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Wysor SK, Marcus RK. In-line coupling of capillary-channeled polymer fiber columns with optical absorbance and multi-angle light scattering detection for the isolation and characterization of exosomes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:3325-3333. [PMID: 38592443 PMCID: PMC11106132 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05283-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have garnered much interest due to their fundamental role in intracellular communication and their potential utility in clinical diagnostics and as biotherapeutic vectors. Of particular relevance is the subset of EVs referred to as exosomes, ranging in size from 30 to 150 nm, which contain incredible amounts of information about their cell of origin, which can be used to track the progress of disease. As a complementary action, exosomes can be engineered with therapeutic cargo to selectively target diseases. At present, the lack of highly efficient methods of isolation/purification of exosomes from diverse biofluids, plants, and cell cultures is a major bottleneck in the fundamental biochemistry, clinical analysis, and therapeutic applications. Equally impactful, the lack of effective in-line means of detection/characterization of isolate populations, including concentration and sizing, is limiting in the applications. The method presented here couples hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) performed on polyester capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fiber columns followed by in-line optical absorbance and multi-angle light scattering (MALS) detection for the isolation and characterization of EVs, in this case present in the supernatant of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cultures. Excellent correlation was observed between the determined particle concentrations for the two detection methods. C-CP fiber columns provide a low-cost platform (< $5 per column) for the isolation of exosomes in a 15-min workflow, with complementary absorbance and MALS detection providing very high-quality particle concentration and sizing information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Wysor
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634-0973, USA
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634-0973, USA.
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Zhu S, Hu J, Chen G, Fu W, Zhang J, Jia W. Urine-derived exosomes and their role in modulating uroepithelial cells to prevent hypospadias. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 132:111828. [PMID: 38552294 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Urethral hypospadias, a common congenital malformation in males, is closely linked with disruptions in uroepithelial cell (UEC) processes. Evidence exists reporting that urine-derived exosomes (Urine-Exos) enhance UEC proliferation and regeneration, suggesting a potential role in preventing hypospadias. However, the specific influence of Urine-Exos on urethral hypospadias and the molecular mechanisms involved are not fully understood. This study focuses on investigating the capability of Urine-Exos to mitigate urethral hypospadias and aims to uncover the underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS Bioinformatics analysis was performed to identify key gene targets in Urine-Exos potentially involved in hypospadias. Subsequent in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to validate the regulatory effects of Urine-Exos on hypospadias. RESULTS Bioinformatics screening revealed syndecan-1 (SDC1) as a potential pivotal gene for the prevention of hypospadias. In vitro experiments demonstrated that Urine-Exos enhanced the proliferation and migration of UECs by transferring SDC1 and inhibiting cell apoptosis. Notably, Urine-Exos upregulated β-catenin expression through SDC1 transfer, further promoting UEC proliferation and migration. These findings were confirmed in a congenital hypospadias rat model induced by di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). CONCLUSION This study reveals the therapeutic potential of Urine-Exos in hypospadias, mediated by the SDC1/β-catenin axis. Urine-Exos promote UEC proliferation and migration, thereby inhibiting the progression of hypospadias. These findings offer new insights and potential therapeutic targets for the management of congenital malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibo Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, PR China
| | - Jinhua Hu
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, PR China
| | - Guifang Chen
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, PR China
| | - Wen Fu
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, PR China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, PR China
| | - Wei Jia
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, PR China.
