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Danchana K, Yamashita N, Umeda MI, Kaneta T. Separation and fractionation of glutamic acid and histidine via origami isoelectric focusing. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464247. [PMID: 37531850 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated the fractionation of two amino acids, glutamic acid and histidine, separated via isoelectric focusing (IEF) on filter paper folded and stacked in an origami fashion. Channels for electrophoresis were fabricated as circular zones acquired via wax printing onto the filter paper. An ampholyte solution with amphiphilic samples was deposited on all the circle zones, which was followed by folding to form the electrophoresis channels. IEF was achieved by applying an electrical potential between the anodic and cathodic chambers filled with phosphoric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions, respectively. A pH gradient was formed using either a wide-range ampholyte with a pH of 3 to 10 or a narrow-range version with a pH of 5 to 8, which was confirmed by adding pH indicators to each layer. The origami IEF was used to separate the amino acids, glutamic acid and histidine, by mixing with the ampholytes, which were deposited on the layers. The components in each layer were extracted with water and measured by high-performance liquid chromatography using pre-column derivatization with dansyl chloride. The results indicated that the focus for glutamic acid and that for histidine were at different layers, according to their isoelectric points. The origami isoelectric focusing achieved the fractionation of amino acids in less than 3 min using voltage as low as 30 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaewta Danchana
- Department of Chemistry, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Nayu Yamashita
- Department of Chemistry, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Mika I Umeda
- Department of Chemistry, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Department of Materials Science, Yonago National College of Technology, Japan
| | - Takashi Kaneta
- Department of Chemistry, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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Kluska M, Jabłońska J, Prukała W. Analytics, Properties and Applications of Biologically Active Stilbene Derivatives. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114482. [PMID: 37298957 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Stilbene and its derivatives belong to the group of biologically active compounds. Some derivatives occur naturally in various plant species, while others are obtained by synthesis. Resveratrol is one of the best-known stilbene derivatives. Many stilbene derivatives exhibit antimicrobial, antifungal or anticancer properties. A thorough understanding of the properties of this group of biologically active compounds, and the development of their analytics from various matrices, will allow for a wider range of applications. This information is particularly important in the era of increasing incidence of various diseases hitherto unknown, including COVID-19, which is still present in our population. The purpose of this study was to summarize information on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of stilbene derivatives, their biological activity, potential applications as preservatives, antiseptics and disinfectants, and stability analysis in various matrices. Optimal conditions for the analysis of the stilbene derivatives in question were developed using the isotachophoresis technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Kluska
- Faculty of Sciences, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 3 Maja 54, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Joanna Jabłońska
- Faculty of Sciences, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 3 Maja 54, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Wiesław Prukała
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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Abstract
Isotachophoresis (ITP) is a versatile electrophoretic technique that can be used for sample preconcentration, separation, purification, and mixing, and to control and accelerate chemical reactions. Although the basic technique is nearly a century old and widely used, there is a persistent need for an easily approachable, succinct, and rigorous review of ITP theory and analysis. This is important because the interest and adoption of the technique has grown over the last two decades, especially with its implementation in microfluidics and integration with on-chip chemical and biochemical assays. We here provide a review of ITP theory starting from physicochemical first-principles, including conservation of species, conservation of current, approximation of charge neutrality, pH equilibrium of weak electrolytes, and so-called regulating functions that govern transport dynamics, with a strong emphasis on steady and unsteady transport. We combine these generally applicable (to all types of ITP) theoretical discussions with applications of ITP in the field of microfluidic systems, particularly on-chip biochemical analyses. Our discussion includes principles that govern the ITP focusing of weak and strong electrolytes; ITP dynamics in peak and plateau modes; a review of simulation tools, experimental tools, and detection methods; applications of ITP for on-chip separations and trace analyte manipulation; and design considerations and challenges for microfluidic ITP systems. We conclude with remarks on possible future research directions. The intent of this review is to help make ITP analysis and design principles more accessible to the scientific and engineering communities and to provide a rigorous basis for the increased adoption of ITP in microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Ramachandran
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Juan G Santiago
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Arshavsky-Graham S, Ward SJ, Massad-Ivanir N, Scheper T, Weiss SM, Segal E. Porous Silicon-Based Aptasensors: Toward Cancer Protein Biomarker Detection. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2021; 1:82-94. [PMID: 34693403 PMCID: PMC8532149 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.1c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The anterior gradient homologue-2 (AGR2) protein is an attractive biomarker for various types of cancer. In pancreatic cancer, it is secreted to the pancreatic juice by premalignant lesions, which would be an ideal stage for diagnosis. Thus, designing assays for the sensitive detection of AGR2 would be highly valuable for the potential early diagnosis of pancreatic and other types of cancer. Herein, we present a biosensor for label-free AGR2 detection and investigate approaches for enhancing the aptasensor sensitivity by accelerating the target mass transfer rate and reducing the system noise. The biosensor is based on a nanostructured porous silicon thin film that is decorated with anti-AGR2 aptamers, where real-time monitoring of the reflectance changes enables the detection and quantification of AGR2, as well as the study of the diffusion and target-aptamer binding kinetics. The aptasensor is highly selective for AGR2 and can detect the protein in simulated pancreatic juice, where its concentration is outnumbered by orders of magnitude by numerous proteins. The aptasensor's analytical performance is characterized with a linear detection range of 0.05-2 mg mL-1, an apparent dissociation constant of 21 ± 1 μM, and a limit of detection of 9.2 μg mL-1 (0.2 μM), which is attributed to mass transfer limitations. To improve the latter, we applied different strategies to increase the diffusion flux to and within the nanostructure, such as the application of isotachophoresis for the preconcentration of AGR2 on the aptasensor, mixing, or integration with microchannels. By combining these approaches with a new signal processing technique that employs Morlet wavelet filtering and phase analysis, we achieve a limit of detection of 15 nM without compromising the biosensor's selectivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Arshavsky-Graham
- Department
of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Institute
of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz Universität
Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hanover, Germany
| | - Simon J. Ward
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Naama Massad-Ivanir
- Department
of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Institute
of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz Universität
Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hanover, Germany
| | - Sharon M. Weiss
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Ester Segal
- Department
of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- The
Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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Zhiyue M, Xichen Y, Li R, Yang Y, Huicheng F, Peng S. Recent advances in paper-based preconcentrators by utilizing ion concentration polarization. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1340-1351. [PMID: 33768593 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
One of the most cited limitations of biochemical detection is its poor sensitivity, owing to the relatively high complexity of micro-samples. Moreover, some samples cannot be easily self-replicated and their abundance cannot be increased through traditional technologies. Therefore, the preconcentration of low-abundance samples is a key requirement for microfluidic biological analysis. In recent years, the ion-concentration polarization phenomenon has aroused widespread interest in the application of microfluidic technology. In addition, paper-based materials are readily available, easy to modify, and exhibit good hydrophilicity. The study of the ion-concentration polarization preconcentration of micro-samples in paper-based microfluidic chips is of considerable significance. In this review, we discuss the development and applications of ion-concentration polarization paper-based preconcentrator in the past 5 years, with emphasis on key progresses in chip fabrication and performance optimization under different conditions. The current needs and development prospects in this field have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhiyue
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Xichen
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P. R. China.,Research and Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P. R. China.,Yangtze River Delta Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Taicang, P. R. China
| | - Ren Li
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P. R. China.,Research and Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Feng Huicheng
- Unmanned System Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P. R. China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Shang Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P. R. China.,Research and Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environment Biophysics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, P. R. China
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Paper-based ITP technology: An application to specific cancer-derived exosome detection and analysis. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 164:112292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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7
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Khnouf R, Han C. Isotachophoresis-Enhanced Immunoassays: Challenges and opportunities. IEEE NANOTECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1109/mnano.2020.2966028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Guo S, Schlecht W, Li L, Dong WJ. Paper-based cascade cationic isotachophoresis: Multiplex detection of cardiac markers. Talanta 2019; 205:120112. [PMID: 31450472 PMCID: PMC6858795 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Paper-based analytical devices (PADs) are widely used in point-of-care testing (POCT) as they are cost-effective, simple and straightforward. However, poor sensitivity hinders their use in detecting diseases with low abundance biomarkers. The poor detection limit of PADs is mainly attributed to the low concentration of analytes, and the complexity of biological fluid, leading to insufficient interactions between analytes and capture antibodies. This study aims to overcome these difficulties by developing a paper-based cationic isotachophoresis (ITP) approach for simultaneously detecting pico-molar levels of two essential cardiac protein markers: acidic troponin T (cTnT) and basic troponin I (cTnI) spiked into human serum samples. The approach utilizes 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) treated glass fiber papers with decreasing cross-sectional area assembled on a 3D printed cartridge device. Our results showed that in the presence of cTnT monoclonal antibody (mAb), fluorescently labeled cTnI and cTnT could be effectively enriched in cationic ITP. Each individual target was captured subsequently by a test line in the detection zone where the capture mAb was immobilized. Detailed analysis suggests that the technology is capable of simultaneous on-board depletion of abundant plasma proteins and enrichment of cTnI/cTnT by ~1300-fold with a sensitivity of 0.6 pmol/L for cTnT and a sensitivity of 1.5 pmol/L for cTnI in less than 6 min. The results demonstrate the potential of this technology for rapid, ultra-sensitive and cost-effective analysis of multiplex protein markers in clinical serum samples at point of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Guo
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - William Schlecht
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Lei Li
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Wen-Ji Dong
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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