1
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Bouvarel T, Camperi J, Guillarme D. Multi-dimensional technology - Recent advances and applications for biotherapeutic characterization. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2300928. [PMID: 38471977 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the latest advancements and applications in multi-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (mD-LC-MS), covering aspects such as inter-laboratory studies, digestion strategy, trapping column, and multi-level analysis. The shift from an offline to an online workflow reduces sample processing artifacts, analytical variability, analysis time, and the labor required for data acquisition. Over the past few years, this technique has demonstrated sufficient maturity for application across a diverse range of complex products. Moreover, there is potential for this strategy to evolve into an integrated process analytical technology tool for the real-time monitoring of monoclonal antibody quality. This review also identifies emerging trends, including its application to new modalities, the possibility of evaluating biological activity within the mD-LC set-up, and the consideration of multi-dimensional capillary electrophoresis as an alternative to mD-LC. As mD-LC-MS continues to evolve and integrate emerging trends, it holds the potential to shape the next generation of analytical tools, offering exciting possibilities for enhanced characterization and monitoring of complex biopharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bouvarel
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Julien Camperi
- Cell Therapy Engineering and Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Davy Guillarme
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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2
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Novel developments in capillary electrophoresis miniaturization, sampling, detection and portability: An overview of the last decade. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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3
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Graf HG, Rudisch BM, Ude L, Müller L, Huhn C. Picomolar detection limits for glyphosate by two-dimensional column-coupled isotachophoresis/capillary zone electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:3887-3899. [PMID: 35998068 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry often lacks sufficient limits of detection for trace substances in the environment due to its low loadability. To overcome this problem, we conducted a feasibility study for column-coupling isotachophoresis to capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. The first dimension isotachophoresis preconcentrated the analytes. The column-coupling of both dimensions was achieved by a hybrid capillary microfluidic chip setup. Reliable analyte transfer by voltage switching was enabled by an in-chip capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector placed around the channel of the common section between two T-shaped crossings in the chip connecting both dimensions. This eliminated the need to calculate the moment of analyte transfer. A commercial capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry instrument with easily installable adaptations operated the setup. Prior to coupling isotachophoresis with capillary zone electrophoresis-mass spectrometry, both dimensions were optimized individually by simulations and verified experimentally. Both dimensions were able to stack/separate all degradation products of glyphosate, the most important herbicide applied worldwide. The first dimension isotachophoresis also removed phosphate, which is a critical matrix component in many environmental samples. Enrichment and separation of glyphosate and its main degradation product aminomethylphosphonic acid by the 2D setup provided an excellent limit of detection of 150 pM (25 ng/L) for glyphosate. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Georg Graf
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Lukas Ude
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Linda Müller
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carolin Huhn
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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4
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Kuzyk VO, Somsen GW, Haselberg R. CE-MS for Proteomics and Intact Protein Analysis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1336:51-86. [PMID: 34628627 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77252-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This chapter aims to explore various parameters involved in achieving high-end capillary electrophoresis hyphenated to mass spectrometry (CE-MS) analysis of proteins, peptides, and their posttranslational modifications. The structure of the topics discussed in this book chapter is conveniently mapped on the scheme of the CE-MS system itself, starting from sample preconcentration and injection techniques and finishing with mass analyzer considerations. After going through the technical considerations, a variety of relevant applications for this analytical approach are presented, including posttranslational modifications analysis, clinical biomarker discovery, and its growing use in the biotechnological industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriia O Kuzyk
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, AIMMS: Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, AIMMS: Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Haselberg
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, AIMMS: Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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5
