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van Damme IM, Hulsbergen AWC, Allers S, Bezemer KDB, Miller JV, van Asten AC. A study into the natural occurrence of inorganic ions relevant to forensic explosives investigations on human hands. Forensic Sci Int 2024; 361:112119. [PMID: 38917507 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The natural occurrence of 16 inorganic ions relevant to forensic explosives investigations on human hands was studied to support the evaluation of activity-level propositions when such traces are found on the hands or in the fingerprints of a suspect. A total of 594 hand swab extracts from 297 participants throughout Europe and the United States of America were analyzed using Ion Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry. The data provides a reference framework for future covert investigations and forensic casework. The results indicate that thiocyanate, chlorate, nitrite, lithium, strontium, and barium are rarely detected on the hands of individuals who have had no direct contact with explosives (P<0.03) and in quantities below 6 µg. Perchlorate contamination sporadically occurs without deliberately handling perchlorates (P=0.03), albeit at low levels (<12 µg). It also seems that the presence of perchlorate on hands is generally related to professions that involve explosives. Detecting substantial amounts of any of these rare ions on a suspect's hands would require a specific explanation. Because legitimate activities exist that can also result in elevated levels of ions of interest on hands, the context surrounding their presence has to be carefully assessed for each individual case.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M van Damme
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | | | - S Allers
- Netherlands Forensic Institute, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - K D B Bezemer
- Netherlands Forensic Institute, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - J V Miller
- Federal Bureau of Investigation, Quantico, VA, USA
| | - A C van Asten
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; CLHC, Center for Forensic Science and Medicine, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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2
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Atia MA, Kalsoom U, Ollerton S, Haddad PR, Breadmore MC. Methamphetamine detection using portable capillary electrophoresis coupled with a swab-based extraction device. Talanta 2024; 278:126357. [PMID: 38959669 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) is one of the most virulent illicit drugs that can be synthesized from household materials leading to its prevalent trafficking and local manufacturing in clandestine drug laboratories (clan labs). The significant problems of tracing MA in clan labs and monitoring drug abusers lie in the lag time between sample collection and analysis and the number of tests done. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a rapid separation technique amenable to miniaturization and field testing. Herein, we developed a simple transient isotachophoretic (tITP)-CE method to detect MA and its precursor pseudoephedrine (PSE) in clan labs and non-invasive biological fluids. The method was implemented on the ETD-100, a commercial fully automated portable CE instrument with an integrated swab-based extraction system. Within 2 min of insertion of the swab, MA and PSE were automatically extracted with a leading electrolyte (LE) and then separated on covalently modified capillaries. The ETD-100 showed a limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of MA 0.02 and 0.05 μg/swab and 0.02 and 0.06 μg/swab of PSE, with an enhancement factor of 118 and 328, respectively, when compared to a normal non-tITP injection. The intra and inter-day relative standard deviation in terms of migration time were in the range of 0.75-1.93 % for both MA and PSE and were 2.0-2.4 % for both MA and PSE peak height. The method was demonstrated with the detection of spiked MA and PSE on different household materials as well as in non-invasive biological fluids with a recovery above 60 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa A Atia
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Helwan University, 11795, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Umme Kalsoom
- GreyScan, 9/435 Williamstown Rd, Port Melbourne, Victoria, 3207, Australia
| | - Samantha Ollerton
- GreyScan, 9/435 Williamstown Rd, Port Melbourne, Victoria, 3207, Australia; Precision Plus Consulting Ltd., 71-75 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London, WC2H 9HJ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R Haddad
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia.
