1
|
Chen G, Zhang S, Wang X, Fan X, Wilson G, Sa Y, Ma X. A strategy for inhibitors screening of xanthine oxidase based on colorimetric sensor combined with affinity chromatography technology. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 261:116510. [PMID: 38905859 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
The discovery of enzyme inhibitors from natural products is a crucial aspect in the development of therapeutic drugs. However, the complexity of natural products presents a challenge in developing simple and efficient methods for inhibitor screening. Herein, we have developed an integrated analytical model for screening xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibitors that combines simplicity, accuracy, and efficiency. This model utilizes a colorimetric sensor and affinity chromatography technology with immobilized XOD. The colorimetric sensor procedure can quickly identify whether there are active components in complex samples. Subsequently, the active components in the samples identified by the colorimetric sensor procedure were further captured, separated, and identified through affinity chromatography. The integrated analytical model can significantly enhance the efficiency and accuracy of inhibitor screening. The proposed method was applied to screen for an activity inhibitor of XOD in five natural medicines. As a result, a potential active ingredient for XOD, polydatin, was successfully identified from Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma et Radix. This work is anticipated to offer new insights for the screening of enzyme inhibitors from natural medicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoning Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Shuxian Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Gidion Wilson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Yuping Sa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Xueqin Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Štěpánová S, Kašička V. Determination of physicochemical parameters of (bio)molecules and (bio)particles by capillary electromigration methods. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2400174. [PMID: 38867483 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202400174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The review provides an overview of recent developments and applications of capillary electromigration (CE) methods for the determination of important physicochemical parameters of various (bio)molecules and (bio)particles. These parameters include actual and limiting (absolute) ionic mobilities, effective electrophoretic mobilities, effective charges, isoelectric points, electrokinetic potentials, hydrodynamic radii, diffusion coefficients, relative molecular masses, acidity (ionization) constants, binding constants and stoichiometry of (bio)molecular complexes, changes of Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy and rate constants of chemical reactions and interactions, retention factors and partition and distribution coefficients. For the determination of these parameters, the following CE methods are employed: zone electrophoresis in a free solution or in sieving media, isotachophoresis, isoelectric focusing, affinity electrophoresis, electrokinetic chromatography, and electrochromatography. In the individual sections, the procedures for the determination of the above parameters by the particular CE methods are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sille Štěpánová
- Electromigration methods, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Kašička
- Electromigration methods, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Villegas-Aguilar MDC, Sánchez-Marzo N, Fernández-Ochoa Á, Del Río C, Montaner J, Micol V, Herranz-López M, Barrajón-Catalán E, Arráez-Román D, Cádiz-Gurrea MDLL, Segura-Carretero A. Evaluation of Bioactive Effects of Five Plant Extracts with Different Phenolic Compositions against Different Therapeutic Targets. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:217. [PMID: 38397815 PMCID: PMC10886104 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant extracts rich in phenolic compounds have been reported to exert different bioactive properties. Despite the fact that there are plant extracts with completely different phenolic compositions, many of them have been reported to have similar beneficial properties. Thus, the structure-bioactivity relationship mechanisms are not yet known in detail for specific classes of phenolic compounds. In this context, this work aims to demonstrate the relationship of extracts with different phenolic compositions versus different bioactive targets. For this purpose, five plant matrices (Theobroma cacao, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Silybum marianum, Lippia citriodora, and Olea europaea) were selected to cover different phenolic compositions, which were confirmed by the phytochemical characterization analysis performed by HPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS. The bioactive targets evaluated were the antioxidant potential, the free radical scavenging potential, and the inhibitory capacity of different enzymes involved in inflammatory processes, skin aging, and neuroprotection. The results showed that despite the different phenolic compositions of the five matrices, they all showed a bioactive positive effect in most of the evaluated assays. In particular, matrices with very different phenolic contents, such as T. cacao and S. marianum, exerted a similar inhibitory power in enzymes involved in inflammatory processes and skin aging. It should also be noted that H. sabdariffa and T. cacao extracts had a low phenolic content but nevertheless stood out for their bioactive antioxidant and anti-radical capacity. Hence, this research highlights the shared bioactive properties among phenolic compounds found in diverse matrices. The abundance of different phenolic compound families highlights their elevated bioactivity against diverse biological targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Noelia Sánchez-Marzo
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Biotechnology of Elche (IDiBE) Miguel Hernández University (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain; (N.S.-M.); (V.M.); (M.H.-L.); (E.B.-C.)
| | - Álvaro Fernández-Ochoa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (M.d.C.V.-A.); (Á.F.-O.); (D.A.-R.); (A.S.-C.)
| | - Carmen Del Río
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain; (C.D.R.); (J.M.)