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Kumar R, Guttman A, Rathore AS. Applications of capillary electrophoresis for biopharmaceutical product characterization. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:143-166. [PMID: 34591322 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE), after being introduced several decades ago, has carved out a niche for itself in the field of analytical characterization of biopharmaceutical products. It does not only offer fast separation, high resolution in miniaturized format, but equally importantly represents an orthogonal separation mechanism to high-performance liquid chromatography. Therefore, it is not surprising that CE-based methods can be found in all major pharmacopoeias and are recommended for the analysis of biopharmaceutical products during process development, characterization, quality control, and release testing. Different separation formats of CE, such as capillary gel electrophoresis, capillary isoelectric focusing, and capillary zone electrophoresis are widely used for size and charge heterogeneity characterization as well as purity and stability testing of therapeutic proteins. Hyphenation of CE with MS is emerging as a promising bioanalytical tool to assess the primary structure of therapeutic proteins along with any impurities. In this review, we confer the latest developments in capillary electrophoresis, used for the characterization of critical quality attributes of biopharmaceutical products covering the past 6 years (2015-2021). Monoclonal antibodies, due to their significant share in the market, have been given prioritized coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Andras Guttman
- Horváth Csaba Memorial Laboratories of Bioseparation Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Translational Glycomics Group, Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprem, Hungary
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
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6
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Zamuruyev K, Ferreira Santos MS, Mora MF, Kurfman EA, Noell AC, Willis PA. Automated Capillary Electrophoresis System Compatible with Multiple Detectors for Potential In Situ Spaceflight Missions. Anal Chem 2021; 93:9647-9655. [PMID: 34184887 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The in situ search for chemical signatures of life on extraterrestrial worlds requires automated hardware capable of performing detailed compositional analysis during robotic missions of exploration. The use of electrophoretic separations in this search is particularly powerful, enabling analysis of a wide range of soluble organic compounds potentially indicative of life, as well as inorganic compounds that can serve as indicators of habitability. However, to detect this broad range of compounds with a single electrophoresis instrument, a combination of different detection modes is required. For detection of any ionizable species, including organic compounds that do not participate in terrestrial biology (i.e., "unknown unknowns"), mass spectrometry (MS) is essential. Inorganic ions, or any dissolved charged species present, can be analyzed using capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D). Additionally, for the trace analysis of compounds of key interest to astrobiology (particularly, amino acids), laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection holds unique promise, due to the fact that it has the highest demonstrated sensitivity of any form of detection. Here, we demonstrate a fully automated, portable capillary electrophoresis analyzer that is capable of all these modes of detection. The prototype system developed here addresses the three most significant challenges for doing electrophoretic separations: precise sample injection, HV isolation, and automation of all operational steps. These key challenges were successfully addressed with the use of custom-designed rotor-stator valves with optimized operational sequences incorporating gas purging steps, rinses, and HV application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Zamuruyev
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, California 91109, United States
| | - Mauro S Ferreira Santos
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, California 91109, United States
| | - Maria F Mora
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, California 91109, United States
| | - Emily A Kurfman
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, California 91109, United States
| | - Aaron C Noell
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, California 91109, United States
| | - Peter A Willis
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, California 91109, United States
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7
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Römer J, Kiessig S, Moritz B, Neusüß C. Improved CE(SDS)-CZE-MS method utilizing an 8-port nanoliter valve. Electrophoresis 2020; 42:374-380. [PMID: 32762042 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Capillary sieving electrophoresis utilizing SDS (CE(SDS)) is one of the most applied methods for the analysis of antibody (mAb) size heterogeneity in the biopharmaceutical industry. Inadequate peak identification of observed protein fragments is still a major issue. In a recent publication, we introduced an electrophoretic 2D system, enabling online mass spectrometric detection of generic CE(SDS) separated peaks and identification of several mAb fragments. However, an improvement regarding system stability and handling of the approach was desired. Here, we introduce a novel 8-port valve in conjunction with an optimized decomplexation strategy. The valve contains four sample loops with increased distances between the separation dimensions. Thus, successively coinjection of solvent and cationic surfactant without any additional detector in the second dimension is enabled, simplifying the decomplexation strategy. Removal efficiency was optimized by testing different volumes of solvents as presample and cationic surfactant as postsample zone. 2D measurements of the light and heavy chain of the reduced NIST mAb with the 8-port valve and the optimized decomplexation strategy demonstrates the increased robustness of the system. The presented novel set-up is a step toward routine application of CE(SDS)-CZE-MS for impurity characterization of proteins in the biopharmaceutical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Römer
