human milk groups with enhanced structural selectivity. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 411:231-250. [PMID: 30443773 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1434-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Human milk (HM) supports the healthy development of neonates and exerts many of its beneficial effects via contained free human milk oligosaccharides (HMOS). These HMOS exhibit a complexity and structural diversity that pose a significant analytical challenge. A detailed characterization of HMOS is essential as every individual structure may have a different function/activity. Certain HMOS isomers may even fundamentally differ in their biological function, and especially their characterization by LC or LC-MS is often impaired by co-elution phenomena. Thus, more efficient analytical methodologies with enhanced structural selectivity are required. Therefore, we developed a negative ion mode LC-ESI-MS2 approach featuring straightforward sample preparation, environmentally friendly EtOH gradient elution, and enhanced, semiquantitative characterization of distinct native HMOS by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Our MRM-LC-MS setup takes advantage of highly selective, glycan configuration-dependent collision-induced dissociation (CID) fragments to identify individual neutral and acidic HMOS. Notably, many human milk oligosaccharide isomers could be distinguished in a retention time-independent manner. This contrasts with other contemporary MRM approaches relying on rather unspecific MRM transitions. Our method was used to determine the most abundant human milk tri-, tetra-, penta-, and hexaoses semiquantitatively in a single LC-MS assay. Detected HMO structures included fucosyllactoses (e.g., 2'-FL), lacto-N-difucotetraose (LDFT), lacto-N-tetraoses (LNTs), lacto-N-fucopentaoses (e.g., LNFP I, LNFP II and III), lacto-N-difucohexaoses (LNDFHs) as well as sialyllactoses (SLs) and tentatively assigned blood group A and B tetrasaccharides from which correct human milk type assignment could be also demonstrated. Correctness of milk typing was validated for milk groups I-IV by high pressure anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC) coupled to pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Mank
- Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Philipp Welsch
- Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Division, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bernd Stahl
- Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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17
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Gatto F, Blum KA, Hosseini SS, Ghanaat M, Kashan M, Maccari F, Galeotti F, Hsieh JJ, Volpi N, Hakimi AA, Nielsen J. Plasma Glycosaminoglycans as Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers in Surgically Treated Renal Cell Carcinoma. Eur Urol Oncol 2018; 1:364-377. [PMID: 31158075 PMCID: PMC8253162 DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma glycosaminoglycan (GAG) measurements, when aggregated into diagnostic scores, accurately distinguish metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) from healthy samples and correlate with prognosis. However, it is unknown if GAG scores can detect RCC in earlier stages or if they correlate with prognosis after surgery. OBJECTIVE To explore the sensitivity and specificity of plasma GAGs for detection of early-stage RCC and prediction of recurrence and death after RCC surgery. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This was a retrospective case-control study consisting of a consecutive series of 175 RCC patients surgically treated between May 2011 and February 2014 and 19 healthy controls. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Plasma GAGs in preoperative and postoperative RCC and healthy samples were measured using capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence in a single blinded laboratory. A discovery set was first analyzed to update the historical GAG score. The sensitivity of the new GAG score for RCC detection versus healthy subjects was validated using the remaining samples. The correlation of the new GAG score to histopathologic variables, overall survival, and recurrence-free survival was evaluated using nonparametric and log-rank tests and multivariable Cox regression analyses. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS The RCC cohort included 94 stage I, 58 stage II-III, and 22 stage IV cases. In the first discovery set (n=67), the new GAG score distinguished RCC from healthy samples with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.999. In the validation set (n=108), the GAG score achieved an AUC of 0.991, with 93.5% sensitivity. GAG scores were elevated in RCC compared to healthy samples, irrespective of and uncorrelated to stage, grade, histology, age, or gender. The total chondroitin sulfate concentration was an independent prognostic factor for both overall and recurrence-free survival (hazard ratios 1.51 and 1.25) with high concordance when combined with variables available at pathologic diagnosis (C-index 0.926 and 0.849) or preoperatively (C-index 0.846 and 0.736). Limitations of the study include its retrospective nature and moderate variability in GAG laboratory measurements. CONCLUSIONS Plasma GAGs are highly sensitive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in surgically treated RCC independent of stage, grade, or histology. Prospective validation studies on GAG scores for early detection, prediction, and surveillance for RCC recurrence are thus warranted. PATIENT SUMMARY In this study, we examined if a new molecular blood test can detect renal cell carcinoma in the early stages and predict if the cancer might relapse after surgery. The trial is registered on ClinicalTrial.gov as NCT03471897.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Gatto
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Kyle A Blum
- Department of Surgery, Urology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Mazyar Ghanaat
- Department of Surgery, Urology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mahyar Kashan
