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Ainiwan Y, Chen Y, Mao C, Peng J, Chen S, Wei S, Qi S, Pan J. Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma cyst fluid can trigger inflammatory activation of microglia to damage the hypothalamic neurons by inducing the production of β-amyloid. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:108. [PMID: 35525962 PMCID: PMC9080190 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02470-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mechanism by which adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (ACP) damages the hypothalamus is still unclear. Cyst fluid rich in lipids and inflammatory factors is a characteristic pathological manifestation of ACP and may play a very important role in hypothalamic injury caused by tumors. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to construct a reliable animal model of ACP cyst fluid-induced hypothalamic injury and explore the specific mechanism of hypothalamic injury caused by cyst fluid. METHODS An animal model was established by injecting human ACP cyst fluid into the bilateral hypothalamus of mice. ScRNA-seq was performed on the mice hypothalamus and on an ACP sample to obtain a complete gene expression profile for analysis. Data verification was performed through pathological means. RESULTS ACP cystic fluid caused growth retardation and an increased obesity index in mice, affected the expression of the Npy, Fgfr2, Rnpc3, Sst, and Pcsk1n genes that regulate growth and energy metabolism in hypothalamic neurons, and enhanced the cellular interaction of Agrp-Mc3r. ACP cystic fluid significantly caused inflammatory activation of hypothalamic microglia. The cellular interaction of CD74-APP is significantly strengthened between inflammatory activated microglia and hypothalamic neurons. Beta-amyloid, a marker of neurodegenerative diseases, was deposited in the ACP tumor tissues and in the hypothalamus of mice injected with ACP cyst fluid. CONCLUSION In this study, a novel animal model of ACP cystic fluid-hypothalamic injury was established. For the first time, it was found that ACP cystic fluid can trigger inflammatory activation of microglia to damage the hypothalamus, which may be related to the upregulation of the CD74-APP interaction and deposition of β-amyloid, implying that there may be a similar mechanism between ACP cystic fluid damage to the hypothalamus and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilamujiang Ainiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiguang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chaofu Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junxiang Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Songtao Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Songtao Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jun Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Desiderio C, Rossetti DV, Castagnola M, Massimi L, Tamburrini G. Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma: advances in proteomic research. Childs Nerv Syst 2021; 37:789-797. [PMID: 32617710 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-020-04750-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many efforts have been performed in the last decade to accomplish the genomic and proteomic characterization of pediatric adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma with the purpose to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the onset and development of this pediatric brain tumor, its high recurrence rate, and, although classified as a histologically benign neoplasm, its aggressive behavior. METHODS The focus of this review is to perform the new comparison of the proteomic profiles of the solid component and the intracystic fluid of adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma based on our previous results, obtained by both the top-down and the bottom-up proteomic approaches, to disclose differences and similarities, and to discuss the results in the context of the most recent literature. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Proteins and peptides identified in the cyst fluid and in the solid component of adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (AC) include beyond markers of inflammation (i.e., alpha-defensins), proteins involved in cell migration and protein degradation (i.e., beta-thymosin and ubiquitin peptides), whose main role might be in tumor growth and infiltration of the surrounding neural structures. These last appeared different in the solid components compared with the cyst fluid, missing their terminal part in the solid tissue, a feature generally associated to malignancies, which might represent a distinct molecular site for an aggressive behavior of AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Desiderio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy.
| | - Diana Valeria Rossetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Laboratorio di Proteomica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Massimi
- UOC Neurochirurgia Infantile, Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Invecchiamento, Neurologiche, Ortopediche e della Testa-Collo; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli - IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Gemelli 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Tamburrini
- UOC Neurochirurgia Infantile, Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Invecchiamento, Neurologiche, Ortopediche e della Testa-Collo; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli - IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Gemelli 1, 00168, Rome, Italy.
