1
|
Li Y, Chen L, Li J, Zhao B, Jing T, Wang R. Computational explorations of the interaction between laccase and bisphenol A: influence of surfactant and different organic solvents. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 34:963-981. [PMID: 38009185 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2023.2280584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), as an environmental endocrine disruptor can cause damage to the reproductive, nervous and immune systems. Laccase can be used to degrade BPA. However, laccase is easily deactivated, especially in organic solvents, but the specific details are not clear. Molecular dynamics simulations were used to investigate the reasons for changes in laccase activity in acetonitrile (ACN) and dimethyl formamide (DMF) solutions. In addition, the effects of ACN and DMF on the activity of laccase and surfactant rhamnolipid (RL) on the degradation of BPA by laccase were investigated. Results showed that addition of ACN changed the structure of the laccase, not only decreasing the van der Waals interaction that promoted the binding of laccase with BPA, but also increasing the polar solvation free energy that hindered the binding of laccase with BPA, so it weakened the laccase activity. DMF greatly enhanced the van der Waals interaction between laccase and BPA, and played a positive role in their binding. The addition of surfactant RL alleviated the effect of organic solvent on the activity of laccase by changing the polar solvation energy. The mechanism of surfactant RL affecting laccase activity in ACN and DMF is described, providing support for understanding the effect of organic solvents on laccase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, P. R. China
| | - L Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, P. R. China
| | - J Li
- Transportation Class in the first operation area of the Fourth Oil Production Plant of Daqing Oilfield of CNPC, Daqing, P. R. China
| | - B Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, P. R. China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface Active Agent and Auxiliary, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, P. R. China
| | - T Jing
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, P. R. China
| | - R Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
da Rocha AB, de Aquino Saraiva R, de Siqueira VM, Yogui GT, de Souza Bezerra R, de Assis CRD, Sousa MSB, de Souza Buarque D. Shrimp laccase degrades polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from an oil spill disaster in Brazil: A tool for marine environmental bioremediation. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 194:115445. [PMID: 37639916 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Our work aims to purify, characterize and evaluate a laccase from by-products of the shrimp farming industry (Litopenaeus vannamei) for the degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) from 2019 oil spill in Brazilian coast. The enzyme was purified by affinity chromatography and characterized as thermostable, with activity above 90 °C and at alkaline pH. In addition, the laccase was also tolerant to copper, lead, cadmium, zinc, arsenic, hexane and methanol, with significant enzymatic activation in acetone and 10 mM mercury. Concerning PAHs' degradation, the enzyme degraded 42.40 % of the total compounds, degrading >50 % of fluorene, C4-naphthalenes, C3-naphthalenes, C2-naphthalenes, anthracene, acenaphthene, 1-methylnaphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene. Thus, this laccase demonstrated important characteristics for bioremediation of marine environments contaminated by crude oil spills, representing a viable and ecological alternative for these purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Barbosa da Rocha
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada, Pernambuco, Fazenda Saco, s/n, Serra Talhada, PE 55608-680, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, UFRPE/UAST, 55608-680, Brazil
| | - Rogério de Aquino Saraiva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, UFRPE/UAST, 55608-680, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Cariri, Campus Brejo Santo, Brejo Santo, Ceará 63048-080, Brazil
| | - Virgínia Medeiros de Siqueira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, UFRPE/UAST, 55608-680, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco 52171-900, Brazil.
| | - Gilvan Takeshi Yogui
- Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco 50740-550, Brazil.