- Department of Surgery, Urology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Francesca Maccari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Galeotti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - James J Hsieh
- Department of Medicine, Genitourinary Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicola Volpi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - A Ari Hakimi
- Department of Surgery, Urology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
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18
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Fischöder T, Cajic S, Reichl U, Rapp E, Elling L. Enzymatic Cascade Synthesis Provides Novel Linear Human Milk Oligosaccharides as Reference Standards for xCGE-LIF Based High-Throughput Analysis. Biotechnol J 2018; 14:e1800305. [PMID: 30076755 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A rising amount of known health benefits leads to an increased attention of science and nutrient industry to human milk oligosaccharides (HMOS). The unique diversity of HMOS includes several rare, complex, and high molecular weight structures. Therefore, identification and elucidation of complex structures, which may occur only in traces, poses a daunting analytical challenge, further complicated by the limited access to suitable standards. Regarding this, inherent diversity of HMOS and their structural complexity make them difficult to synthesize. The use of recombinant Leloir-glycosyltransferases offers a common strategy to overcome the latter issues. In this study, linear long-chained Lacto-N-biose-type (LNT) and Lacto-N-neo-type (LNnT) HMOS are tailored far beyond the known naturally occurring length. Thereby novel well-defined reference standards for screening HMOS composition by high performance and high throughput analytics are provided. It is shown here for the first time the synthesis of LNT oligomers up to 26 and LNnT oligomers up to 30 sugar units in a semi-sequential one-pot synthesis as analyzed by high performance multiplexed capillary gel electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection (xCGE-LIF). While being a high-throughput method, xCGE-LIF can also handle long chained linkage isomers of challenging similarity, some of them even present only in trace amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fischöder
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Samanta Cajic
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Udo Reichl
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.,Prof. U. Reichl, Chair of Bioprocess Engineering Otto-von-Guericke-University, Universitätspl. 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Erdmann Rapp
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.,glyXera GmbH, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lothar Elling
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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19
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2013-2014. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:353-491. [PMID: 29687922 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review is the eighth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2014. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, and arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly- saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:353-491, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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20
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Thurl S, Munzert M, Boehm G, Matthews C, Stahl B. Systematic review of the concentrations of oligosaccharides in human milk. Nutr Rev 2018; 75:920-933. [PMID: 29053807 PMCID: PMC5914348 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Oligosaccharides are the third largest solid component in human milk. These diverse compounds are thought to have numerous beneficial functions in infants, including protection against infectious diseases. The structures of more than 100 oligosaccharides in human milk have been elucidated so far. Objective The aim of this review was to identify the main factors that affect the concentrations of oligosaccharides in human milk and to determine whether it is possible to calculate representative and reliable mean concentrations. Data Sources A comprehensive literature search on oligosaccharide concentrations in human milk was performed in 6 electronic databases: BIOSIS, Current Contents Search, Embase, Lancet Titles, MEDLINE and PubMed. Study Selection The initial search resulted in 1363 hits. After the elimination of duplicates, the literature was screened. The application of strict inclusion criteria resulted in 21 articles selected. Data Extraction Oligosaccharide concentrations, both mean values and single values, reported in the literature were sorted by gestational age, secretor status of mothers, and defined lactation periods. Results Mean concentrations, including confidence limits, of 33 neutral and acidic oligosaccharides reported could be calculated. Concentrations of oligosaccharides in human milk show variations that are dependent on both the secretor type of the mother and the lactation period as examined by analyses of variance. In addition, large interlaboratory variations in the data were observed. Conclusions Worldwide interlaboratory quantitative analyses of identical milk samples would be required to identify the most reliable methods of determining concentrations of oligosaccharides in human milk. The data presented here contribute to the current knowledge about the composition and quantities of oligosaccharides in human milk and may foster greater understanding of the biological functions of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Thurl
- Department of Food Technology, Fulda University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany
| | - Manfred Munzert
- Bavarian State Research Centre for Agriculture, Freising, Germany
| | | | | | - Bernd Stahl
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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21
