1
|
Atia MA, Kalsoom U, Ollerton S, Haddad PR, Breadmore MC. Methamphetamine detection using portable capillary electrophoresis coupled with a swab-based extraction device. Talanta 2024; 278:126357. [PMID: 38959669 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) is one of the most virulent illicit drugs that can be synthesized from household materials leading to its prevalent trafficking and local manufacturing in clandestine drug laboratories (clan labs). The significant problems of tracing MA in clan labs and monitoring drug abusers lie in the lag time between sample collection and analysis and the number of tests done. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a rapid separation technique amenable to miniaturization and field testing. Herein, we developed a simple transient isotachophoretic (tITP)-CE method to detect MA and its precursor pseudoephedrine (PSE) in clan labs and non-invasive biological fluids. The method was implemented on the ETD-100, a commercial fully automated portable CE instrument with an integrated swab-based extraction system. Within 2 min of insertion of the swab, MA and PSE were automatically extracted with a leading electrolyte (LE) and then separated on covalently modified capillaries. The ETD-100 showed a limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of MA 0.02 and 0.05 μg/swab and 0.02 and 0.06 μg/swab of PSE, with an enhancement factor of 118 and 328, respectively, when compared to a normal non-tITP injection. The intra and inter-day relative standard deviation in terms of migration time were in the range of 0.75-1.93 % for both MA and PSE and were 2.0-2.4 % for both MA and PSE peak height. The method was demonstrated with the detection of spiked MA and PSE on different household materials as well as in non-invasive biological fluids with a recovery above 60 %.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa A Atia
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Helwan University, 11795, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Umme Kalsoom
- GreyScan, 9/435 Williamstown Rd, Port Melbourne, Victoria, 3207, Australia
| | - Samantha Ollerton
- GreyScan, 9/435 Williamstown Rd, Port Melbourne, Victoria, 3207, Australia; Precision Plus Consulting Ltd., 71-75 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London, WC2H 9HJ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R Haddad
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yin B, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Zeng H, Xu J, Li H, Li Y, Zhang M. Compact contactless conductometric, ultraviolet photometric and dual-detection cells for capillary electrophoresis via additive manufacturing. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1712:464469. [PMID: 37924616 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The growing demand for tailored detectors in capillary electrophoresis (CE), addressing tasks like field deployment or dual-detection analysis, emphasizes the necessity for compact detection cells. In this work, we propose cost-effective and user-friendly additive manufacturing (3D-printing) approaches to produce such miniaturized detection cells suitable for a range of CE applications. Firstly, capacitively-coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D) cells of different sizes are fabricated by casting low-melting-point alloy into 3D-printed molds. Various designs of Faraday shields are integrated within the cells and compared. A mini-C4D cell (9.5×7.0×7.5 mm3) is produced, with limits of detection for alkaline cations ranging from 8-12 μM in a short-capillary based CE application. Secondly, ultraviolet photometric (UV-PD) detection cells are fabricated using 3D printing. These cells feature two narrow slits with a width of 60 μm, which are positioned along the path of incident and transmission light to facilitate collimation. A deep UV-LED (235 nm or 255 nm) is employed as the light source, and black resin is determined to be the optimal material for 3D printing the UV-PD cell, owing to its superior UV light absorption capabilities. The UV-PD cell is connected to the LED and photodetector through two optical fibers, making it easy to switch the light source and detector. The effective pathlength and stray light percentage for detecting on a 75 μm id capillary are 74 μm and 0.5 %, respectively. Thirdly, a dual-detection cell that combined C4D and UV-PD at a single detection point is proposed. The performance of direct detection by C4D and indirect detection by UV-PD is compared for detecting organic acids. The strategies for developing cost-effective compact detection cells facilitate the versatile integration of multiple detection methods in CE analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bangjie Yin
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China.
