1
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Thompson AJ, Bourke CD, Robertson RC, Shivakumar N, Edwards CA, Preston T, Holmes E, Kelly P, Frost G, Morrison DJ. Understanding the role of the gut in undernutrition: what can technology tell us? Gut 2021; 70:gutjnl-2020-323609. [PMID: 34103403 PMCID: PMC8292602 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gut function remains largely underinvestigated in undernutrition, despite its critical role in essential nutrient digestion, absorption and assimilation. In areas of high enteropathogen burden, alterations in gut barrier function and subsequent inflammatory effects are observable but remain poorly characterised. Environmental enteropathy (EE)-a condition that affects both gut morphology and function and is characterised by blunted villi, inflammation and increased permeability-is thought to play a role in impaired linear growth (stunting) and severe acute malnutrition. However, the lack of tools to quantitatively characterise gut functional capacity has hampered both our understanding of gut pathogenesis in undernutrition and evaluation of gut-targeted therapies to accelerate nutritional recovery. Here we survey the technology landscape for potential solutions to improve assessment of gut function, focussing on devices that could be deployed at point-of-care in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We assess the potential for technological innovation to assess gut morphology, function, barrier integrity and immune response in undernutrition, and highlight the approaches that are currently most suitable for deployment and development. This article focuses on EE and undernutrition in LMICs, but many of these technologies may also become useful in monitoring of other gut pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Thompson
- Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Claire D Bourke
- Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ruairi C Robertson
- Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Nirupama Shivakumar
- Division of Nutrition, St John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Tom Preston
- Stable Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, East Kilbride, UK
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Kelly
- Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Gary Frost
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Douglas J Morrison
- Stable Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, East Kilbride, UK
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2
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Ragab MAA, El-Kimary EI. Recent Advances and Applications of Microfluidic Capillary Electrophoresis: A Comprehensive Review (2017-Mid 2019). Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 51:709-741. [PMID: 32447968 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1765729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic capillary electrophoresis (MCE) is the novel technique resulted from the CE mininaturization as planar separation and analysis device. This review presents and discusses various application fields of this advanced technology published in the period 2017 till mid-2019 in eight different sections including clinical, biological, single cell analysis, environmental, pharmaceuticals, food analysis, forensic and ion analysis. The need for miniaturization of CE and the consequence advantages achieved are also discussed including high-throughput, miniaturized detection, effective separation, portability and the need for micro- or even nano-volume of samples. Comprehensive tables for the MCE applications in the different studied fields are provided. Also, figure comparing the number of the published papers applying MCE in the eight discussed fields within the studied period is included. The future investigation should put into consideration the possibility of replacing conventional CE with the MCE after proper validation. Suitable validation parameters with their suitable accepted ranges should be tailored for analysis methods utilizing such unique technique (MCE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa A A Ragab
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Alexandria University, El-Messalah, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Eman I El-Kimary
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Alexandria University, El-Messalah, Alexandria, Egypt
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3
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Li J, Li S, Zhao J, Huang Y, Zhao S. A G-quadruplex/hemin DNAzyme-based microchip electrophoresis chemiluminescence assay for highly sensitive detection of biotin in flour. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2157-2164. [PMID: 31025386 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative analysis of biotin in biological fluids, foods, and pharmaceutical is important for diagnosis and treatment of biotin-related diseases and health maintenance. In this work, a novel G-quadruplex/hemin DNAzyme-based microchip electrophoresis chemiluminescence (CL) assay method was established for rapid and highly sensitive detection of biotin. This method is based on the specific binding between biotin and streptavidin, the catalytic CL characteristics of G-quadruplex/hemin DNAzyme to the oxidation-reduction reaction of hydrogen peroxide with luminol, and the on-line separation function of microchip electrophoresis. Under the optimal experimental conditions, on-chip biotin analysis was achieved within 1 min. The CL intensity is linearly proportional to the concentration of biotin in the range of 13-630 nM with a detection limit of 6.4 nM. The proposed method has been applied for the detection of biotin in flour, biotin contents in three flour samples are found in the range of 199-223 ng/g with a mean value of 214 ng/g. The recoveries were in the range of 94-103%. With excellent sensitivity and good selectivity, the proposed method could be applied in a wide range of biological fluids, foods, and pharmaceutical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, P. R. China
| | - Shuting Li
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, P. R. China
| | - Jingjin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, P. R. China
| | - Yong Huang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, P. R. China
| | - Shulin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, P. R. China
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4
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Xiao MW, Bai XL, Liu YM, Yang L, Liao X. Simultaneous determination of trace Aflatoxin B 1 and Ochratoxin A by aptamer-based microchip capillary electrophoresis in food samples. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1569:222-228. [PMID: 30037541 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