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3
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Sharma B, Gadi R. Analytical Tools and Methods for Explosive Analysis in Forensics: A Critical Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-27. [PMID: 37934616 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2274927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes (i) compositions and types of improvised explosive devices; (ii) the process of collection, extraction and analysis of explosive evidence encountered in explosive and related cases; (iii) inter-comparison of analytical techniques; (iv) the challenges and prospects of explosive detection technology. The highlights of this study include extensive information regarding the National & International standards specified by USEPA, ASTM, and so on, for explosives detection. The holistic development of analytical tools for explosive analysis ranging from conventional methods to advanced analytical tools is also covered in this article. The most important aspect of this review is to make forensic scientists familiar with the challenges during explosive analysis and the steps to avoid them. The problems during analysis can be analyte-based, that is, interferences due to matrix or added molding/stabilizing agents, trace amount of parent explosives in post-blast samples and many more. Others are techniques-based challenges viz. specificity, selectivity, and sensitivity of the technique. Thus, it has become a primary concern to adopt rapid, field deployable, and highly sensitive techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhumika Sharma
- Department of Applied Sciences & Humanities, Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Delhi, India
| | - Ranu Gadi
- Department of Applied Sciences & Humanities, Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Delhi, India
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4
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Kaljurand M, Růžička M, Gorbatsova J, Mazina-Šinkar J. Evaluation of different operating modes of an autosampler for portable capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464201. [PMID: 37451197 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
A compact, inexpensive sampler instrument for portable capillary electrophoresis (CE) was developed and tested to monitor common inorganic ions in drinking water samples. The sampler uses peristaltic and vacuum pumps and pinch and check valves to control liquid flows. The paper also addresses various aspects of CE associated with portability, open access instrumentation and prospects of CE for citizen science. The extensive use of items provided by the electronic and computer industry contributes to this trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihkel Kaljurand
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12618, Estonia.
| | - Martin Růžička
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Jelena Gorbatsova
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Jekaterina Mazina-Šinkar
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
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5
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Liu X, Liang W, Zeng H, Jiang Y, Li Y, Zhang M. 3D printed cartridge for high-speed capillary electrophoresis with sheath liquid thermostatting and contactless conductivity detection. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1264:341235. [PMID: 37230716 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The high-speed capillary electrophoresis (HSCE) method is a technique that utilizes a high electric field strength applied through a short capillary to reduce the time required for sample separation. However, the increased electric field strength may result in pronounced Joule heating effects. To address this, we describe a 3D-printed cartridge with integrated contactless conductivity detection (C4D) head and a sheath liquid channel. The C4D electrodes and Faraday shield layers are fabricated by casting Wood's metal in chambers inside the cartridge. Effective thermostatting of the short capillary is achieved by flowing Fluorinert liquid, which provides better heat dissipation compared to airflow. A HSCE device is created by using the cartridge and a modified slotted-vial array sample-introduction approach. Analytes are introduced through electrokinetic injection. With the help of sheath liquid thermostatting, background electrolyte concentration can be increased to several hundred mM, resulting in improved sample stacking and peak resolutions. Additionally, the baseline signal is flattened. Typical cations such as NH4+, K+, Na+, Mg2+, Li+, and Ca2+ can be separated within 22 s with an applied field strength of 1200 V/cm. The limit of detection ranges from 2.5 to 4.6 μM with a relative standard deviation of migration times of 1.1-1.2% (n = 17). The method has been applied to detect cations in drinking water and black tea leaching for drink safety testing, and to identify explosive anions in paper swabs. Samples can be directly injected without the need for dilution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Wenshan Liang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China.
| | - Yiyu Jiang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China.
