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CHI Z, YANG L. Advances in chiral separation and analysis by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Se Pu 2022; 40:509-519. [PMID: 35616196 PMCID: PMC9404244 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2021.11006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
目前使用的绝大多数药物为手性化合物,它们具有相似的物理和化学性质,但药理活性不同,且常以外消旋混合物的形式存在,因此对手性化合物的分离在生物、环境、食品和医药等领域一直备受关注。与广泛使用的液相色谱-质谱(LC-MS)相比,毛细管电泳-质谱(CE-MS)作为一种新型分离分析技术,具有分离效率高、样品和试剂消耗量低、选择性高和分离模式多样化等诸多优势,已经发展成为手性分析领域中有广阔应用前景的分析方法之一。CE-MS结合了CE的高分离效率和低样品消耗以及MS的高灵敏度和强结构解析能力,在蛋白质组学和代谢组学等领域发挥了重要作用。CE杰出的手性拆分能力与MS优势的结合,亦使CE-MS成为实现手性化合物高效分离分析的完美组合。在过去的十几年里,基于不同CE-MS分离模式的高性能手性分析体系层出不穷,如电动色谱-质谱(EKC-MS)、胶束电动色谱-质谱(MEKC-MS)和毛细管电色谱-质谱(CEC-MS)等,并成功应用于医药、生物、食品和环境科学等领域的手性化合物分析。该文主要综述了2011~2021年,CE-MS在手性化合物分析领域的技术、手性选择剂(如改性环糊精和聚合物表面活性剂等)的使用以及在医药等领域应用方面的研究进展,并讨论了不同手性分析模式的局限性,为未来的CE-MS手性分离分析技术发展及应用提供借鉴。
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Guo C, Lv L, Liu Y, Ji M, Zang E, Liu Q, Zhang M, Li M. Applied Analytical Methods for Detecting Heavy Metals in Medicinal Plants. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:339-359. [PMID: 34328385 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1953371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
For thousands of years, medicinal plants (MPs) have been one of the main sources of drugs worldwide. However, recently, heavy metal pollution has seriously affected the quality and safety of MPs. Consuming MPs polluted by heavy metals such as Pb, Hg, and Cu significantly threaten the health of consumers. To manage this situation, the levels of heavy metals in MPs must be controlled. In recent years, this field has attracted significant attention, but few researchers have systematically summarized various analytical methods. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate methods that can accurately and effectively detect the amount of heavy metals in MPs. Herein, some important analytical methods used to detect heavy metals in MPs and their applications have been introduced and summarized in detail. These include atomic absorption spectrometry, atomic fluorescence spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, neutron activation analysis, and anodic stripping voltammetry. The characteristics of these methods were subsequently compared and analyzed. In addition, high-performance liquid chromatography, ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and disposable electrochemical sensors have also been used for heavy metal detection in MPs. To elucidate the systematic and comprehensive information, these methods have also been briefly introduced in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Lijuan Lv
- Department of Basic Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuchao Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Mingyue Ji
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Erhuan Zang
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Minhui Li
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China.,Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Inner Mongolia Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, China.,Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center of the Planting and Development of Astragalus Membranaceus of the Geoherbs, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China.,Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Characteristic Geoherbs Resources Protection and Utilization, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
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El Deeb S, Silva CF, Junior CSN, Hanafi RS, Borges KB. Chiral Capillary Electrokinetic Chromatography: Principle and Applications, Detection and Identification, Design of Experiment, and Exploration of Chiral Recognition Using Molecular Modeling. Molecules 2021; 26:2841. [PMID: 34064769 PMCID: PMC8151978 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reviews the literature of chiral capillary electrokinetic chromatography from January 2016 to March 2021. This is done to explore the state-of-the-art approach and recent developments carried out in this field. The separation principle of the technique is described and supported with simple graphical illustrations, showing migration under normal and reversed polarity modes of the separation voltage. The most relevant applications of the technique for enantioseparation of drugs and other enantiomeric molecules in different fields using chiral selectors in single, dual, or multiple systems are highlighted. Measures to improve the detection sensitivity of chiral capillary electrokinetic chromatography with UV detector are discussed, and the alternative aspects are explored, besides special emphases to hyphenation compatibility to mass spectrometry. Partial filling and counter migration techniques are described. Indirect identification of the separated enantiomers and the determination of enantiomeric migration order are mentioned. The application of Quality by Design principles to facilitate method development, optimization, and validation is presented. The elucidation and explanation of chiral recognition in molecular bases are discussed with special focus on the role of molecular modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami El Deeb
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Camilla Fonseca Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Campus Dom Bosco, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Praça Dom Helvécio 74, Fábricas, São João del-Rei 36301-160, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (C.F.S.); (C.S.N.J.); (K.B.B.)
| | - Clebio Soares Nascimento Junior
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Campus Dom Bosco, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Praça Dom Helvécio 74, Fábricas, São João del-Rei 36301-160, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (C.F.S.); (C.S.N.J.); (K.B.B.)
| | - Rasha Sayed Hanafi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt;
| | - Keyller Bastos Borges
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Campus Dom Bosco, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Praça Dom Helvécio 74, Fábricas, São João del-Rei 36301-160, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (C.F.S.); (C.S.N.J.); (K.B.B.)