An aptamer-based microchip capillary electrophoresis coupled with laser induced fluorescence (MCE-LIF) detection method for fast determination of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and Ochratoxin A (OTA) was developed. Aptamers that are specific to these two mycotoxins were first hybridized with their aptamer complementary oligonucleotides. The double strand DNA that comes in contact with mycotoxin-containing environment would be unwound into separate aptamer-mycotoxin complex and aptamer complementary single strand. Different types of oligonucleotides can be separated in MCE and detected under the aid of fluorescent dye SYBR gold in LIF detection unit. Under the optimal conditions, on-chip aptamer-mycotoxin conjugates analysis was achieved within 3 min with extremely low LODs (0.026 ng/mL for AFB1 and 0.021 ng/mL for OTA). Specificity study indicated that other major mycotoxins would not cross-react with these two aptamers, demonstrating the good selectivity of the proposed method. Quantification of trace AFB1 and OTA in real food samples was carried out and satisfactory recoveries were obtained. It is demonstrated that this method is fast, facile and specific for Simultaneous determination of trace AFB1 and OTA from foodstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Wei Xiao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9, Section 4, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiao-Lin Bai
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9, Section 4, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yi-Ming Liu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9, Section 4, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
| | - Li Yang
- Maccura Biotechnology Co. Ltd, 2nd Anhe Road, Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xun Liao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9, Section 4, South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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5
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Direct sample injection from a syringe needle into a separation capillary. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1042:133-140. [PMID: 30428980 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An automatic micro-injector was developed for electrophoretic analysis of a microlitre amount of clinical samples, enabling injection of the sample from a Hamilton syringe. The outlet of the syringe needle is located directly opposite the inlet of the separation capillary at a defined distance of the order of hundreds of μm in the injection space. During the injection, the background electrolyte is forced out by air from this space and a drop of the sample is forced out of the syringe by a micro-pump so that it is caught at the entrance to the capillary. From the drop the sample is injected into the capillary by applying a negative pressure pulse or simply by spontaneous injection. The injection space is then filled with background electrolyte, which washes away excess sample and separation is commenced. The injector was tested in electrophoretic separation of a model sample with equimolar concentrations of 100 μM NH4+, K+, Na+, Mg2+ and Li+ in a short capillary with total/effective length of 16.5/11.5 cm. The repeatability of the migration time and peak area expressed as the RSD value is 2% and 4%, respectively. The practical applicability of the injector was verified on the determination of the antiparasitic pentamidine in 10 μL of rat plasma. Electrophoretic separation of pentamidine was performed in 100 mM of acetic acid/NaOH at pH 4.55, the sample consumption per analysis is 125 nL, the separation time is 45 s and the attained LOQ using contactless conductivity detection is 8 μM.
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6
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Shih TT, Lee HL, Chen SC, Kang CY, Shen RS, Su YA. Rapid analysis of traditional Chinese medicinePinellia ternataby microchip electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:740-746. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Ting Shih
- Material and Chemical Research Laboratories; Industrial Technology Research Institute; Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Lee
- Department of Chemistry; Fu Jen Catholic University; New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Show-Chuen Chen
- Department of Chemistry; Fu Jen Catholic University; New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yuan Kang
- Department of Chemistry; Fu Jen Catholic University; New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Ren-Shang Shen
- Department of Chemistry; Fu Jen Catholic University; New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Yi-An Su
- Material and Chemical Research Laboratories; Industrial Technology Research Institute; Hsinchu Taiwan
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7
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Phillips TM. Recent advances in CE and microchip-CE in clinical applications: 2014 to mid-2017. Electrophoresis 2017; 39:126-135. [PMID: 28853177 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
CE and microchip CE (ME) are powerful tools for the analysis of a number of different analytes and have been applied to a variety of clinical fields and human samples. This review will present an overview of the most recent applications of these techniques to different areas of clinical medicine during the period of 2014 to mid-2017. CE and ME have been applied to clinical chemistry, drug detection and monitoring, hematology, infectious diseases, oncology, endocrinology, neonatology, nephrology, and genetic screening. Samples examined range from serum, plasma, and urine to lest utilized materials such as tears, cerebral spinal fluid, sweat, saliva, condensed breath, single cells, and biopsy tissue. Examples of clinical applications will be given along with the various detection systems employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry M Phillips
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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8
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Yamamoto S, Himeno M, Kobayashi M, Akamatsu M, Satoh R, Kinoshita M, Sugiura R, Suzuki S. Microchip electrophoresis utilizing an in situ photopolymerized Phos-tag binding polyacrylamide gel for specific entrapment and analysis of phosphorylated compounds. Analyst 2017; 142:3416-3423. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00836h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A method was developed for the specific entrapment and separation of phosphorylated compounds using a Phos-tag polyacrylamide gel fabricated at the channel crossing point of a microfluidic electrophoresis chip.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Reiko Sugiura
