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Gaudin LF, Wright IR, Harris-Lee TR, Jayamaha G, Kang M, Bentley CL. Five years of scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM): new insights and innovations. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:12345-12367. [PMID: 38874335 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00859f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) is a nanopipette-based technique which enables measurement of localised electrochemistry. SECCM has found use in a wide range of electrochemical applications, and due to the wider uptake of this technique in recent years, new applications and techniques have been developed. This minireview has collected all SECCM research articles published in the last 5 years, to demonstrate and celebrate the recent advances, and to make it easier for SECCM researchers to remain well-informed. The wide range of SECCM applications is demonstrated, which are categorised here into electrocatalysis, electroanalysis, photoelectrochemistry, biological materials, energy storage materials, corrosion, electrosynthesis, and instrumental development. In the collection of this library of SECCM studies, a few key trends emerge. (1) The range of materials and processes explored with SECCM has grown, with new applications emerging constantly. (2) The instrumental capabilities of SECCM have grown, with creative techniques being developed from research groups worldwide. (3) The SECCM research community has grown significantly, with adoption of the SECCM technique becoming more prominent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan F Gaudin
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia.
| | - India R Wright
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia.
| | - Thom R Harris-Lee
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, UK
| | - Gunani Jayamaha
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050 NSW, Australia
| | - Minkyung Kang
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050 NSW, Australia
| | - Cameron L Bentley
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800 VIC, Australia.
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Santana Santos C, Romio M, Surace Y, Eshraghi N, Amores M, Mautner A, Groher C, Jahn M, Ventosa E, Schuhmann W. Unveiling the electronic properties of native solid electrolyte interphase layers on Mg metal electrodes using local electrochemistry. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9923-9932. [PMID: 37736636 PMCID: PMC10510847 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02840b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnesium-ion batteries (MIBs) are of considerable interest as environmentally more sustainable, cheaper, and safer alternatives to Li-ion systems. However, spontaneous electrolyte decomposition occurs due to the low standard reduction potential of Mg, leading to the deposition of layers known as native solid electrolyte interphases (n-SEIs). These layers may inhibit the charge transfer (electrons and ions) and, therefore, reduce the specific power and cycle life of MIBs. We propose scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) as a microelectrochemical tool to locally quantify the electronic properties of n-SEIs for MIBs. These interphases are spontaneously formed upon contact of Mg metal disks with organoaluminate, organoborate, or bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI)-based electrolyte solutions. Our results unveil increased local electronic and global ionic insulating properties of the n-SEI formed when using TFSI-based electrolytes, whereas a low electronically protecting character is observed with the organoaluminate solution, and the organoborate solution being in between them. Moreover, ex situ morphological and chemical characterization was performed on the Mg samples to support the results obtained by the SECM measurements. Differences in the electronic and ionic conductivities of n-SEIs perfectly correlate with their chemical compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Santana Santos
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Martina Romio
- Battery Technologies, Centre for Low-Emission Transport, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH Giefinggasse 2 1210 Vienna Austria
| | - Yuri Surace
- Battery Technologies, Centre for Low-Emission Transport, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH Giefinggasse 2 1210 Vienna Austria
| | - Nicolas Eshraghi
- Corporate Research and Development, Umicore Watertorenstraat 33, BE-2250 Olen Belgium
| | - Marco Amores
- Battery Technologies, Centre for Low-Emission Transport, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH Giefinggasse 2 1210 Vienna Austria
| | - Andreas Mautner
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Universität Wien Währinger Straße 42 1090 Vienna Austria
- Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, Department IFA, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau Austria
| | - Christiane Groher
- Battery Technologies, Centre for Low-Emission Transport, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH Giefinggasse 2 1210 Vienna Austria
| | - Marcus Jahn
- Battery Technologies, Centre for Low-Emission Transport, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH Giefinggasse 2 1210 Vienna Austria
| | - Edgar Ventosa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Burgos Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n 09001 Burgos Spain
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
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Karg A, Gödrich S, Dennstedt P, Helfricht N, Retsch M, Papastavrou G. An Integrated, Exchangeable Three-Electrode Electrochemical Setup for AFM-Based Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23115228. [PMID: 37299955 DOI: 10.3390/s23115228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is a versatile scanning probe technique that allows monitoring of a plethora of electrochemical reactions on a highly resolved local scale. SECM in combination with atomic force microscopy (AFM) is particularly well suited to acquire electrochemical data correlated to sample topography, elasticity, and adhesion, respectively. The resolution achievable in SECM depends critically on the properties of the probe acting as an electrochemical sensor, i.e., the working electrode, which is scanned over the sample. Hence, the development of SECM probes received much attention in recent years. However, for the operation and performance of SECM, the fluid cell and the three-electrode setup are also of paramount importance. These two aspects received much less attention so far. Here, we present a novel approach to the universal implementation of a three-electrode setup for SECM in practically any fluid cell. The integration of all three electrodes (working, counter, and reference) near the cantilever provides many advantages, such as the usage of conventional AFM fluid cells also for SECM or enables the measurement in liquid drops. Moreover, the other electrodes become easily exchangeable as they are combined with the cantilever substrate. Thereby, the handling is improved significantly. We demonstrated that high-resolution SECM, i.e., resolving features smaller than 250 nm in the electrochemical signal, could be achieved with the new setup and that the electrochemical performance was equivalent to the one obtained with macroscopic electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Karg
- Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Institute for Battery Technology, University of Bayreuth, 95448 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gödrich
- Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Philipp Dennstedt
- Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Institute for Battery Technology, University of Bayreuth, 95448 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Nicolas Helfricht
- Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Markus Retsch
- Bavarian Institute for Battery Technology, University of Bayreuth, 95448 Bayreuth, Germany
- Physical Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Georg Papastavrou
- Physical Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Institute for Battery Technology, University of Bayreuth, 95448 Bayreuth, Germany
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Santana Santos C, Jaato BN, Sanjuán I, Schuhmann W, Andronescu C. Operando Scanning Electrochemical Probe Microscopy during Electrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2023; 123:4972-5019. [PMID: 36972701 PMCID: PMC10168669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical probe microscopy (SEPM) techniques can disclose the local electrochemical reactivity of interfaces in single-entity and sub-entity studies. Operando SEPM measurements consist of using a SEPM tip to investigate the performance of electrocatalysts, while the reactivity of the interface is simultaneously modulated. This powerful combination can correlate electrochemical activity with changes in surface properties, e.g., topography and structure, as well as provide insight into reaction mechanisms. The focus of this review is to reveal the recent progress in local SEPM measurements of the catalytic activity of a surface toward the reduction and evolution of O2 and H2 and electrochemical conversion of CO2. The capabilities of SEPMs are showcased, and the possibility of coupling other techniques to SEPMs is presented. Emphasis is given to scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM), electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM), and scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Santana Santos
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Bright Nsolebna Jaato
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Ignacio Sanjuán
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Corina Andronescu
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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Daboss S, Philipp T, Palanisamy K, Flowers J, Stein H, Kranz C. Characterization of the Solid/Electrolyte Interphase at Hard Carbon Anodes via Scanning (Electrochemical) Probe Microscopy. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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