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Aalen, Germany.,Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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8
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Römer J, Montealegre C, Schlecht J, Kiessig S, Moritz B, Neusüß C. Online mass spectrometry of CE (SDS)-separated proteins by two-dimensional capillary electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:7197-7206. [PMID: 31616969 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02102-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) is the fundamental technique for protein separation by size. Applying this technology in capillary format, gaining high separation efficiency in a more automated way, is a key technology for size separation of proteins in the biopharmaceutical industry. However, unequivocal identification by online mass spectrometry (MS) is impossible so far, due to strong interference in the electrospray process by SDS and other components of the SDS-MW separation gel buffer. Here, a heart-cut two-dimensional electrophoretic separation system applying an electrically isolated valve with an internal loop of 20 nL is presented. The peak of interest in the CE (SDS) separation is transferred to the CZE-MS, where electrospray-interfering substances of the SDS-MW gel are separated prior to online electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. An online SDS removal strategy for decomplexing the protein-SDS complex is implemented in the second dimension, consisting of the co-injection of organic solvent and cationic surfactant. This online CE (SDS)-CZE-MS system allows MS characterization of proteoforms separated in generic CE (SDS), gaining additional separation in the CZE and detailed MS information. In general, the system can be applied to all kinds of proteins separated by CE (SDS). Here, we present results of the CE (SDS)-CZE-MS system on the analysis of several biopharmaceutically relevant antibody impurities and fragments. Additionally, the versatile application spectrum of the system is demonstrated by the analysis of extracted proteins from soybean flour. The online hyphenation of CE (SDS) resolving power and MS identification capabilities will be a powerful tool for protein and mAb characterization. Graphical abstract Two-dimensional capillary electrophoresis system hyphenated with mass spectrometry for the characterization of CE (SDS)-separated proteins. As first dimension, a generic and high MS-interfering CE (SDS) separation is performed for size separation. After heart-cut transfer of the unknown CE (SDS) protein peak, via a four-port nanoliter valve to a volatile electrolyte system as second dimension, interference-free mass spectrometric data of separated mAb fragments and soybean proteins are obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Römer
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstraße 1, 73430, Aalen, Germany
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Cristina Montealegre
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstraße 1, 73430, Aalen, Germany
| | - Johannes Schlecht
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstraße 1, 73430, Aalen, Germany
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstraße 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Kiessig
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstraße 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Moritz
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstraße 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Neusüß
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstraße 1, 73430, Aalen, Germany.
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9
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10
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Zhang Z, Zhou S, Han L, Zhang Q, Pritts WA. Impact of linker-drug on ion exchange chromatography separation of antibody-drug conjugates. MAbs 2019; 11:1113-1121. [PMID: 31238787 PMCID: PMC6748606 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1628589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Charge variants are important attributes of monoclonal antibodies, including antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), because charge variants can potentially influence the stability and biological activity of these molecules. Ion exchange chromatography (IEX) is widely used for charge variants analysis of mAbs and offers the feasibility of fractionation for in-depth characterization. However, the conjugated linker-drug on ADCs could potentially affect the separation performance of IEX, considering IEX separation relies on surface charge distribution of analyte and involves the interaction between analyte surface and IEX stationary phase. Here, we investigated weak cation exchange chromatography (WCX) for its application in analyzing three ADCs (two broad distribution ADCs and an ADC with controlled conjugation sites) and the 2-drug/4-drug loaded species isolated from the two broad distribution ADCs using hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The major peaks in WCX profile were characterized via fraction collection followed by capillary electrophoresis-sodium dodecyl sulfate or peptide mapping. Results suggested that both the number of drug loads and conjugation sites could impact WCX separation of an ADC. The hypothesis was that the linker drugs could interfere with the ionic interaction between its surrounding amino acids on the mAb surface and column resin, which reduced the retention of ADCs on WCX column in this study. Our results further revealed that WCX brings good selectivity towards positional isomers, but limited resolution for different drug load, which causes the peak compositions of the two broad-distribution ADCs to be highly complex. We also compared results from WCX and imaged capillary isoelectric focusing (icIEF). Results showed that separation in icIEF was less influenced by conjugated linker drugs for the ADCs studied in this work, and better alignment was found between the two techniques for the ADC with controlled conjugate sites. Overall, this work provides insights into the complexity of WCX analysis of ADCs, which should be considered during method development and sample characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaorui Zhang