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Guo L, Zhang Y, Wei R, Zhang X, Wang C, Feng M. Proinflammatory macrophage-derived microvesicles exhibit tumor tropism dependent on CCL2/CCR2 signaling axis and promote drug delivery via SNARE-mediated membrane fusion. Theranostics 2020; 10:6581-6598. [PMID: 32550891 PMCID: PMC7295053 DOI: 10.7150/thno.45528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Exosome (Exo)-based chemotherapeutic drug delivery systems have been extensively investigated; however, the therapeutic potential of other subtypes of extracellular vesicles (EVs), in particular microvesicles (MiV), seem to be overlooked. Moreover, despite a general agreement on organ tropism of EVs, few studies have clearly demonstrated that EVs specifically target tumor tissue. Methods: Proinflammatory macrophage-derived EV subpopulations comprising apoptotic bodies (ApB), MiV and Exo were isolated under differential ultracentrifugation, and further analyzed using comparative proteomic and lipid approach. Results: On the basis of EV biogenesis pathways, our data demonstrated that MiV acquire the tumor-targeting capacity probably through inheritance of CCR2-enriched cell membrane which also drives the recruitment of donor cells to tumor sites. Further, our data validate MiV utilize SNARE-mediated membrane fusion to directly discharge doxorubicin to nucleus and bypass endocytic degradation. Conclusions: Compared with other EV subtypes, MiV loaded with doxorubicin gain significant benefits in chemotherapeutic outcomes including survival rate improvements in metastatic ovarian cancer. Therefore, MiV represent a potent alterative to Exo and synthetic liposomes (Lipo) for tumor-targeting drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Ye Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Runxiu Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochen Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Cuifeng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Min Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
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Ependymoma Pediatric Brain Tumor Protein Fingerprinting by Integrated Mass Spectrometry Platforms: A Pilot Investigation. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030674. [PMID: 32183175 PMCID: PMC7140025 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ependymoma pediatric brain tumor occurs at approximate frequencies of 10-15% in supratentorial and 20-30% in posterior fossa regions. These tumors have an almost selective response to surgery and relative and confirmed resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapic agents, respectively. Alongside histopathological grading, clinical and treatment evaluation of ependymomas currently consider the tumor localization and the genomic outlined associated molecular subgroups, with the supratentorial and the posterior fossa ependymomas nowadays considered diverse diseases. On these grounds and in trying to better understand the molecular features of these tumors, the present investigation aimed to originally investigate the proteomic profile of pediatric ependymoma tissues of different grade and localization by mass spectrometry platforms to disclose potential distinct protein phenotypes. To this purpose, acid-soluble and acid-insoluble fractions of ependymoma tumor tissues homogenates were analyzed by LC-MS following both the top-down and the shotgun proteomic approaches, respectively, to either investigate the intact proteome or its digested form. The two approaches were complementary in profiling the ependymoma tumor tissues and showed distinguished profiles for supratentorial and posterior fossa ependymomas and for WHO II and III tumor grades. Top-down proteomic analysis revealed statistically significant higher levels of thymosin beta 4, 10 kDa heat shock protein, non-histone chromosomal protein HMG-17, and mono-/uncitrullinated forms ratio of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) fragment 388-432 in supratentorial ependymomas-the same GFAP fragment as well as the hemoglobin alpha- and the beta-chain marked grade II with respect to grade III posterior fossa ependymomas. Gene ontology classification of shotgun data of the identified cancer and the non-cancer related proteins disclosed protein elements exclusively marking tumor localization and pathways that were selectively overrepresented. These results, although preliminary, seem consistent with different protein profiles of ependymomas of diverse grade of aggressiveness and brain region development and contributed to enlarging the molecular knowledge of this still enigmatic tumor.
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Investigating the Protein Signature of Adamantinomatous Craniopharyngioma Pediatric Brain Tumor Tissue: Towards the Comprehension of Its Aggressive Behavior. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:3609789. [PMID: 31191748 PMCID: PMC6525946 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3609789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although histologically benign, adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (AC) pediatric brain tumor is a locally aggressive disease that frequently determines symptoms and hormonal dysfunctions related to the mass effect on the surrounding structures. Another typical feature of this benign neoplasm is the presence of voluminous liquid cysts frequently associated with the solid component. Even if studies have been devoted to the proteomic characterization of the tumor intracystic fluid, poor explorations have been performed on its solid part, principally investigated by transcriptomics technologies. In the present study, seven specimens of AC whole tumor tissue have been analyzed by LC-MS for a preliminary assessment of the proteomic profile by a top-down/bottom-up integrated approach. Thymosin beta 4, ubiquitin, calmodulin, S100 proteins, prothymosin α isoform 2, alpha-defensins 1-4, and fragments largely belonging to vimentin, hemoglobin, and glial fibrillary acidic protein characterized the intact proteome. The identification of alpha-defensins, formerly characterized in AC intracystic fluid, reinforces the hypothesis of a role for inflammation in tumor pathogenesis. A total number of 1798 unique elements were identified by a bottom-up approach with a special focus on the 433 proteins commonly characterized in the 85.7% of the samples analyzed. Their gene ontology classification evidenced the involvement of the adherence system, intermediate filaments, and actin cytoskeleton in tumor pathogenesis and of elements part of the Wnt, FGF, and EGFR signaling pathways. In addition, proteins involved in calcium modulation, innate immunity, inflammation, CCKR and integrin signaling, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor pathways were also outlined. Further than confirming proteomic data previously obtained on AC intracystic fluid, these results offer a preliminary overview of the AC whole tissue protein phenotype, adding new hints towards the comprehension of this still obscure pediatric brain tumor.