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Martínez-García J, Villa-Vázquez A, Fernández B, González-Iglesias H, Pereiro R. Exploring capabilities of elemental mass spectrometry for determination of metal and biomolecules in extracellular vesicles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:2595-2604. [PMID: 37999724 PMCID: PMC11009778 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-05056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly recognized as crucial components influencing various pathophysiological processes, such as cellular homeostasis, cancer progression, and neurological disease. However, the lack of standardized methods for EV isolation and classification, coupled with ambiguity in biochemical markers associated with EV subtypes, remains a major challenge. This Trends article highlights the most common approaches for EV isolation and characterization, along with recent applications of elemental mass spectrometry (MS) to analyse metals and biomolecules in EVs obtained from biofluids or in vitro cellular models. Considering the promising capabilities of elemental MS, the article also looks ahead to the potential analysis of EVs at the single-vesicle and single-cell levels using ICP-MS. These approaches may offer valuable insights into individual characteristics of EVs and their functions, contributing to a deeper understanding of their role in various biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Martínez-García
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julian Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alicia Villa-Vázquez
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julian Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Fernández
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julian Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Héctor González-Iglesias
- Dairy Research Institute of Asturias, Spanish National Research Council (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Rosario Pereiro
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julian Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
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Wysor SK, Marcus RK. Quantitative Recoveries of Exosomes and Monoclonal Antibodies from Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Cultures by Use of a Single, Integrated Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography Method. Anal Chem 2023; 95:17886-17893. [PMID: 37995145 PMCID: PMC11095952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Cultured cell lines are very commonly used for the mass production of therapeutic proteins, such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). In particular, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines are widely employed due to their high tolerance to variations in experimental conditions and their ability to grow in suspension or serum free media. CHO cell lines are known for their ability to produce high titers of biotherapeutic products such as immunoglobulin G (IgG). An emergent alternative means of treating diseases, such as cancer, is the use of gene therapies, wherein genetic cargo is "packaged" in nanosized vesicular structures, referred to as "vectors". One particularly attractive vector option is extracellular vesicles (EVs), of which exosomes are of greatest interest. While exosomes can be harvested from virtually any human body fluid, bovine milk, or even plants, their production in cell cultures is an attractive commercial approach. In fact, the same CHO cell types employed for mAb production also produce exosomes as a natural byproduct. Here, we describe a single integrated 2D liquid chromatography (2DLC) method for the quantitative recovery of both exosomes and antibodies from a singular sample aliquot. At the heart of the method is the use of polyester capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fibers as the first dimension column, wherein exosomes/EVs are captured from the supernatant sample and subsequently determined by multiangle light scattering (MALS), while the mAbs are captured, eluted, and quantified using a protein A-modified C-CP fiber column in the second dimension, all in a 10 min workflow. These efforts demonstrate the versatility of the C-CP fiber phases with the capacity to harvest both forms of therapeutics from a single bioreactor, suggesting an appreciable potential impact in the field of biotherapeutics production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Wysor
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0973, United States
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0973, United States
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Krebs F, Zagst H, Stein M, Ratih R, Minkner R, Olabi M, Hartung S, Scheller C, Lapizco-Encinas BH, Sänger-van de Griend C, García CD, Wätzig H. Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: Method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications-Updated and completely revised edition. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1279-1341. [PMID: 37537327 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
This review is in support of the development of selective, precise, fast, and validated capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods. It follows up a similar article from 1998, Wätzig H, Degenhardt M, Kunkel A. "Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications," pointing out which fundamentals are still valid and at the same time showing the enormous achievements in the last 25 years. The structures of both reviews are widely similar, in order to facilitate their simultaneous use. Focusing on pharmaceutical and biological applications, the successful use of CE is now demonstrated by more than 600 carefully selected references. Many of those are recent reviews; therefore, a significant overview about the field is provided. There are extra sections about sample pretreatment related to CE and microchip CE, and a completely revised section about method development for protein analytes and biomolecules in general. The general strategies for method development are summed up with regard to selectivity, efficiency, precision, analysis time, limit of detection, sample pretreatment requirements, and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finja Krebs
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Holger Zagst
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Matthias Stein
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Ratih Ratih
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Surabaya, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Robert Minkner
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Mais Olabi
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Sophie Hartung
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Christin Scheller
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Blanca H Lapizco-Encinas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kate Gleason College of Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Cari Sänger-van de Griend
- Kantisto BV, Baarn, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carlos D García
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Hermann Wätzig
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
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Determination of the Loading Capacity and Recovery of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Human Embryonic Kidney Cells and Urine Matrices on Capillary-Channeled Polymer (C-CP) Fiber Columns. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9090251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are 50–1000 nm membranous vesicles secreted from all cells that play important roles in many biological processes. Exosomes, a smaller-sized subset of EVs, have become of increasing interest in fundamental biochemistry and clinical fields due to their rich biological cargos and their roles in processes such as cell-signaling, maintaining homeostasis, and regulating cellular functions. To be implemented effectively in fundamental biochemistry and clinical diagnostics fields of study, and for their proposed use as vectors in gene therapies, there is a need for new methods for the isolation of large concentrations of high-purity exosomes from complex matrices in a timely manner. To address current limitations regarding recovery and purity, described here is a frontal throughput and recovery analysis of exosomes derived from human embryonic kidney (HEK) cell cultures and human urine specimens using capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fiber stationary phases via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Using the C-CP fiber HPLC method for EV isolations, the challenge of recovering purified EVs from small sample volumes imparted by the traditional techniques was overcome while introducing significant benefits in processing, affordability (~5 $ per column), loading (~1012 particles), and recovery (1011–1012 particles) from whole specimens without further processing requirements.
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