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Simon A, Ong TH, Wrobel A, Mendum T, Kunz R. Review: Headspace Components of Explosives for Canine Non-Detonable Training Aid Development. Forensic Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2023.100491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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7
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Wang Y, Zeng Z, Yang L, Zeng H, Li Y, Pu Q, Zhang M. Three-in-One Detector by 3D Printing: Simultaneous Contactless Conductivity, Ultraviolet Absorbance, and Laser-Induced Fluorescence Measurements for Capillary Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2146-2151. [PMID: 36642960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We describe a 3-in-1 detector for simultaneous contactless conductivity (C4D), ultraviolet absorbance (UV-AD), and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) measurements on a single detection point for capillary electrophoresis (CE). A key component of the detector was a rectangular detector head that was assembled with four 3D-printed parts. Two parts covering the detector head to function as a Faraday cage were fused deposition modeling printed using an electrically conductive material. The other two parts in between the conductive parts were stereolithography (SLA) printed with high-resolution (50 μm) constructions on the surface. After assembling the two SLA printed parts, several cavities were built with the surface constructions. Two electrodes and a Faraday shield for C4D were cast by injecting molten Wood's metal into the cavities. For UV-AD, a slit (100 μm width) was created by putting together two grooves (50 μm depth) on the surface of the SLA printed parts. A 255 nm UV-LED was used as the light source. The effective path length and stray light for a 50 μm id capillary were 39 μm and 13%, which were superior to those of other reported 3D-printed AD detectors. Confocal LIF detection was conducted by using an objective lens to focus the laser on the capillary via a through-hole. The detector was used to detect model analytes, including inorganic and organic ions, and fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled amino acids in a signal-run CE separation. In detecting fluorescein, LODs were 1.3 μM (C4D), 2.0 μM (UV-AD), and 1 nM (LIF). The calibration ranges covered from 0.01 μM to 500 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchun Wang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Zihan Zeng
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Liye Yang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Qiaosheng Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
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8
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Klapec DJ, Czarnopys G, Pannuto J. Interpol review of the analysis and detection of explosives and explosives residues. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2023; 6:100298. [PMID: 36685733 PMCID: PMC9845958 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2022.100298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J. Klapec
- Arson and Explosives Section I, United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Forensic Science Laboratory, 6000 Ammendale Road, Ammendale, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Greg Czarnopys
- Forensic Services, United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Forensic Science Laboratory, 6000 Ammendale Road, Ammendale, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Julie Pannuto
- United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Forensic Science Laboratory, 6000 Ammendale Road, Ammendale, MD, 20705, USA
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9
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Atia MA, Amuno RM, Kalsoom U, Ollerton S, Rhoden A, Haddad PR, Breadmore MC. Portable capillary electrophoresis coupled with swab-based extraction device for cleaning validation in pharmaceutical facilities. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1688:463666. [PMID: 36528899 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
All pharmaceutical manufacturers are required to verify that their production equipment is free from contaminants. Here, we report the capability of a fully automated portable capillary electrophoresis instrument with an integrated sample swab extraction - the Grey Scan ETD-100 - for the detection of pharmaceutical residues on surfaces of manufacturing equipment. Lidocaine was used as a model compound and could be recovered from a surface by swabbing, extracted from the swab, and analysed within 1 min. The recovery of lidocaine from a stainless-steel coupon was 81.3 %, with a LOD of 0.13 µg/swab. This fast, sensitive, and simple method implemented on a user-friendly portable CE instrument without the need for manual sample pre-treatment provides the possibility for on-site rapid determination of equipment cleanliness in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa A Atia
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Ria Marni Amuno
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Umme Kalsoom
- GreyScan, 9/435 Williamstown Rd, Port Melbourne, Vicvoria 3207, Australia
| | - Samantha Ollerton
- GreyScan, 9/435 Williamstown Rd, Port Melbourne, Vicvoria 3207, Australia
| | - Alan Rhoden
- Pfizer Global Supply, 100 Route 206 North, Peapack, NJ 07977, USA
| | - Paul R Haddad
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
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10
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Novel developments in capillary electrophoresis miniaturization, sampling, detection and portability: An overview of the last decade. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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11
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Růžička M, Kaljurand M, Gorbatšova J, Mazina-Šinkar J. Autosampler for portable capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1685:463619. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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Kaljurand M, Mazina-Šinkar J. Portable capillary electrophoresis as a green analytical technology. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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13