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Austin S, Bénet T. Quantitative determination of non-lactose milk oligosaccharides. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 1010:86-96. [PMID: 29447675 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A method for the determination of non-lactose oligosaccharides (NLO) in milk using liquid chromatography has been developed. Oligosaccharides were labelled with a fluorescent tag, 2-aminobenzamide (2AB), and were identified by comparison of their retention times to those of oligosaccharide standards, their mass (as measured by mass spectrometry) and their fragmentation patterns in the mass spectrometer. The concentrations of the NLO in milk have been determined using 2 different approaches: (1) by preparing a calibration curve using genuine standards of each oligosaccharide. (2) by preparing a calibration curve using maltotriose as a universal standard for all NLO, and assuming all 2AB labelled oligosaccharides give an equimolar response in the detector. The accuracy of the method was assessed by spike-recovery experiments. Using genuine NLO standards for calibration, recoveries were in the range 96-114%. Using maltotriose as a universal calibrant, recoveries were in the range 86-120%. Method precision was assessed by determining the relative standard deviation of the results under repeatability (RSD(r)) and intermediate reproducibility (RSD(iR)) conditions. In most cases RSD(r) and RSD(iR) were below 5% irrespective of calibration method, but increased when NLO levels were close to LoQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Austin
- Nestlé Research Centre, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Thierry Bénet
- Nestlé Research Centre, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
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22
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Mantovani V, Galeotti F, Maccari F, Volpi N. Recent advances in capillary electrophoresis separation of monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Electrophoresis 2017; 39:179-189. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Mantovani
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - Fabio Galeotti
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - Francesca Maccari
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - Nicola Volpi
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
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23
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Liu Y, Wang W, Jia M, Liu R, Liu Q, Xiao H, Li J, Xue Y, Wang Y, Yan C. Recent advances in microscale separation. Electrophoresis 2017; 39:8-33. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Mengqi Jia
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Rangdong Liu
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Qing Liu
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Han Xiao
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Unimicro (shanghai) Technologies Co., Ltd.; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yun Xue
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Chao Yan
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
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24
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Konze SA, Cajic S, Oberbeck A, Hennig R, Pich A, Rapp E, Buettner FFR. Quantitative Assessment of Sialo-Glycoproteins and N-Glycans during Cardiomyogenic Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1317-1331. [PMID: 28509371 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC CMs) may be used in regenerative medicine for individualized tissue transplants in the future. For application in patients, the generated CMs have to be highly pure and well characterized. In order to overcome the prevalent scarcity of CM-specific markers, we quantitatively assessed cell-surface-exposed sialo-glycoproteins and N-glycans of hiPSCs, CM progenitors, and CMs. Applying a combination of metabolic labeling and specific sialo-glycoprotein capture, we could highly enrich and quantify membrane proteins during cardiomyogenic differentiation. Among them we identified a number of novel, putative biomarkers for hiPSC CMs. Analysis of the N-glycome by capillary gel electrophoresis revealed three novel structures comprising β1,3-linked galactose, α2,6-linked sialic acid and complex fucosylation; these were highly specific for hiPSCs. Bisecting GlcNAc structures strongly increased during differentiation, and we propose that they are characteristic of early, immature CMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Konze
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Samanta Cajic
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Astrid Oberbeck
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - René Hennig
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
- glyXera GmbH, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Pich
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Erdmann Rapp
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
- glyXera GmbH, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Falk F R Buettner
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
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25
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Feng HT, Li P, Rui G, Stray J, Khan S, Chen SM, Li SFY. Multiplexing N-glycan analysis by DNA analyzer. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:1788-1799. [PMID: 28426178 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of N-glycan structures has been gaining attentions over the years due to their critical importance to biopharma-based applications and growing roles in biological research. Glycan profiling is also critical to the development of biosimilar drugs. The detailed characterization of N-glycosylation is mandatory because it is a nontemplate driven process and that significantly influences critical properties such as bio-safety and bio-activity. The ability to comprehensively characterize highly complex mixtures of N-glycans has been analytically challenging and stimulating because of the difficulties in both the structure complexity and time-consuming sample pretreatment procedures. CE-LIF is one of the typical techniques for N-glycan analysis due to its high separation efficiency. In this paper, a 16-capillary DNA analyzer