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Joan Montaner
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain; (C.D.R.); (J.M.)
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Vicente Micol
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Biotechnology of Elche (IDiBE) Miguel Hernández University (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain; (N.S.-M.); (V.M.); (M.H.-L.); (E.B.-C.)
- CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition CB12/03/30038), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Herranz-López
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Biotechnology of Elche (IDiBE) Miguel Hernández University (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain; (N.S.-M.); (V.M.); (M.H.-L.); (E.B.-C.)
| | - Enrique Barrajón-Catalán
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Biotechnology of Elche (IDiBE) Miguel Hernández University (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain; (N.S.-M.); (V.M.); (M.H.-L.); (E.B.-C.)
| | - David Arráez-Román
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (M.d.C.V.-A.); (Á.F.-O.); (D.A.-R.); (A.S.-C.)
| | - María de la Luz Cádiz-Gurrea
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (M.d.C.V.-A.); (Á.F.-O.); (D.A.-R.); (A.S.-C.)
| | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (M.d.C.V.-A.); (Á.F.-O.); (D.A.-R.); (A.S.-C.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Krebs F, Zagst H, Stein M, Ratih R, Minkner R, Olabi M, Hartung S, Scheller C, Lapizco-Encinas BH, Sänger-van de Griend C, García CD, Wätzig H. Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: Method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications-Updated and completely revised edition. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1279-1341. [PMID: 37537327 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
This review is in support of the development of selective, precise, fast, and validated capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods. It follows up a similar article from 1998, Wätzig H, Degenhardt M, Kunkel A. "Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications," pointing out which fundamentals are still valid and at the same time showing the enormous achievements in the last 25 years. The structures of both reviews are widely similar, in order to facilitate their simultaneous use. Focusing on pharmaceutical and biological applications, the successful use of CE is now demonstrated by more than 600 carefully selected references. Many of those are recent reviews; therefore, a significant overview about the field is provided. There are extra sections about sample pretreatment related to CE and microchip CE, and a completely revised section about method development for protein analytes and biomolecules in general. The general strategies for method development are summed up with regard to selectivity, efficiency, precision, analysis time, limit of detection, sample pretreatment requirements, and validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Finja Krebs
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Holger Zagst
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Matthias Stein
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Ratih Ratih
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Surabaya, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Robert Minkner
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Mais Olabi
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Sophie Hartung
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Christin Scheller
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Blanca H Lapizco-Encinas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kate Gleason College of Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Cari Sänger-van de Griend
- Kantisto BV, Baarn, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carlos D García
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Hermann Wätzig
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Azeez AM, Hadwan MH. Simple assay for quantifying xanthine oxidase activity. Anal Biochem 2023; 673:115192. [PMID: 37225068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a sensitive method for assaying xanthine oxidase (XO) enzyme activity. XO produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide anion radicals (O2•-), promoting the development of oxidative stress-related diseases, and is inhibited by various plant extracts. XO activity is quantified by incubating enzyme samples with an appropriate xanthine concentration as the substrate. The proposed method requires XO activity to be quantified based on H2O2 generation using a 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB)-H2O2 system catalyzed by cupric ions. After a 30-minute incubation at 37 °C, sufficient cupric ion and TMB amounts are added. The assay produces optical signals that can be visually recognized or detected with a UV-visible spectrometer. A direct correlation was found between XO activity and the absorbance at 450 nm of the resulting di-imine (dication) yellow product. The proposed method uses sodium azide to prevent catalase enzyme interference. The new assay's function was confirmed using the TMB-XO assay and a Bland-Altman plot. The resulting correlation coefficient was 0.9976. The innovative assay was relatively precise and comparable to the comparison protocols. In conclusion, the presented method is very efficient at measuring XO activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam Majid Azeez
- Chemistry Dept., College of Science, University of Babylon, Iraq Hilla City, Babylon Governorate, p.o. 51002, Iraq.