| | - Jin Xu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Hongzhou Li
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Krebs F, Zagst H, Stein M, Ratih R, Minkner R, Olabi M, Hartung S, Scheller C, Lapizco-Encinas BH, Sänger-van de Griend C, García CD, Wätzig H. Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: Method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications-Updated and completely revised edition. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1279-1341. [PMID: 37537327 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
This review is in support of the development of selective, precise, fast, and validated capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods. It follows up a similar article from 1998, Wätzig H, Degenhardt M, Kunkel A. "Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications," pointing out which fundamentals are still valid and at the same time showing the enormous achievements in the last 25 years. The structures of both reviews are widely similar, in order to facilitate their simultaneous use. Focusing on pharmaceutical and biological applications, the successful use of CE is now demonstrated by more than 600 carefully selected references. Many of those are recent reviews; therefore, a significant overview about the field is provided. There are extra sections about sample pretreatment related to CE and microchip CE, and a completely revised section about method development for protein analytes and biomolecules in general. The general strategies for method development are summed up with regard to selectivity, efficiency, precision, analysis time, limit of detection, sample pretreatment requirements, and validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Finja Krebs
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Holger Zagst
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Matthias Stein
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Ratih Ratih
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Surabaya, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Robert Minkner
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Mais Olabi
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Sophie Hartung
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Christin Scheller
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Blanca H Lapizco-Encinas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kate Gleason College of Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Cari Sänger-van de Griend
- Kantisto BV, Baarn, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carlos D García
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Hermann Wätzig
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu X, Liang W, Zeng H, Jiang Y, Li Y, Zhang M. 3D printed cartridge for high-speed capillary electrophoresis with sheath liquid thermostatting and contactless conductivity detection. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1264:341235. [PMID: 37230716 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The high-speed capillary electrophoresis (HSCE) method is a technique that utilizes a high electric field strength applied through a short capillary to reduce the time required for sample separation. However, the increased electric field strength may result in pronounced Joule heating effects. To address this, we describe a 3D-printed cartridge with integrated contactless conductivity detection (C4D) head and a sheath liquid channel. The C4D electrodes and Faraday shield layers are fabricated by casting Wood's metal in chambers inside the cartridge. Effective thermostatting of the short capillary is achieved by flowing Fluorinert liquid, which provides better heat dissipation compared to airflow. A HSCE device is created by using the cartridge and a modified slotted-vial array sample-introduction approach. Analytes are introduced through electrokinetic injection. With the help of sheath liquid thermostatting, background electrolyte concentration can be increased to several hundred mM, resulting in improved sample stacking and peak resolutions. Additionally, the baseline signal is flattened. Typical cations such as NH4+, K+, Na+, Mg2+, Li+, and Ca2+ can be separated within 22 s with an applied field strength of 1200 V/cm. The limit of detection ranges from 2.5 to 4.6 μM with a relative standard deviation of migration times of 1.1-1.2% (n = 17). The method has been applied to detect cations in drinking water and black tea leaching for drink safety testing, and to identify explosive anions in paper swabs. Samples can be directly injected without the need for dilution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Wenshan Liang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China.
| | - Yiyu Jiang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Y, Zeng Z, Yang L, Zeng H, Li Y, Pu Q, Zhang M. Three-in-One Detector by 3D Printing: Simultaneous Contactless Conductivity, Ultraviolet Absorbance, and Laser-Induced Fluorescence Measurements for Capillary Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2146-2151. [PMID: 36642960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We describe a 3-in-1 detector for simultaneous contactless conductivity (C4D), ultraviolet absorbance (UV-AD), and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) measurements on a single detection point for capillary electrophoresis (CE). A key component of the detector was a rectangular detector head that was assembled with four 3D-printed parts. Two parts covering the detector head to function as a Faraday cage were fused deposition modeling printed using an electrically conductive material. The other two parts in between the conductive parts were stereolithography (SLA) printed with high-resolution (50 μm) constructions on the surface. After assembling the two SLA printed parts, several cavities were built with the surface constructions. Two electrodes and a Faraday shield for C4D were cast by injecting molten Wood's metal into the cavities. For UV-AD, a slit (100 μm width) was created by putting together two grooves (50 μm depth) on the surface of the SLA printed parts. A 255 nm UV-LED was used as the light source. The effective path length and stray light for a 50 μm id capillary were 39 μm and 13%, which were superior to those of other reported 3D-printed AD detectors. Confocal LIF detection was conducted by using an objective lens to focus the laser on the capillary via a through-hole. The detector was used to detect model analytes, including inorganic and organic ions, and fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled amino acids in a signal-run CE separation. In detecting fluorescein, LODs were 1.3 μM (C4D), 2.0 μM (UV-AD), and 1 nM (LIF). The calibration ranges covered from 0.01 μM to 500 μM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingchun Wang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Zihan Zeng
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Liye Yang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Qiaosheng Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| |
Collapse
|