| | - Ranilson de Souza Bezerra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco 50670-901, Brazil
| | | | | | - Diego de Souza Buarque
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada, Pernambuco, Fazenda Saco, s/n, Serra Talhada, PE 55608-680, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação, UFRPE/UAST, 55608-680, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lei L, Zhao L, Hou Y, Yue C, Liu P, Zheng Y, Peng W, Yang J. An Inferred Ancestral CotA Laccase with Improved Expression and Kinetic Efficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10901. [PMID: 37446078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Laccases are widely used in industrial production due to their broad substrate availability and environmentally friendly nature. However, the pursuit of laccases with superior stability and increased heterogeneous expression to meet industry demands appears to be an ongoing challenge. To address this challenge, we resurrected five ancestral sequences of laccase BsCotA and their homologues. All five variants were successfully expressed in soluble and functional forms with improved expression levels in Escherichia coli. Among the five variants, three exhibited higher catalytic rates, thermal stabilities, and acidic stabilities. Notably, AncCotA2, the best-performing variant, displayed a kcat/KM of 7.5 × 105 M-1·s-1, 5.2-fold higher than that of the wild-type BsCotA, an improved thermo- and acidic stability, and better dye decolorization ability. This study provides a laccase variant with high application potential and presents a new starting point for future enzyme engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lei
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Lijun Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yiqia Hou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Chen Yue
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Pulin Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yanli Zheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Wenfang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jiangke Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zheng N, Gao L, Long M, Zhang Z, Zhu C, Lv X, Zhou Q, Xia X. Isothermal Compressibility Perturbation as a Protein Design Principle for T1 Lipase Stability-Activity Trade-Off Counteracting. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:6681-6690. [PMID: 37083407 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Given the widely existing stability-activity trade-off in enzyme evolution, it is still a goal to obtain enzymes embracing both high activity and stability. Herein, we employed an isothermal compressibility (βT) perturbation engineering (ICPE) strategy to comprehensively understand the stability-activity seesaw-like mechanism. The stability and activity of mutants derived from ICPE uncovered a high Pearson correlation (r = 0.93) in a prototypical enzyme T1 lipase. The best variant A186L/L188M/A190Y exhibited a high Tm value up to 78.70 °C, catalytic activity of 474.04 U/mg, and a 73.33% increase in dimethyl sulfoxide resistance compared to the wild type, one of the highest comprehensive performances reported to date. The elastic activation mechanism mediated by conformational change with a ΔβT range of -6.81 × 10-6 to -1.90 × 10-6 bar-1 may account for the balancing of stability and activity to achieve better performing enzymes. The ICPE strategy deepens our understanding of stability-activity trade-off and boosts its applications in enzyme engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Mengfei Long
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zehua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Cailin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xiang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Qingtong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaole Xia
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Qiao J, Sheng Y, Wang M, Li A, Li X, Huang H. Evolving Robust and Interpretable Enzymes for the Bioethanol Industry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300320. [PMID: 36701239 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Obtaining a robust and applicable enzyme for bioethanol production is a dream for biorefinery engineers. Herein, we describe a general method to evolve an all-round and interpretable enzyme that can be directly employed in the bioethanol industry. By integrating the transferable protein evolution strategy InSiReP 2.0 (In Silico guided Recombination Process), enzymatic characterization for actual production, and computational molecular understanding, the model cellulase PvCel5A (endoglucanase II Cel5A from Penicillium verruculosum) was successfully evolved to overcome the remaining challenges of low ethanol and temperature tolerance, which primarily limited biomass transformation and bioethanol yield. Remarkably, application of the PvCel5A variants in both first- and second-generation bioethanol production processes (i. Conventional corn ethanol fermentation combined with the in situ pretreatment process; ii. cellulosic ethanol fermentation process) resulted in a 5.7-10.1 % increase in the ethanol yield, which was unlikely to be achieved by other optimization techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qiao
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing, 210097, China
| | - Yijie Sheng
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing, 210097, China
| | - Minghui Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing, 210097, China
| | - Anni Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing, 210097, China
| | - Xiujuan Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing, 210097, China
| | - He Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, No. 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing, 210097, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ó'Fágáin C. Protein Stability: Enhancement and Measurement. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2699:369-419. [PMID: 37647007 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3362-5_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
This chapter defines protein stability, emphasizes its importance, and surveys the field of protein stabilization, with summary reference to a selection of 2014-2021 publications. One can enhance stability, particularly by protein engineering strategies but also by chemical modification and by other means. General protocols are set out on how to measure a given protein's (i) kinetic thermal stability and (ii) oxidative stability and (iii) how to undertake chemical modification of a protein in solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ciarán Ó'Fágáin