| | - Mahmoud Hussain Hadwan
- Chemistry Dept., College of Science, University of Babylon, Iraq Hilla City, Babylon Governorate, p.o. 51002, Iraq.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhao Z, Luo J, Liao H, Zheng F, Chen X, Luo J, Chen Y, Zhao K, Zhang S, Tian J, Wu T, Li Y, Li L, Yang Y, Lin C, Zhang Q, Tian Y, Pang J. Pharmacological evaluation of a novel skeleton compound isobavachin (4',7-dihydroxy-8-prenylflavanone) as a hypouricemic agent: Dual actions of URAT1/GLUT9 and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity. Bioorg Chem 2023; 133:106405. [PMID: 36753966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Previously we discovered a novel natural scaffold compound, isobavachin (4', 7-dihydroxy-8-prenylflavanone), as a potent URAT1 inhibitor by shape and structure based on a virtue screening approach. In this study, further urate-lowering mechanism, pharmacokinetics and toxicities of isobavachin were conducted. Isobavachin inhibited URAT1 with an IC50 value of 0.24 ± 0.06 μM, and residues S35, F365, I481 and R477 of URAT1 contributed to high affinity for isobavachin. Isobavachin also inhibited glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9), another pivotal urate reabsorption transporter, with an IC50 value of 1.12 ± 0.26 μM. Molecular docking and MMGBSA results indicated that isobavachin might compete residues R171, L75 and N333 with uric acid, which leads to inhibition of uric acid transport of GLUT9. Isobavachin weakly inhibited urate secretion transporters OAT1 with an IC50 value of 4.38 ± 1.27 μM, OAT3 with an IC50 of 3.64 ± 0.62 μM, and ABCG2 with an IC50 of 10.45 ± 2.17 μM. Isobavachin also inhibited xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity in vitro with an IC50 value of 14.43 ± 3.56 μM, and inhibited the hepatic XOD activities at 5-20 mg/kg in vivo. Docking and MMGBSA analysis indicated that isobavachin might bind to the Mo-Pt catalyze center of XOD, which leads to inhibition of uric acid production. In vivo, isobavachin exhibited powerful urate-lowering and uricosuric effects at 5-20 mg/kg compared with the positive drugs morin (20 mg/kg) and RDEA3170 (10 mg/kg). Safety assessments revealed that isobavachin was safe and had no obvious toxicities. Isobavachin has little cell toxicity in HK2 cells as indicated by the MTT assay. In vivo, after treatment with 50 mg/kg isobavachin for 14 days, isobavachin had little renal toxicity, as revealed by serum CR/BUN levels, and no hepatotoxicity as revealed by ALT/AST levels. Further HE examination also suggests that isobavachin has no obvious kidney/liver damage. A pharmacokinetic study in SD rats indicated isobavachin had lower bioavailability (12.84 ± 5.13 %) but long half-time (7.04 ± 2.68 h) to maintain a continuous plasma concentration. Collectively, these results indicate that isobavachin deserves further investigation as a candidate anti-hyperuricemic drug with a novel mechanism of action: selective urate reabsorption inhibitor (URAT1/GLUT9) with a moderate inhibitory effect on XOD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zean Zhao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jian Luo
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Hui Liao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Fengxin Zheng
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jiajun Luo
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yongjun Chen
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Kunlu Zhao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Shuqin Zhang
- Good clinical Practice Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinhong Tian
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ting Wu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yongmei Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Lu Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yang Yang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Cuiting Lin
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Good clinical Practice Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yuanxin Tian
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Jianxin Pang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ten Years Milestones in Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors Discovery: Febuxostat-Based Inhibitors Trends, Bifunctional Derivatives, and Automatized Screening Assays. ORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/org3040026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an enzyme involved in the oxidative process of hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid (UA). This process also produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) as byproducts. Both UA and ROS are dangerous for human health, and some health conditions trigger upregulation of XO activity, which results in many diseases (cancer, atherosclerosis, hepatitis, gout, and others) given the worsened scenario of ROS and UA overproduction. So, XO became an attractive target to produce and discover novel selective drugs based on febuxostat, the most recent XO inhibitor out of only two approved by FDA. Under this context, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) have been successfully applied to rapidly and easily screen for bioactive compounds, isolated or in complex natural matrixes, that act as enzyme inhibitors through the use of an immobilized enzyme reactor (IMER). This article’s goal is to present advances comprising febuxostat-based XO inhibitors as a new trend, bifunctional moieties capable of inhibiting XO and modulating ROS activity, and in-flow techniques employing an IMER in HPLC and CE to screen for synthetic and natural compounds that act as XO inhibitors.