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Graffeo CS, Perry A, Link MJ, Daniels DJ. Pediatric Craniopharyngiomas: A Primer for the Skull Base Surgeon. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 2018; 79:65-80. [PMID: 29404243 PMCID: PMC5796826 DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1621738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric craniopharyngioma is a rare sellar-region epithelial tumor that, in spite of its typically benign pathology, has the potential to be clinically devastating, and presents a host of formidable management challenges for the skull base surgeon. Strategies in craniopharyngioma care have been the cause of considerable controversy, with respect to both philosophical and technical issues. Key questions remain unresolved, and include optimizing extent-of-resection goals; the ideal radiation modality and its role as an alternative, adjuvant, or salvage treatment; appropriate indications for expanded endoscopic endonasal surgery as an alternative to transcranial microsurgery; risks and benefits of skull base techniques in a pediatric population; benefits of and indications for intracavitary therapies; and the preferred management of common treatment complications. Correspondingly, we sought to review the preceding basic science and clinical outcomes literature on pediatric craniopharyngioma, so as to synthesize overarching recommendations, highlight major points of evidence and their conflicts, and assemble a general algorithm for skull base surgeons to use in tailoring treatment plans to the individual patient, tumor, and clinical course. In general terms, we concluded that safe, maximal, hypothalamic-sparing resection provides very good tumor control while minimizing severe deficits. Endoscopic endonasal, intraventricular, and transcranial skull base technique all have clear roles in the armamentarium, alongside standard craniotomies; these roles frequently overlap, and may be further optimized by using the approaches in adaptive combinations. Where aggressive subtotal resection is achieved, patients should be closely followed, with radiation initiated at the time of progression or recurrence-ideally via proton beam therapy, although three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy, intensity-modulated radiotherapy, and stereotactic radiosurgery are very appropriate in a range of circumstances, governed by access, patient age, disease architecture, and character of the recurrence. Perhaps most importantly, outcomes appear to be optimized by consolidated, multidisciplinary care. As such, we recommend treatment in highly experienced centers wherever possible, and emphasize the importance of longitudinal follow-up-particularly given the high incidence of recurrences and complications in a benign disease that effects a young patient population at risk of severe morbidity from hypothalamic or pituitary injury in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Avital Perry
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Michael J. Link
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - David J. Daniels
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
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Apps JR, Martinez-Barbera JP. Genetically engineered mouse models of craniopharyngioma: an opportunity for therapy development and understanding of tumor biology. Brain Pathol 2017; 27:364-369. [PMID: 28414891 PMCID: PMC5705945 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (ACP) is the commonest tumor of the sellar region in childhood. Two genetically engineered mouse models have been developed and are giving valuable insights into ACP biology. These models have identified novel pathways activated in tumors, revealed an important function of paracrine signalling and extended conventional theories about the role of organ‐specific stem cells in tumorigenesis. In this review, we summarize these mouse models, what has been learnt, their limitations and open questions for future research. We then discussed how these mouse models may be used to test novel therapeutics against potentially targetable pathways recently identified in human ACP.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Richard Apps
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Juan Pedro Martinez-Barbera
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
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Massimi L, Martelli C, Caldarelli M, Castagnola M, Desiderio C. Proteomics in pediatric cystic craniopharyngioma. Brain Pathol 2017; 27:370-376. [PMID: 28414889 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (ACP) is still often burdened by a poor prognosis in children as far as the risk of recurrence and the quality of life are concerned. Therefore, many efforts are now dedicated to investigate the molecular characteristics of this tumor aiming at finding new therapeutic options. ACP is prevalently a cystic lesion so that an increasing number of researches are focused on the analysis of its cystic content. In the present article, the main results of the current proteomic analysis (PA) on the ACP fluid are summarized. Both "bottom-up" and "top-down" approaches have been utilized. In the bottom-up approach, proteins and peptides are enzymatically or chemically digested prior to liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry analyses. The bottom-up approach pointed out several proteins of the inflammation (namely, α2-HS-glycoprotein, α1-antichymotrypsin and apolipoproteins) as possibly involved in the genesis and growth of the cystic component of ACP. The top-down strategy analyzes proteins and peptides in the intact state, making it particularly suitable for the identification of peptides and low molecular weight proteins and for the characterization of their possible isoforms and post-translational modifications. The top-down approach disclosed the presence of the thymosin β family. Thymosin β4, in particular, which is involved in the cytoskeleton organization and migration of several tumors, could play a role in the progression of ACP. Finally, PA was utilized to investigate alterations in cyst fluid character after treatment with interferon-α. The analyzed samples showed a progressive reduction of the levels of α-defensins (proteins involved in the inflammatory-mediated response) after the intracystic injection of interferon-α, thus reinforcing the hypothesis that inflammation contributes to ACP cyst pathogenesis. Additional studies on the solid component of ACP are still necessary to further validate the previous results and to identify possible markers for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Massimi