- a Process Analytical Chemistry, AbbVie Inc. , North Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Shiyue Zhou
- a Process Analytical Chemistry, AbbVie Inc. , North Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Linjie Han
- a Process Analytical Chemistry, AbbVie Inc. , North Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Qunying Zhang
- a Process Analytical Chemistry, AbbVie Inc. , North Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Wayne A Pritts
- a Process Analytical Chemistry, AbbVie Inc. , North Chicago , IL , USA
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11
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Jooß K, Scholz N, Meixner J, Neusüß C. Heart-cut nano-LC-CZE-MS for the characterization of proteins on the intact level. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1061-1065. [PMID: 30575976 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Multidimensional separation techniques play an increasingly important role in separation science, especially for the analysis of complex samples such as proteins. The combination of reversed-phase liquid chromatography in the nanoscale and CZE is especially beneficial due to their nearly orthogonal separation mechanism and well-suited geometries/dimensions. Here, a heart-cut nano-LC-CZE-MS setup was developed utilizing for the first time a mechanical 4-port valve as LC-CE interface. A model protein mixture containing four different protein species was first separated by nano LC followed by a heart-cut transfer of individual LC peaks and subsequent CZE-MS analysis. In the CZE dimension, various glycoforms of one protein species were separated. Improved separation capabilities were achieved compared to the 1D methods, which was exemplarily shown for ribonuclease B and its different glycosylated forms. LODs in the lower μg/mL range were determined, which are considerably lower compared to traditional CZE-MS. In addition, this study represents the first application of an LC-CE-MS system for intact protein analysis. The nano-LC-CZE-MS system is expected to be applicable to various other analytical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Jooß
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Aalen, Germany.,Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nico Scholz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Aalen, Germany
| | - Jens Meixner
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Aalen, Germany
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12
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Štěpánová S, Kašička V. Recent developments and applications of capillary and microchip electrophoresis in proteomics and peptidomics (2015-mid 2018). J Sep Sci 2018; 42:398-414. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sille Štěpánová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Prague 6 Czechia
| | - Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Prague 6 Czechia
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13
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Beutner A, Herl T, Matysik FM. Selectivity enhancement in capillary electrophoresis by means of two-dimensional separation or dual detection concepts. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1057:18-35. [PMID: 30832915 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
For the identification and quantification of analytes in complex samples, highly selective analytical strategies are required. The selectivity of single separation techniques such as gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), or capillary electrophoresis (CE) with common detection principles can be enhanced by hyphenating orthogonal separation techniques but also by using complementary detection systems. In this review, two-dimensional systems containing CE in at least one dimension are reviewed, namely LC-CE or 2D CE systems. Particular attention is paid to the aspect of selectivity enhancement due to the orthogonality of the different separation mechanisms. As an alternative concept, dual detection approaches are reviewed using the common detectors of CE such as UV/VIS, laser-induced fluorescence, capacitively coupled contactless conductivity (C4D), electrochemical detection, and mass spectrometry. Special emphasis is given to dual detection systems implementing the highly flexible C4D as one detection component. Selectivity enhancement can be achieved in case of complementarity of the different detection techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Beutner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Herl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frank-Michael Matysik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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14
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Stolz A, Jooß K, Höcker O, Römer J, Schlecht J, Neusüß C. Recent advances in capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry: Instrumentation, methodology and applications. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:79-112. [PMID: 30260009 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) offers fast and high-resolution separation of charged analytes from small injection volumes. Coupled to mass spectrometry (MS), it represents a powerful analytical technique providing (exact) mass information and enables molecular characterization based on fragmentation. Although hyphenation of CE and MS is not straightforward, much emphasis has been placed on enabling efficient ionization and user-friendly coupling. Though several interfaces are now commercially available, research on more efficient and robust interfacing with nano-electrospray ionization (ESI), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP) continues with considerable results. At the same time, CE-MS has been used in many fields, predominantly for the analysis of proteins, peptides and metabolites. This review belongs to a series of regularly published articles, summarizing 248 articles covering the time between June 2016 and May 2018. Latest developments on hyphenation of CE with MS as well as instrumental developments such as two-dimensional separation systems with MS detection are mentioned. Furthermore, applications of various CE-modes including capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE), capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) and capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF) coupled to MS in biological, pharmaceutical and environmental research are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Jooß