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yadav N, Venkatesu P. Current understanding and insights towards protein stabilization and activation in deep eutectic solvents as sustainable solvent media. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:13474-13509. [PMID: 35640592 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00084a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as a new class of green, designer and biocompatible solvents, an alternative to conventional organic solvents and ionic liquids (ILs) which are comparatively toxic and non-biodegradable. DESs are eutectic mixtures that are formed when a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) is mixed with a hydrogen bond donor (HBD) at particular molar ratios by mechanical grinding or under mild heating conditions. Very recently, these solvents have been the center of attention for researchers in biotechnology, biomedicine and various scientific applications. These environmentally benign solvents have a close analogy with ILs; however, they offer certain unique merits over traditional ILs. DESs display remarkable properties such as easy preparation, tunable composition, biodegradability, recyclability, inherently low toxicity, sustainability and biocompatibility; these special features validate DESs as new potential solvents/co-solvents for biomolecules. Mechanistically, the biocompatibility and protein friendly nature of DESs depend on various factors, which include the composition of the DES, viscosity and hydration level. Therefore, it becomes an essential task to bring together all the studies related to protein behaviour in DESs to unlock their biomolecular proficiency. This review specifically highlights recent insights into the biomacromolecular functionality in DESs, including outlines of the solubilization and stabilization of proteins, long term protein packaging, different extraction methods and enzyme activation in the presence of DESs. A literature survey reveals that DESs act as green media in which the protein structure and activity are retained. In some cases, proteins refolded and enzymatic activity was enhanced several fold in the presence of DESs. Furthermore, we have reviewed the possible mechanistic behaviour behind protein stabilization, refolding and activation in DESs. Overall, the main objective of this review is to explicate the advantages of the introduction of DESs for biomolecules and to demonstrate the versatility of these eco-friendly solvents for future bio-based applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niketa Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110 007, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hallaji Z, Bagheri Z, Oroujlo M, Nemati M, Tavassoli Z, Ranjbar B. An insight into the potentials of carbon dots for in vitro live-cell imaging: recent progress, challenges, and prospects. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:190. [PMID: 35419708 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05259-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are a strong alternative to conventional fluorescent probes for cell imaging due to their brightness, photostability, tunable fluorescence emission, low toxicity, inexpensive preparation, and chemical diversity. Improving the targeting efficiency by modulation of the surface functional groups and understanding the mechanisms of targeted imaging are the most challenging issues in cell imaging by CDs. Firstly, we briefly discuss important features of fluorescent CDs for live-cell imaging application in this review. Then, the newest modulated CDs for targeted live-cell imaging of whole-cell, cell organelles, pH, ions, small molecules, and proteins are elaborately discussed, and their challenges in these fields are explained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Hallaji
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, 14117-13116, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Bagheri
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, 1983963113, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Oroujlo
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, 1983963113, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Nemati
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, 1983963113, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Tavassoli
- Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bijan Ranjbar
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, 14117-13116, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, 14117-13116, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Radhakrishnan R, Manna B, Ghosh A. Solvent induced conformational changes for the altered activity of laccase: A molecular dynamics study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127123. [PMID: 34530268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The growing demands of solvent-based industries like paint, pharmaceutical, petrochemical, paper and pulp, etc., have directly increased the release of effluents that are rich in hazardous aromatic compounds in the environment. A sustainable biotechnological approach utilizing laccases as biocatalyst enable in biodegradation of these aromatic toxin-rich effluents. However, this enzymatic process is ineffective as laccases lose their stability and catalytic activity at high organic solvent concentrations. In this study, molecular dynamic simulations of a novel solvent tolerant laccase, DLac from Cerrena sp. RSD1 was performed to explore the molecular-level understanding of DLac in 30%(v/v) acetone and acetonitrile. Solvent-induced conformational changes were analyzed via protein structure network, which was illustrated with respect to cliques and communities. In the presence of acetonitrile, the cliques around the active site and substrate-binding site were disjoined, thus the communities lost their network integrity. Whereas with acetone, the community near the substrate-binding site gained new residues and formed a rigidified network that corresponded to enhanced DLac's activity. Moreover, prominent solvent binding sites were speculated, which can be probable mutation targets to further improve solvent tolerance and catalytic activity. The molecular basis behind solvent induced catalytic activity will further aid in engineering laccase for its industrial application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rokesh Radhakrishnan
- P.K. Sinha Centre for Bioenergy and Renewables, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Bharat Manna
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Amit Ghosh
- P.K. Sinha Centre for Bioenergy and Renewables, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India; School of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