Collapse
|
8
|
A Three-Reagent “Green” Paper-Based Analytical Device for Solid-Phase Spectrometric and Colorimetric Determination of Dihydroquercetin. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22082893. [PMID: 35458878 PMCID: PMC9030608 DOI: 10.3390/s22082893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs) represent one of the promising green analytical strategies for low-cost and simple determination of various analytes. The actual task is the development of such devices for quantitation of antioxidants, e.g., flavonoids. In this paper, possibilities of a novel three-reagent µPAD including silver nitrate, 4-nitrophenyldiazonium tetrafluoroborate, and iron(III) chloride as reagents are assessed with respect to the determination of dihydroquercetin. It is shown that all the three reagents produce different colorimetric responses that can be detected by a mini-spectrophotometer–monitor calibrator or by a smartphone. The method is applicable to direct measuring high contents of dihydroquercetin (the linearity range is 0.026–1 mg mL−1, and the limit of detection is 7.7 µg mL−1), which is favorable for many dietary supplements. The analysis of a food supplement was possible with the relative standard deviations of 9–26%, which is satisfactory for quantitative and semiquantitative determinations. It was found that plotting a calibration graph in 3D space of the three reagents’ responses allows us to distinguish dihydroquercetin from its close structural analogue, quercetin.
Collapse
|
9
|
CHEN GY, ZHANG H, ZHAO CP, ZHANG CY, WANG Y, CHEN H, YANG FQ. On-line immobilized acetylcholinesterase microreactor based on capillary electrophoresis for the determination of organophosphorus pesticide residues. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjac.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
10
|
Li W, Cui X, Chen Z. Screening of lactate dehydrogenase inhibitor from bioactive compounds in natural products by electrophoretically mediated microanalysis. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1656:462554. [PMID: 34571279 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is a key enzyme in the glycolysis, which has been reported that the expression of LDH is elevated in a variety of cancer types and can promote tumor invasion and metastasis. Therefore, LDH has come to be an emerging therapeutic target for cancer. In this work, we described a new strategy for rapid screening of LDH inhibitors from natural products by integrating electrophoretically mediated microanalysis (EMMA), transverse diffusion of laminar flow profiles (TDLFP) and rapid pressure direction switching. LDH activity could be assayed by the quantification of the peak area of the produced β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrate (NAD+) and the inhibitory effect on LDH was reflected by the reduction of NAD+ peak area. Parameters affecting CE separation and enzymatic reaction were evaluated, including the pH of background electrolyte, incubation time, methanol percentage and enzyme concentration. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) determined on-line by EMMA method were 226.9 μM and 31.8 μM for substrates sodium pyruvate and NADH, respectively and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for the known positive inhibitor gossypol was determined to be 9.269 μM, which was comparable with the previous literature. Then the inhibitory activity of 12 bioactive compounds from natural products on LDH was investigated by employing the developed method. Three compounds including quercetin, luteolin, ursolic acid had potential inhibitory effect on LDH. Molecular docking study was implemented and well supported the experimental results. This study provides a potential tool for the preliminary screening of LDH inhibitors from bioactive compounds in natural products by capillary electrophoresis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10080, China
| | - Xinyue Cui