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Aalen, Germany.,Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Höcker
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Aalen, Germany.,Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Römer
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Aalen, Germany.,Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Schlecht
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Aalen, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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15
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Schlecht J, Jooß K, Neusüß C. Two-dimensional capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-CE-MS): coupling MS-interfering capillary electromigration methods with mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:6353-6359. [PMID: 29862434 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1157-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Electromigration separation techniques often demand certain compounds in the electrolyte to achieve the required selectivity and efficiency. These compounds, including the electrolyte itself, ampholytes, polymeric compounds for sieving, complexing agents, tensides, etc. are often non-volatile. Thus, interference with the electrospray ionization process is a common issue, impeding direct coupling of such electrolyte systems to mass spectrometry. Still, several options exist to obtain mass spectra after separation, including offline fractionation, alternative ionization, dilution, or the change to volatile constituents. In the first part of this article, these methods are discussed. However, all of these options are a compromise of separation performance and sensitivity of mass spectrometric detection. Two-dimensional capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-CE-MS) systems represent a promising alternative to the aforementioned challenges, as they allow the use of existing methods with best separation performance in combination with sensitive mass characterization. In this context, the second part of this article is dedicated to the advantages, limitations, and applications of this approach. Finally, an outlook towards future developments is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Schlecht
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstrasse 1, 73430, Aalen, Germany.,Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Kevin Jooß
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstrasse 1, 73430, Aalen, Germany.,Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Neusüß
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstrasse 1, 73430, Aalen, Germany.
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16
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Montealegre C, Neusüß C. Coupling imaged capillary isoelectric focusing with mass spectrometry using a nanoliter valve. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:1151-1154. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Voeten RLC, Ventouri IK, Haselberg R, Somsen GW. Capillary Electrophoresis: Trends and Recent Advances. Anal Chem 2018; 90:1464-1481. [PMID: 29298038 PMCID: PMC5994730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert L C Voeten
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,TI-COAST , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iro K Ventouri
- TI-COAST , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Haselberg
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Piešťanský J, Maráková K, Mikuš P. Two-Dimensional Capillary Electrophoresis with On-Line Sample Preparation and Cyclodextrin Separation Environment for Direct Determination of Serotonin in Human Urine. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101668. [PMID: 28991152 PMCID: PMC6151686 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An advanced two-dimensional capillary electrophoresis method, based on on-line combination of capillary isotachophoresis and capillary zone electrophoresis with cyclodextrin additive in background electrolyte, was developed for effective determination of serotonin in human urine. Hydrodynamically closed separation system and large bore capillaries (300–800 µm) were chosen for the possibility to enhance the sample load capacity, and, by that, to decrease limit of detection. Isotachophoresis served for the sample preseparation, defined elimination of sample matrix constituents (sample clean up), and preconcentration of the analyte. Cyclodextrin separation environment enhanced separation selectivity of capillary zone electrophoresis. In this way, serotonin could be successfully separated from the rest of the sample matrix constituents migrating in capillary zone electrophoresis step so that human urine could be directly (i.e., without any external sample preparation) injected into the analyzer. The proposed method was successfully validated, showing favorable parameters of sensitivity (limit of detection for serotonin was 2.32 ng·mL−1), linearity (regression coefficient higher than 0.99), precision (repeatability of the migration time and peak area were in the range of 0.02–1.17% and 5.25–7.88%, respectively), and recovery (ranging in the interval of 90.0–93.6%). The developed method was applied for the assay of the human urine samples obtained from healthy volunteers. The determined concentrations of serotonin in such samples were in the range of 12.4–491.2 ng·mL−1 that was in good agreement with literature data. This advanced method represents a highly effective, reliable, and low-cost alternative for the routine determination of serotonin as a biomarker in human urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Piešťanský
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, SK-832 32 Bratislava, Slovak.