was coupled with a magnetic bead glycan purification method to accelerate the sample preparation procedure and therefore increase N-glycan assay throughput. Routinely, the labeling dye used for CE-LIF is 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid, while the typical identification method involves matching migration times with database entries. Two new fluorescent dyes were used to either cross-validate and increase the glycan identification precision or simplify sample preparation steps. Exoglycosidase studies were carried out using neuramididase, galactosidase, and fucosidase to confirm the results of three dye cross-validation. The optimized method combines the parallel separation capacity of multiple-capillary separation with three labeling dyes, magnetic bead assisted preparation, and exoglycosidase treatment to allow rapid and accurate analysis of N-glycans. These new methods provided enough useful structural information to permit N-glycan structure elucidation with only one sample injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Tao Feng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pingjing Li
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guo Rui
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - James Stray
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shaheer Khan
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Sam F Y Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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26
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Gatto F, Maruzzo M, Magro C, Basso U, Nielsen J. Prognostic Value of Plasma and Urine Glycosaminoglycan Scores in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2016; 6:253. [PMID: 27933273 PMCID: PMC5121125 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis of metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) vastly improved since the introduction of antiangiogenic-targeted therapy. However, it is still unclear which biological processes underlie ccRCC aggressiveness and affect prognosis. Here, we checked whether a recently discovered systems biomarker based on plasmatic or urinary measurements of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) aggregated into diagnostic scores correlated with ccRCC prognosis. METHODS Thirty-one patients with a diagnosis of ccRCC (23 metastatic) were prospectively enrolled, and their urine and plasma biomarker scores were correlated to progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) as either a dichotomous ("Low" vs. "High") or a continuous variable in a multivariate survival analysis. RESULTS The survival difference between "High"- vs. "Low"-scored patients was significant in the case of urine scores (2-year PFS rate = 53.3 vs. 100%, p = 3 × 10-4 and 2-year OS rate = 73.3 vs. 100%, p = 0.0078) and in the case of OS for plasma scores (2-year PFS rate = 60 vs. 84%, p = 0.0591 and 2-year OS rate = 66.7 vs. 90%, p = 0.0206). In multivariate analysis, the urine biomarker score as a continuous variable was an independent predictor of PFS [hazard ratio (HR): 4.62, 95% CI: 1.66-12.83, p = 0.003] and OS (HR: 10.13, 95% CI: 1.80-57.04, p = 0.009). CONCLUSION This is the first report on an association between plasma or urine GAG scores and the prognosis of ccRCC patients. Prospective trials validating the prognostic and predictive role of this novel systems biomarker are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Gatto
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Marco Maruzzo
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, IOV Istituto Oncologico Veneto (IRCSS), Padova, Italy
| | - Cristina Magro
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, IOV Istituto Oncologico Veneto (IRCSS), Padova, Italy
| | - Umberto Basso
- Medical Oncology Unit 1, IOV Istituto Oncologico Veneto (IRCSS), Padova, Italy
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
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27
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Dotz V, Wuhrer M. Histo-blood group glycans in the context of personalized medicine. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1596-607. [PMID: 26748235 PMCID: PMC7117023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A subset of histo-blood group antigens including ABO and Lewis are oligosaccharide structures which may be conjugated to lipids or proteins. They are known to be important recognition motifs not only in the context of blood transfusions, but also in infection and cancer development. SCOPE OF REVIEW Current knowledge on the molecular background and the implication of histo-blood group glycans in the prevention and therapy of infectious and non-communicable diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease, is presented. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Glycan-based histo-blood groups are associated with intestinal microbiota composition, the risk of various diseases as well as therapeutic success of, e.g., vaccination. Their potential as prebiotic or anti-microbial agents, as disease biomarkers and vaccine targets should be further investigated in future studies. For this, recent and future technological advancements will be of particular importance, especially with regard to the unambiguous structural characterization of the glycan portion in combination with information on the protein and lipid carriers of histo-blood group-active glycans in large cohorts. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Histo-blood group glycans have a unique linking position in the complex network of genes, oncodevelopmental biological processes, and disease mechanisms. Thus, they are highly promising targets for novel approaches in the field of personalized medicine. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Glycans in personalised medicine" Guest Editor: Professor Gordan Lauc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Dotz
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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28