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10080, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rozenski J, Asfaw AA, Van Schepdael A. Overview of in-capillary enzymatic reactions using capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:57-73. [PMID: 34510496 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the research that has recently been performed on in-capillary enzymatic reactions integrated with capillary electrophoresis. The manuscript is subdivided in homogeneous and heterogeneous approaches. The main homogeneous techniques are Electrophoretically Mediated Microanalysis, At-inlet and Transverse Diffusion of Laminar Flow Profiles. The main heterogeneous ones are Immobilized MicroEnzyme Reactors with enzymes grafted on either non-magnetic or magnetic particles. The overview covers the period from 2018 to early 2021. The applications range from drug discovery over natural products to food, beverage and pesticide analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jef Rozenski
- Department ofPharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adissu Alemayehu Asfaw
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, KU Leuven- University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance, College of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Ann Van Schepdael
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, KU Leuven- University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhao CP, Chen GY, Wang Y, Chen H, Yu JW, Yang FQ. Evaluation of Enzyme Inhibitory Activity of Flavonoids by Polydopamine-Modified Hollow Fiber-Immobilized Xanthine Oxidase. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133931. [PMID: 34203179 PMCID: PMC8271864 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a polydopamine (PDA)-modified hollow fiber-immobilized xanthine oxidase (XOD) was prepared for screening potential XOD inhibitors from flavonoids. Several parameters for the preparation of PDA-modified hollow fiber-immobilized XOD, including the dopamine concentration, modification time, XOD concentration and immobilization time, were optimized. The results show that the optimal conditions for immobilized XOD activity were a dopamine concentration of 2.0 mg/mL in 10.0 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.5), a modification time of 3.0 h, an XOD concentration of 1000 μg/mL in 10.0 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) and an immobilization time of 3.0 h. Subsequently, the enzymatic reaction conditions such as the pH value and temperature were investigated, and the enzyme kinetics and inhibition parameters were determined. The results indicate that the optimal pH value (7.5) and temperature (37 °C) of the PDA-modified hollow fiber-immobilized XOD were consistent with the free enzyme. Moreover, the PDA-modified hollow fiber-immobilized XOD could still maintain above 50% of its initial immobilized enzyme activity after seven consecutive cycles. The Michaelis–Menten constant (Km) and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of allopurinol on the immobilized XOD were determined as 0.25 mM and 23.2 μM, respectively. Furthermore, the PDA-modified hollow fiber-immobilized XOD was successfully applied to evaluate the inhibitory activity of eight flavonoids. Quercetin, apigenin, puerarin and epigallocatechin showed a good inhibition effect, and their percentages of inhibition were (79.86 ± 3.50)%, (80.98 ± 0.64)%, (61.15 ± 6.26)% and (54.92 ± 0.41)%, respectively. Finally, molecular docking analysis further verified that these four active compounds could bind to the amino acid residues in the XOD active site. In summary, the PDA-modified hollow fiber-immobilized XOD is an efficient method for the primary screening of XOD inhibitors from natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Peng Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China; (C.-P.Z.); (G.-Y.C.); (Y.W.); (H.C.)
| | - Guo-Ying Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China; (C.-P.Z.); (G.-Y.C.); (Y.W.); (H.C.)
| | - Yuan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China; (C.-P.Z.); (G.-Y.C.); (Y.W.); (H.C.)
| | - Hua Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China; (C.-P.Z.); (G.-Y.C.); (Y.W.); (H.C.)
| | - Jia-Wen Yu
- Taiji Group Chongqing Fuling Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Chongqing 408000, China
- Correspondence: (J.-W.Y.); (F.-Q.Y.); Tel.: +86-139-8330-0448 (J.-W.Y.); +86-136-1765-0637 (F.-Q.Y.)
| | - Feng-Qing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China; (C.-P.Z.); (G.-Y.C.); (Y.W.); (H.C.)
- Correspondence: (J.-W.Y.); (F.-Q.Y.); Tel.: +86-139-8330-0448 (J.-W.Y.); +86-136-1765-0637 (F.-Q.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang H, Bai Y, Zhu N, Xu J. Microfluidic reactor with immobilized enzyme-from construction to applications: A review. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|