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Guzman NA, Guzman DE. A Two-Dimensional Affinity Capture and Separation Mini-Platform for the Isolation, Enrichment, and Quantification of Biomarkers and Its Potential Use for Liquid Biopsy. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8080255. [PMID: 32751506 PMCID: PMC7459796 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8080255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarker detection for disease diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic response is becoming increasingly reliable and accessible. Particularly, the identification of circulating cell-free chemical and biochemical substances, cellular and subcellular entities, and extracellular vesicles has demonstrated promising applications in understanding the physiologic and pathologic conditions of an individual. Traditionally, tissue biopsy has been the gold standard for the diagnosis of many diseases, especially cancer. More recently, liquid biopsy for biomarker detection has emerged as a non-invasive or minimally invasive and less costly method for diagnosis of both cancerous and non-cancerous diseases, while also offering information on the progression or improvement of disease. Unfortunately, the standardization of analytical methods to isolate and quantify circulating cells and extracellular vesicles, as well as their extracted biochemical constituents, is still cumbersome, time-consuming, and expensive. To address these limitations, we have developed a prototype of a portable, miniaturized instrument that uses immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis (IACE) to isolate, concentrate, and analyze cell-free biomarkers and/or tissue or cell extracts present in biological fluids. Isolation and concentration of analytes is accomplished through binding to one or more biorecognition affinity ligands immobilized to a solid support, while separation and analysis are achieved by high-resolution capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled to one or more detectors. When compared to other existing methods, the process of this affinity capture, enrichment, release, and separation of one or a panel of biomarkers can be carried out on-line with the advantages of being rapid, automated, and cost-effective. Additionally, it has the potential to demonstrate high analytical sensitivity, specificity, and selectivity. As the potential of liquid biopsy grows, so too does the demand for technical advances. In this review, we therefore discuss applications and limitations of liquid biopsy and hope to introduce the idea that our affinity capture-separation device could be used as a form of point-of-care (POC) diagnostic technology to isolate, concentrate, and analyze circulating cells, extracellular vesicles, and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norberto A. Guzman
- Princeton Biochemicals, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08816, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-908-510-5258
| | - Daniel E. Guzman
- Princeton Biochemicals, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08816, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; or
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Carrão DB, Perovani IS, de Albuquerque NCP, de Oliveira ARM. Enantioseparation of pesticides: A critical review. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Determination of oxaliplatin enantiomers at attomolar levels by capillary electrophoresis connected with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Talanta 2019; 205:120151. [PMID: 31450399 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a method for the separation of oxaliplatin enantiomers at attomolar concentration levels. A combination of capillary electrophoresis and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was chosen due to their unique characteristics, including fast and easy modification of separation selectivity, and significant limits of detection and linearity. In the first step, we optimized conditions for the separation of oxaliplatin enantiomers including background electrolyte composition and concentration, pH, and type and concentration of the chiral selector. Under optimal conditions, sodium borate buffer pH 9.5, ionic strength 40 mmol L-1, with 60 mg mL-1 sulfated β-cyclodextrin, separation was obtained with a resolution of 2.0. This electrolyte system was then used in the 'in-house' connection of capillary electrophoresis with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. In this instance, separation lasted for 9.5 min. Calibrations were linear in the range of 0.1-500 μg mL-1 with R2 of 0.9999. LOD and LOQ values were of 64 ng mL-1 and 116 ng mL-1 of oxaliplatin, respectively. This represents detection of 49 fg or 125 attomol of oxaliplatin enantiomers in the capillary electrophoresis injected sample zone. Finally, the method was successfully applied for detection of oxaliplatin enantiomers in spiked urine samples.
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Chiral Selectors in Capillary Electrophoresis: Trends During 2017⁻2018. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24061135. [PMID: 30901973 PMCID: PMC6471358 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chiral separation is an important process in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. From the analytical chemistry perspective, chiral separation is required for assessing the fit-for-purpose and the safety of chemical products. Capillary electrophoresis, in the electrokinetic chromatography mode is an established analytical technique for chiral separations. A water-soluble chiral selector is typically used. This review therefore examines the use of various chiral selectors in electrokinetic chromatography during 2017–2018. The chiral selectors were both low and high (macromolecules) molecular mass molecules as well as molecular aggregates (supramolecules). There were 58 papers found by search in Scopus, indicating continuous and active activity in this research area. The macromolecules were sugar-, amino acid-, and nucleic acid-based polymers. The supramolecules were bile salt micelles. The low molecular mass selectors were mainly ionic liquids and complexes with a central ion. A majority of the papers were on the use or preparation of sugar-based macromolecules, e.g., native or derivatised cyclodextrins. Studies to explain chiral recognition of macromolecular and supramolecular chiral selectors were mainly done by molecular modelling and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Demonstrations were predominantly on drug analysis for the separation of racemates.
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Separation of rotamers of 5-nitrosopyrimidines and estimation of binding constants of their complexes with β-cyclodextrin by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1570:164-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Šlampová A, Malá Z, Gebauer P. Recent progress of sample stacking in capillary electrophoresis (2016-2018). Electrophoresis 2018; 40:40-54. [PMID: 30073675 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrophoretic sample stacking comprises a group of capillary electrophoretic techniques where trace analytes from the sample are concentrated into a short zone (stack). This paper is a continuation of our previous reviews on the topic and brings a survey of more than 120 papers published approximately since the second quarter of 2016 till the first quarter of 2018. It is organized according to the particular stacking principles and includes chapters on concentration adjustment (Kohlrausch) stacking, on stacking techniques based on pH changes, on stacking in electrokinetic chromatography and on other stacking techniques. Where available, explicit information is given about the procedure, electrolyte(s) used, detector employed and sensitivity reached. Not reviewed are papers on transient isotachophoresis which are covered by another review in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Šlampová
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdena Malá
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Gebauer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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Chen J, Wang X, Ghulam M, Chen H, Qu F. Predefine resolution of enantiomers in partial filling capillary electrophoresis and two discontinuous function plugs coupling in-capillary. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:2391-2397. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Murtaza Ghulam
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Hongxu Chen
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Feng Qu
- School of Life Science; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing P. R. China
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