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Wahl C, Hirtz D, Elling L. Multiplexed Capillary Electrophoresis as Analytical Tool for Fast Optimization of Multi-Enzyme Cascade Reactions - Synthesis of Nucleotide Sugars: Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Vladimir Křen on the occasion of his 60 th birthday. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:1298-1308. [PMID: 27311566 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide sugars are considered as bottleneck and expensive substrates for enzymatic glycan synthesis using Leloir-glycosyltransferases. Synthesis from cheap substrates such as monosaccharides is accomplished by multi-enzyme cascade reactions. Optimization of product yields in such enzyme modules is dependent on the interplay of multiple parameters of the individual enzymes and governed by a considerable time effort when convential analytic methods like capillary electrophoresis (CE) or HPLC are applied. We here demonstrate for the first time multiplexed CE (MP-CE) as fast analytical tool for the optimization of nucleotide sugar synthesis with multi-enzyme cascade reactions. We introduce a universal separation method for nucleotides and nucleotide sugars enabling us to analyze the composition of six different enzyme modules in a high-throughput format. Optimization of parameters (T, pH, inhibitors, kinetics, cofactors and enzyme amount) employing MP-CE analysis is demonstrated for enzyme modules for the synthesis of UDP-α-D-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA) and UDP-α-D-galactose (UDP-Gal). In this way we achieve high space-time-yields: 1.8 g/L⋆h for UDP-GlcA and 17 g/L⋆h for UDP-Gal. The presented MP-CE methodology has the impact to be used as general analytical tool for fast optimization of multi-enzyme cascade reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Wahl
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Dennis Hirtz
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lothar Elling
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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29
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Hennig R, Cajic S, Borowiak M, Hoffmann M, Kottler R, Reichl U, Rapp E. Towards personalized diagnostics via longitudinal study of the human plasma N-glycome. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1728-38. [PMID: 27038647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Facilitated by substantial advances in analytical methods, plasma N-glycans have emerged as potential candidates for biomarkers. In the recent years, several investigations could link aberrant plasma N-glycosylation to numerous diseases. However, due to often limited specificity and sensitivity, only a very limited number of glycan biomarkers were approved by the authorities up to now. The inter-individual heterogeneity of the plasma N-glycomes might mask disease related changes in conventional large cross-sectional cohort studies, with a one-time sampling approach. But, a possible benefit of longitudinal sampling in biomarker discovery could be, that already small changes during disease progression are revealed, by monitoring the plasma N-glycome of individuals over time. To evaluate this, we collected blood plasma samples of five healthy donors over a time period of up to six years (min. 1.5 years). The plasma N-glycome was analyzed by xCGE-LIF, to investigate the intra-individual N-glycome variability over time. It is shown, that the plasma N-glycome of an individual is remarkably stable over a period of several years, and that observed small longitudinal changes are independent from seasons, but significantly correlated with lifestyle and environmental factors. Thus, the potential of future longitudinal biomarker discovery studies could be demonstrated, which is a further step towards personalized diagnostics. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Glycans in personalised medicine" Guest Editor: Professor Gordan Lauc.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Hennig
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; glyXera GmbH, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Samanta Cajic
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Marcus Hoffmann
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Robert Kottler
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Udo Reichl
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; Otto-von-Guericke University, Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Erdmann Rapp
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; glyXera GmbH, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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30
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Mantovani V, Galeotti F, Maccari F, Volpi N. Recent advances on separation and characterization of human milk oligosaccharides. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1514-24. [PMID: 26801168 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Free human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are unique due to their highly complex nature and important emerging biological and protective functions during early life such as prebiotic activity, pathogen deflection, and epithelial and immune cell modulation. Moreover, four genetically determined heterogeneous HMO secretory groups are known to be based on their structure and composition. Over the years, several analytical techniques have been applied to characterize and quantitate HMOs, including nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), high pH anion-exchange chromatography, off-line and on-line mass spectrometry (MS), and capillary electrophoresis (CE). Even if these techniques have proven to be efficient and simple, most glycans have no significant UV absorption and derivatization with fluorophore groups prior to separation usually results in higher sensitivity and an improved chromatographic/electrophoretic profile. Consequently, the analysis by HPLC/CE of derivatized milk oligosaccharides with different chromophoric active tags has been developed. However, UV or fluorescence detection does not provide specific structural information and this is a key point in particular related to the highly complex nature of the milk glycan mixtures. As a consequence, for a specific determination of complex mixtures of oligomers, analytical separation is usually required with evaluation by means of MS, which has been successfully applied to HMOs, resulting in efficient compositional analysis and profiling in various milk samples. This review aims to give an overview of the current state-of-the-art techniques used in HMO analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Mantovani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Galeotti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesca Maccari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Nicola Volpi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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31