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Patel SV, Lurie IS. The use of portable separation devices for forensic analysis: A review of recent literature. Forensic Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2021.100365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Forbes TP, Lawrence J, Hao C, Gillen G. Open port sampling interface mass spectrometry of wipe-based explosives, oxidizers, and narcotics for trace contraband detection. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:3453-3460. [PMID: 34291248 PMCID: PMC9972214 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01038g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rapid screening for chemical traces of explosives and narcotics is widely used to support homeland security and law enforcement. These target compounds span a range of physicochemical properties from organic to inorganic, with preferential ionization pathways in both negative and positive mode operation. Nonvolatile inorganic oxidizers present in homemade fuel-oxidizer mixtures, pyrotechnics, and propellants create a unique challenge to traditional thermal desorption-based technologies. Developments in solid-liquid extraction techniques, specifically, open port sampling interface mass spectrometry (OPSI-MS) provide compelling capabilities to address these hurdles. In this proof of concept study, we investigated the trace detection of wipe-based (i.e., common swipe sampling collection method) explosives, oxidizers, and narcotics using an OPSI source and compact single quadrupole mass analyzer. The liquid dissolution and extraction capabilities of OPSI enabled detection of both traditional military-grade explosives and homemade explosive oxidizers. OPSI-MS sensitivities to a series of seven target compounds from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coated fiberglass sampling wipes were on the order of several nanograms to sub-nanogram levels. Comparisons with direct solution-based sample analysis enabled quantification of wipe-based sample extraction effects. The system demonstrated quick temporal responses, polarity switching capabilities, and rapid signal decay with minimal carryover, all critical to high throughput screening applications. Coupling traditional swipe sampling with OPSI-MS offers a promising tool for contraband screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Forbes
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Lawrence
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
| | | | - Greg Gillen
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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Forbes TP, Gillen G. DART-MS Spectral Similarity of Infrared Thermally Desorbed Solid Particulate and Solution Cast Propellant Samples. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1033-1040. [PMID: 33661626 PMCID: PMC9703350 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Security and forensic applications employ test and reference materials to develop, calibrate, and validate analytical instrumentation such as mass spectrometry for the trace detection and chemical analysis of target analytes. An emerging class of target analytes includes homemade fuel oxidizer explosives based on pyrotechnics, propellants, and powder mixtures. Test materials for these compounds must appropriately and accurately embody the physical and chemical nature of the threat. Precision liquid deposition methods have long been employed for creation of trace level test materials. Mass spectral similarity and chemical signature differences between solid particulate and solution cast (i.e., liquid deposited) propellant samples were investigated by infrared thermal desorption direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (IRTD-DART-MS). Differences in the mass spectra and ion distributions of solid and liquid deposited black powders and black powder substitutes were observed. These differences were attributed to chemical processes (e.g., degradation) and physical differences in the crystal formation, spatial distribution, morphology, and size. The production and deposition of test and reference materials remain critical to developing new technologies and detecting evolving threats.
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Krauss ST, Forbes TP, Jobes D. Inorganic oxidizer detection from propellants, pyrotechnics, and homemade explosive powders using gradient elution moving boundary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2020; 42:279-288. [PMID: 33196125 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Advancement in rapid targeted chemical analysis of homemade and improvised explosive devices is critical for the identification of explosives-based hazards and threats. Gradient elution moving boundary electrophoresis (GEMBE), a robust electrokinetic separation technique, was employed for the separation and detection of common inorganic oxidizers from frequently encountered fuel-oxidizer mixtures. The GEMBE system incorporated sample and run buffer reservoirs, a short capillary (5 cm), an applied electric field, and a pressure-driven counterflow. GEMBE provided a separation format that allowed for continuous injection of sample, selectivity of analytes, and no sample cleanup or filtration prior to analysis. Nitrate, chlorate, and perchlorate oxidizers were successfully detected from low explosive propellants (e.g., black powders and black powder substitutes), pyrotechnics (e.g., flash powder), and tertiary explosive mixtures (e.g., ammonium nitrate- and potassium chlorate-based fuel-oxidizer mixtures). Separation of these mixtures exhibited detection without interference from a plethora of additional organic and inorganic fuels, enabled single particle analysis, and demonstrated semiquantitative capabilities. The bulk counterflow successfully excluded difficult components from fouling the capillary, yielding estimated limits of detection down to approximately 10 μmol/L. Finally, nitrate was separated and detected from postblast debris collected and directly analyzed from two nitrate-based charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon T Krauss
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Thomas P Forbes
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Dillon Jobes
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
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