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Kindai University
- Osaka
- Japan
- Antiaging Center
| | - Shigeo Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Kindai University
- Osaka
- Japan
- Antiaging Center
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9
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Morbioli GG, Mazzu-Nascimento T, Aquino A, Cervantes C, Carrilho E. Recombinant drugs-on-a-chip: The usage of capillary electrophoresis and trends in miniaturized systems – A review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 935:44-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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10
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Microfluidic chip-capillary electrophoresis device for the determination of urinary metabolites and proteins. Bioanalysis 2016; 7:907-22. [PMID: 25932524 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic chip-CE (MC-CE) devices have caught recent attention for diagnostic applications in urine. This is due to the successes reported in handling real urine samples by integrating microfluidic chips (MC) with analyte enrichment and sample cleanup to CE with high separation efficiency and sensitive analyte detection. Here, we review the determination of urinary metabolites and proteins by MC-CE devices within the past 7 years. The application scope for MC-CE integrated devices was found to exceed the use of either technique alone, showing comparable performance to laser-induced fluorescence detection using less sensitive UV detectors, offering the flexibility to handle difficult urine samples with on-chip dilution and online standard addition and delivering enhanced performance as compared with commercial microfluidic chip electrophoresis chips.
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11
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Shin G, Kim DK, Doh J, Lee D, Lee NK, Jung GY. High-resolution pluronic-filled microchip CE-SSCP analysis system via channel width control. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:676-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giyoung Shin
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang Gyeongbuk Korea
| | - Dong-Kyun Kim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang Gyeongbuk Korea
| | - Junsang Doh
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang Gyeongbuk Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang Gyeongbuk Korea
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Nam Ki Lee
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang Gyeongbuk Korea
- Department of Physics; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang Gyeongbuk Korea
| | - Gyoo Yeol Jung
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang Gyeongbuk Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang Gyeongbuk Korea
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12
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Štěpánová S, Kašička V. Recent developments and applications of capillary and microchip electrophoresis in proteomic and peptidomic analyses. J Sep Sci 2015; 39:198-211. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sille Štěpánová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Prague Czech Republic
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13
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Makrlíková A, Opekar F, Tůma P. Pressure-assisted introduction of urine samples into a short capillary for electrophoretic separation with contactless conductivity and UV spectrometry detection. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1962-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Makrlíková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - František Opekar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Petr Tůma
- Institute of Biochemistry Cell and Molecular Biology; Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
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14
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Thurmann S, Lotter C, Heiland JJ, Chankvetadze B, Belder D. Chip-Based High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for High-Speed Enantioseparations. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5568-76. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Thurmann
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carsten Lotter
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Josef J. Heiland
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Department
of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural
Sciences, Tbilisi State University, 0179 Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Kohl FJ, Sánchez-Hernández L, Neusüß C. Capillary electrophoresis in two-dimensional separation systems: Techniques and applications. Electrophoresis 2014; 36:144-58. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix J. Kohl
- Department of Chemistry; Aalen University; Aalen Germany
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16
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Kler PA, Sydes D, Huhn C. Column–coupling strategies for multidimensional electrophoretic separation techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:119-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Capillary electrophoresis methods for microRNAs assays: a review. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 852:1-7. [PMID: 25441872 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNAs that conduct important roles in many cellular processes such as development, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. In particular, circulating miRNAs have been proposed as biomarkers for cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other illnesses. Therefore, determination of miRNA expression levels in various biofluids is important for the investigation of biological processes in health and disease and for discovering their potential as new biomarkers and drug targets. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is emerging as a useful analytical tool for analyzing miRNA because of its simple sample preparation steps and efficient resolution of a diverse size range of compounds. In particular, CE with laser-induced fluorescence detection is a promising and relatively rapidly developing tool with the potential to provide high sensitivity and specificity in the analysis of miRNAs. This paper covers a short overview of the recent developments and applications of CE systems in miRNA studies in biological and biomedical areas.
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