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Thiesler CT, Cajic S, Hoffmann D, Thiel C, van Diepen L, Hennig R, Sgodda M, Weiβmann R, Reichl U, Steinemann D, Diekmann U, Huber NMB, Oberbeck A, Cantz T, Kuss AW, Körner C, Schambach A, Rapp E, Buettner FFR. Glycomic Characterization of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Derived from a Patient Suffering from Phosphomannomutase 2 Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation (PMM2-CDG). Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:1435-52. [PMID: 26785728 PMCID: PMC4824866 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.054122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PMM2-CDG, formerly known as congenital disorder of glycosylation-Ia (CDG-Ia), is caused by mutations in the gene encoding phosphomannomutase 2 (PMM2). This disease is the most frequent form of inherited CDG-diseases affecting protein N-glycosylation in human. PMM2-CDG is a multisystemic disease with severe psychomotor and mental retardation. In order to study the pathophysiology of PMM2-CDG in a human cell culture model, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from fibroblasts of a PMM2-CDG-patient (PMM2-iPSCs). Expression of pluripotency factors and in vitro differentiation into cell types of the three germ layers was unaffected in the analyzed clone PMM2-iPSC-C3 compared with nondiseased human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), revealing no broader influence of the PMM2 mutation on pluripotency in cell culture. Analysis of gene expression by deep-sequencing did not show obvious differences in the transcriptome between PMM2-iPSC-C3 and nondiseased hPSCs. By multiplexed capillary gel electrophoresis coupled to laser induced fluorescence detection (xCGE-LIF) we could show that PMM2-iPSC-C3 exhibit the common hPSC N-glycosylation pattern with high-mannose-type N-glycans as the predominant species. However, phosphomannomutase activity of PMM2-iPSC-C3 was 27% compared with control hPSCs and lectin staining revealed an overall reduced protein glycosylation. In addition, quantitative assessment of N-glycosylation by xCGE-LIF showed an up to 40% reduction of high-mannose-type N-glycans in PMM2-iPSC-C3, which was in concordance to the observed reduction of the Glc3Man9GlcNAc2 lipid-linked oligosaccharide compared with control hPSCs. Thus we could model the PMM2-CDG disease phenotype of hypoglycosylation with patient derived iPSCs in vitro. Knock-down of PMM2 by shRNA in PMM2-iPSC-C3 led to a residual activity of 5% and to a further reduction of the level of N-glycosylation. Taken together we have developed human stem cell-based cell culture models with stepwise reduced levels of N-glycosylation now enabling to study the role of N-glycosylation during early human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina T Thiesler
- From the ‡REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; §Institute for Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Samanta Cajic
- ¶Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmann
- From the ‡REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; ‖Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Thiel
- **Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Department Kinderheilkunde I, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura van Diepen
- ‡‡Department of Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald and Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - René Hennig
- ¶Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; §§glyXera GmbH, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Malte Sgodda
- From the ‡REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; ¶¶Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology, Dept. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Weiβmann
- ‡‡Department of Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald and Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Udo Reichl
- ¶Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Doris Steinemann
- From the ‡REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; ‖‖Institute of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulf Diekmann
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicolas M B Huber
- From the ‡REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; §Institute for Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Astrid Oberbeck
- From the ‡REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; §Institute for Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Cantz
- From the ‡REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; ¶¶Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology, Dept. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas W Kuss
- ‡‡Department of Human Genetics, University Medicine Greifswald and Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Körner
- **Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Department Kinderheilkunde I, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- From the ‡REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; ‖Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Erdmann Rapp
- ¶Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; §§glyXera GmbH, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Falk F R Buettner
- From the ‡REBIRTH-Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; §Institute for Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
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32