- Toxicological and Antidoping center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, SK-832 32 Bratislava, Slovak.
| | - Katarína Maráková
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, SK-832 32 Bratislava, Slovak.
- Toxicological and Antidoping center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, SK-832 32 Bratislava, Slovak.
| | - Peter Mikuš
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, SK-832 32 Bratislava, Slovak.
- Toxicological and Antidoping center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, SK-832 32 Bratislava, Slovak.
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19
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Kašička V. Recent developments in capillary and microchip electroseparations of peptides (2015-mid 2017). Electrophoresis 2017; 39:209-234. [PMID: 28836681 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The review brings a comprehensive overview of recent developments and applications of high performance capillary and microchip electroseparation methods (zone electrophoresis, isotachophoresis, isoelectric focusing, affinity electrophoresis, electrokinetic chromatography, and electrochromatography) to analysis, microscale isolation, purification, and physicochemical and biochemical characterization of peptides in the years 2015, 2016, and ca. up to the middle of 2017. Advances in the investigation of electromigration properties of peptides and in the methodology of their analysis (sample preseparation, preconcentration and derivatization, adsorption suppression and EOF control, and detection) are described. New developments in particular CE and CEC methods are presented and several types of their applications to peptide analysis are reported: qualitative and quantitative analysis, determination in complex (bio)matrices, monitoring of chemical and enzymatical reactions and physical changes, amino acid, sequence and chiral analysis, and peptide mapping of proteins. Some micropreparative peptide separations are shown and capabilities of CE and CEC methods to provide important physicochemical characteristics of peptides are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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20
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Jooß K, Hühner J, Kiessig S, Moritz B, Neusüß C. Two-dimensional capillary zone electrophoresis–mass spectrometry for the characterization of intact monoclonal antibody charge variants, including deamidation products. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:6057-6067. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0542-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Jiang Y, He MY, Zhang WJ, Luo P, Guo D, Fang X, Xu W. Recent advances of capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry instrumentation and methodology. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Sánchez-Hernández L, Montealegre C, Kiessig S, Moritz B, Neusüß C. In-capillary approach to eliminate SDS interferences in antibody analysis by capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:1044-1052. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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23
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Týčová A, Ledvina V, Klepárník K. Recent advances in CE-MS coupling: Instrumentation, methodology, and applications. Electrophoresis 2016; 38:115-134. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Týčová
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Ledvina
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Karel Klepárník
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Brno Czech Republic
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24
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Quantification of ascorbic acid and acetylsalicylic acid in effervescent tablets by CZE-UV and identification of related degradation products by heart-cut CZE-CZE-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:8701-8712. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9734-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Hühner J, Neusüß C. CIEF-CZE-MS applying a mechanical valve. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:4055-61. [PMID: 27052774 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9498-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Separation and determination of proteins by capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF) and mass spectrometry (MS) are essential and complementary techniques in the field of bioanalysis. The hyphenation of these two techniques is challenging due to the nonvolatile substances required for the CIEF separation. An additional separation step prior to MS enables the removal of the nonvolatile substances. However, it is complicated due to the small transfer volume and the required high voltages in the CIEF process. In order to remove nonvolatile substances and transfer the analytes toward the mass spectrometer, we applied a four-port valve to couple CIEF online to capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. To demonstrate the power of this concept, hemoglobin and glycated hemoglobin with an isoelectric point difference of 0.037 were separated via isoelectric focusing and characterized by MS. In general, this setup guaranties interference-free mass spectra and will provide an information-rich and sensitive top down protein characterization. Graphical abstract Interference free coupling of capillary isoelectric focusing to mass spectrometry by applying a mechanical valve. The focused proteins were tranferred from the isoelectric focusing to capillary electrophoresis by a mechanical valve. Afterwards, the transferred protein was sepearated from ionization interfering substances in the capillary electrophoresis prior to the mass spectrometry detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Hühner
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstr. 1, 73430, Aalen, Germany.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Neusüß
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstr. 1, 73430, Aalen, Germany.
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