- Neurochirurgia Pediatrica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Martelli
- Istituto di Biochimica e Chimica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Caldarelli
- Neurochirurgia Pediatrica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Istituto di Biochimica e Chimica Clinica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Desiderio
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
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Roth CL, D'Ambrosio G, Elfers C. Activation of nuclear factor kappa B pathway and reduction of hypothalamic oxytocin following hypothalamic lesions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:79-84. [PMID: 27512604 PMCID: PMC4976786 DOI: 10.15761/jsin.1000114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Hypothalamic obesity (HO) occurs in patients with tumors and lesions in the medial hypothalamic region. In this study, a hyperphagic rat model of combined medial hypothalamic lesions (CMHL) was used to test which specific inflammatory molecules are involved. Methods In order to target specific homeostatic medial hypothalamic nuclei (arcuate, ventromedial, and dorsomedial nuclei), male Sprague-Dawley rats (age of 8 weeks, ~250 g body weight) received four electrolytic lesions or sham surgery. Post-surgery food intake and weight changes were tracked and hypothalamic gene expression for inflammatory molecules as well as anorexigenic peptide oxytocin 7 days and 7 months post-surgery were tested. Results Seven days post-surgery, average food intake increased by 23%, and body weight gain had increased by 68%. Toll-like 4 receptor/nuclear factor–κB (TLR4/NF–κB)—pathway was specifically activated in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), resulting in 3-fold higher tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, 10-fold higher interleukin (IL) 1-β mRNA levels, and higher expression of suppression of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 3, while oxytocin mRNA levels were significantly reduced in CMHL rats versus sham surgery rats 7 days post-surgery. At 7 months, inflammation was less stimulated in MBH of CMHL rats compared to 7 days post-surgery and SOCS 3 as well as oxytocin mRNA levels were comparable between the two groups. Conclusion Medial hypothalamic lesions are associated with strong post-surgery hyperphagia and activation of TLR4/NF–κB—pathway as well as reduced expression of oxytocin in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian L Roth
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, USA; Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, USA
| | - Gabrielle D'Ambrosio
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, USA
| | - Clinton Elfers
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, USA
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Hypothalamic Obesity in Craniopharyngioma Patients: Disturbed Energy Homeostasis Related to Extent of Hypothalamic Damage and Its Implication for Obesity Intervention. J Clin Med 2015; 4:1774-97. [PMID: 26371051 PMCID: PMC4600159 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4091774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic obesity (HO) occurs in patients with tumors and lesions in the medial hypothalamic region. Hypothalamic dysfunction can lead to hyperinsulinemia and leptin resistance. This review is focused on HO caused by craniopharyngiomas (CP), which are the most common childhood brain tumors of nonglial origin. Despite excellent overall survival rates, CP patients have substantially reduced quality of life because of significant long-term sequelae, notably severe obesity in about 50% of patients, leading to a high rate of cardiovascular mortality. Recent studies reported that both hyperphagia and decreased energy expenditure can contribute to severe obesity in HO patients. Recognized risk factors for severe obesity include large hypothalamic tumors or lesions affecting several medial and posterior hypothalamic nuclei that impact satiety signaling pathways. Structural damage in these nuclei often lead to hyperphagia, rapid weight gain, central insulin and leptin resistance, decreased sympathetic activity, low energy expenditure, and increased energy storage in adipose tissue. To date, most efforts to treat HO have shown disappointing long-term success rates. However, treatments based on the distinct pathophysiology of disturbed energy homeostasis related to CP may offer options for successful interventions in the future.
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Martinez-Barbera JP. Molecular and cellular pathogenesis of adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 41:721-32. [PMID: 25611703 PMCID: PMC4949713 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas (ACPs) are the most common pituitary tumours in children. Although histologically benign, these are clinically aggressive tumours, difficult to manage and associated with poor quality of life for the patients. Several human and mouse studies have provided unequivocal evidence that the over-activation of the WNT/β-catenin signalling pathway underlies the molecular aetiology of these tumours. Recently, research using genetically modified mouse models of human ACP have revealed a critical and unexpected non-cell autonomous role for pituitary stem cells in ACP tumourigenesis, which has expanded the cancer stem cell paradigm. As the result of this basic research, the pathogenesis of ACP is being unveiled, with promising implications for the development of novel treatments against these childhood neoplasms. These benign tumours may additionally represent a unique model to provide insights into the initial steps of oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pedro Martinez-Barbera
- Birth Defects Research Centre, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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