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Determination and quantification of 2’-O-fucosyllactose and 3-O-fucosyllactose in human milk by GC–MS as O-trimethylsilyl-oxime derivatives. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 115:450-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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33
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Acunha T, Ibáñez C, García-Cañas V, Simó C, Cifuentes A. Recent advances in the application of capillary electromigration methods for food analysis and Foodomics. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:111-41. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanize Acunha
- Laboratory of Foodomics; CIAL, CSIC; Madrid Spain
- CAPES Foundation; Ministry of Education of Brazil; Brasília DF Brazil
| | - Clara Ibáñez
- Laboratory of Foodomics; CIAL, CSIC; Madrid Spain
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Tharmalingam T, Wu CH, Callahan S, T Goudar C. A framework for real-time glycosylation monitoring (RT-GM) in mammalian cell culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:1146-54. [PMID: 25545171 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a critical characteristic of biotherapeutics because of its central role in in vivo efficacy. Multiple factors including medium composition and process conditions impact protein glycosylation and characterizing cellular response to these changes is essential to understand the underlying relationships. Current practice typically involves glycosylation characterization at the end of a fed-batch culture, which in addition to being an aggregate of the process, reflects a bias towards the end of the culture where a majority of the product is made. In an attempt to rigorously characterize the entire time-course of a fed-batch culture, a real-time glycosylation monitoring (RT-GM) framework was developed. It involves using the micro sequential injection (μSI) system as a sample preparation platform coupled with an ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) system for real-time monitoring of the antibody glycan profile. Automated sampling and sample preparations were performed using the μSI system and this framework was used to study manganese (Mn)-induced glycosylation changes over the course of a fed-batch culture. As expected, Mn-supplemented cultures exhibited higher galactosylation levels compared to control while the fucosylation and mannosylation were consistent for both supplemented and control cultures. Overall, the approach presented in the study allows real time monitoring of glycosylation changes and this information can be rapidly translated into process control and/or process optimization decisions to accelerate process development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharmala Tharmalingam
- Pre-Pivotal Drug Substance Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California
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35
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Poehler E, Herzog C, Lotter C, Pfeiffer SA, Aigner D, Mayr T, Nagl S. Label-free microfluidic free-flow isoelectric focusing, pH gradient sensing and near real-time isoelectric point determination of biomolecules and blood plasma fractions. Analyst 2015; 140:7496-502. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an01345c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Continuous biomolecular separation and pH gradient observation using UV and NIR fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Poehler
- Institut für Analytische Chemie
- Universität Leipzig
- 04103 Leipzig
- Germany
| | - Christin Herzog
- Institut für Analytische Chemie
- Universität Leipzig
- 04103 Leipzig
- Germany
| | - Carsten Lotter
- Institut für Analytische Chemie
- Universität Leipzig
- 04103 Leipzig
- Germany
| | - Simon A. Pfeiffer
- Institut für Analytische Chemie
- Universität Leipzig
- 04103 Leipzig
- Germany
| | - Daniel Aigner
- Institut für Analytische Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie
- Technische Universität Graz
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Torsten Mayr
- Institut für Analytische Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie
- Technische Universität Graz
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Stefan Nagl
- Institut für Analytische Chemie
- Universität Leipzig
- 04103 Leipzig
- Germany
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36
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Abstract
Glycans on proteins and lipids are known to alter with malignant transformation. The study of these may contribute to the discovery of biomarkers and treatment targets as well as understanding of cancer biology. We here describe the change of glycosylation specifically defining colorectal cancer with view on N-glycans, O-glycans, and glycosphingolipid glycans in colorectal cancer cells and tissues as well as patient sera. Glycan alterations observed in colon cancer include increased β1,6-branching and correlating higher abundance of (poly-)N-acetyllactosamine extensions of N-glycans as well as an increase in (truncated) high-mannose type glycans, while bisected structures decrease. Colorectal cancer-associated O-glycan changes are predominated by reduced expression of core 3 and 4 glycans, whereas higher levels of core 1 glycans, (sialyl) T-antigen, (sialyl) Tn-antigen, and a generally higher density of O-glycans are observed. Specific changes for glycosphingolipid glycans are lower abundances of disialylated structures as well as globo-type glycosphingolipid glycans with exception of Gb3. In general, alterations affecting all discussed glycan types are increased sialylation, fucosylation as well as (sialyl) Lewis-type antigens and type-2 chain glycans. As a consequence, interactions with glycan-binding proteins can be affected and the biological function and cellular consequences of the altered glycosylation with regard to tumorigenesis, metastasis, modulation of immunity, and resistance to antitumor therapy will be discussed. Finally, analytical approaches aiding in the field of glycomics will be reviewed with focus on binding assays and mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Holst
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yoann Rombouts
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Totten SM, Wu LD, Parker EA, Davis JCC, Hua S, Stroble C, Ruhaak LR, Smilowitz JT, German JB, Lebrilla CB. Rapid-throughput glycomics applied to human milk oligosaccharide profiling for large human studies. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:7925-35. [PMID: 25358913 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycomic analysis is the comprehensive determination of glycan (oligosaccharide) structures with quantitative information in a biological sample. Rapid-throughput glycomics is complicated due to the lack of a template, which has greatly facilitated analysis in the field of proteomics. Furthermore, the large similarities in structures make fragmentation spectra (as obtained in electron impact ionization and tandem mass spectrometry) less definitive for identification as it has been in metabolomics. In this study, we develop a concept of rapid-throughput glycomics on human milk oligosaccharides, which have proven to be an important bioactive component of breast milk, providing the infant with protection against pathogenic infection and supporting the establishment of a healthy microbiota. To better understand the relationship between diverse oligosaccharides structures and their biological function as anti-pathogenic and prebiotic compounds, large human studies are needed, which necessitate rapid- to high-throughput analytical platforms. Herein, a complete glycomics methodology is presented, evaluating the most effective human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) extraction protocols, the linearity and reproducibility of the nano-liquid chromatography chip time-of-flight mass spectrometry (nano-LC chip-TOF MS) method, and the efficacy of newly developed, in-house software for chromatographic peak alignment that allows for rapid data analysis. High instrument stability and retention time reproducibility, together with the successful automated alignment of hundreds of features in hundreds of milk samples, allow for the use of an HMO library for rapid assignment of fully annotated structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Totten
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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38
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Reusch D, Haberger M, Kailich T, Heidenreich AK, Kampe M, Bulau P, Wuhrer M. High-throughput glycosylation analysis of therapeutic immunoglobulin G by capillary gel electrophoresis using a DNA analyzer. MAbs 2014; 6:185-96. [PMID: 24135630 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.26712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fc glycosylation of therapeutic antibodies is crucial for their effector functions and their behavior in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. To monitor the Fc glycosylation in bioprocess development and characterization,high-throughput techniques for glycosylation analysis are needed. Here, we describe the development of a largely automated high-throughput glycosylation profiling method with multiplexing capillary-gel-electrophoresis (CGE) with laser induced fluorescence (LIF) detection using a DNA analyzer. After PNGaseF digestion, the released glycans were labeled with 9-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (APTS) in 96-well plates, which was followed by the simultaneous analysis of up to 48 samples. The peak assignment was conducted by HILIC-UPLC-MS/MS of the APTS-labeled glycans combined with peak fractionation and subsequent CGE-LIF analysis of the MS-characterized fractions. Quantitative data evaluation of the various IgG glycans was performed automatically using an in-house developed software solution. The excellent method accuracy and repeatability of the test system was verified by comparison with two UPLC-based methods for glycan analysis. Finally, the practical value of the developed method was demonstrated by analyzing the antibody glycosylation profiles from fermentation broths after small scale protein A purification.
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Galeotti F, Coppa GV, Zampini L, Maccari F, Galeazzi T, Padella L, Santoro L, Gabrielli O, Volpi N. Capillary electrophoresis separation of human milk neutral and acidic oligosaccharides derivatized with 2-aminoacridone. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:811-8. [PMID: 24338619 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human milk is a unique fluid in glycobiology due to the presence of many free structurally complex oligosaccharides emerging as important dietary factors during early life and having many biological and protective functions. Methods that allow accurate profiling of oligosaccharide mixtures in this complex biological fluid with quantification of the four known genetically determined groups are welcomed. A high-voltage CE separation and detection at 254 nm of 17 neutral and acidic human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) standard along with lactose derivatized with 2-aminoacridone, using a BGE containing 20% methanol as an organic modifier and borate, able to form on-capillary anionic borate-polyol complexes, is reported. This CE approach was able to separate both neutral HMOs and acidic HMOs, with the sialic acid residue, also in the presence of lactose in high content. This method was applied to the four secretory groups individually extracted by a rapid and simple preparative step. LODs were found ranging from ∼50 to 700 fmol. We were able to measure HMO content also in the presence of excess fluorophore, or interference from proteins, peptides, salts, and other impurities normally present in this complex biological fluid. Overall, CE equipped with a UV detector is a common analytical approach and this simple CE separation offers high resolution and sensitivity for the differentiation of human milk samples related to genetic groups and days of lactation by considering that important changes in HMO content are a reflection of the lactation day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Galeotti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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