El Harrar T, Davari MD, Jaeger KE, Schwaneberg U, Gohlke H. Critical assessment of structure-based approaches to improve protein resistance in aqueous ionic liquids by enzyme-wide saturation mutagenesis. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:399-409. [PMID: 35070165 PMCID: PMC8752993 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids (IL) and aqueous ionic liquids (aIL) are attractive (co-)solvents for green industrial processes involving biocatalysts, but often reduce enzyme activity. Experimental and computational methods are applied to predict favorable substitution sites and, most often, subsequent site-directed surface charge modifications are introduced to enhance enzyme resistance towards aIL. However, almost no studies evaluate the prediction precision with random mutagenesis or the application of simple data-driven filtering processes. Here, we systematically and rigorously evaluated the performance of 22 previously described structure-based approaches to increase enzyme resistance to aIL based on an experimental complete site-saturation mutagenesis library of Bacillus subtilis Lipase A (BsLipA) screened against four aIL. We show that, surprisingly, most of the approaches yield low gain-in-precision (GiP) values, particularly for predicting relevant positions: 14 approaches perform worse than random mutagenesis. Encouragingly, exploiting experimental information on the thermostability of BsLipA or structural weak spots of BsLipA predicted by rigidity theory yields GiP = 3.03 and 2.39 for relevant variants and GiP = 1.61 and 1.41 for relevant positions. Combining five simple-to-compute physicochemical and evolutionary properties substantially increases the precision of predicting relevant variants and positions, yielding GiP = 3.35 and 1.29. Finally, combining these properties with predictions of structural weak spots identified by rigidity theory additionally improves GiP for relevant variants up to 4-fold to ∼10 and sustains or increases GiP for relevant positions, resulting in a prediction precision of ∼90% compared to ∼9% in random mutagenesis. This combination should be applicable to other enzyme systems for guiding protein engineering approaches towards improved aIL resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Till El Harrar
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- John-von-Neumann-Institute for Computing (NIC), Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), and Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-4: Bioinformatics), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Mehdi D. Davari
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Holger Gohlke
- John-von-Neumann-Institute for Computing (NIC), Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), and Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-4: Bioinformatics), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Corresponding author at: John-von-Neumann-Institute for Computing (NIC), Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), and Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-4: Bioinformatics), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52428 Jülich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Giménez P, Anguela S, Just-Borras A, Pons-Mercadé P, Vignault A, Canals JM, Teissedre PL, Zamora F. Development of a synthetic model to study browning caused by laccase activity from Botrytis cinerea. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
12
|
Cheng F, Li MY, Wei DJ, Zhang XJ, Jia DX, Liu ZQ, Zheng YG. Enabling biocatalysis in high-concentration organic cosolvent by enzyme gate engineering. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 119:845-856. [PMID: 34928500 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis in high-concentration organic solvents (OSs) offers many advantages, but realizing this process remains a huge challenge. An R-selective ω-amine transaminase variant (AcATAM2 ) exhibited high activity toward 50 g/L pro-sitagliptin ketone 1-[1-piperidinyl]-4-[2,4,5-trifluorophenyl]-1,3-butanedione (PTfpB). However, AcATAM2 displayed unsatisfactory organic-cosolvent resistance against high-concentration dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), which is required to enhance the solubility of the hydrophobic substrate PTfpB. Located in the substrate-binding tunnel, enzyme gates are structural elements that undergo reversible conformational transitions, thus affecting the accessibility of the binding pocket to solvent molecules. Depending on the conformation of the enzyme gates, one can define an open or closed conformation on which the enzyme activity in OSs may depend. To enhance the DMSO resistance of AcATAM2 , we identified the beneficial residues at the "enzyme gate" region via computational analysis, alanine scanning, and site-saturation mutagenesis. Two beneficial variants, namely, AcATAM2 F56D and AcATAM2 F56V , not only displayed improved enzyme activity but also exhibited enhanced DMSO resistance (the half-life value increased from 25.71 to 42.49 h under 60% DMSO). Molecular dynamic simulations revealed that the increase in DMSO resistance was mainly caused by the decrease in the number of DMSO molecules in the substrate-binding pocket. Moreover, in the kilogram-scale experiment, the conversion of 80 g/L substrate was increased from 50% (AcATAM2 ) to 85% (M2F56D in 40% DMSO) with a high e.e. of >99% within 24 h.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming-You Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dian-Ju Wei
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Xu Jia
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cui H, Eltoukhy L, Zhang L, Markel U, Jaeger K, Davari MD, Schwaneberg U. Less Unfavorable Salt Bridges on the Enzyme Surface Result in More Organic Cosolvent Resistance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11448-11456. [PMID: 33687787 PMCID: PMC8252522 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis for the synthesis of fine chemicals is highly attractive but usually requires organic (co-)solvents (OSs). However, native enzymes often have low activity and resistance in OSs and at elevated temperatures. Herein, we report a smart salt bridge design strategy for simultaneously improving OS resistance and thermostability of the model enzyme, Bacillus subtilits Lipase A (BSLA). We combined comprehensive experimental studies of 3450 BSLA variants and molecular dynamics simulations of 36 systems. Iterative recombination of four beneficial substitutions yielded superior resistant variants with up to 7.6-fold (D64K/D144K) improved resistance toward three OSs while exhibiting significant thermostability (thermal resistance up to 137-fold, and half-life up to 3.3-fold). Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that locally refined flexibility and strengthened hydration jointly govern the highly increased resistance in OSs and at 50-100 °C. The salt bridge redesign provides protein engineers with a powerful and likely general approach to design OSs- and/or thermal-resistant lipases and other α/β-hydrolases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Cui
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 352074AachenGermany
- DWI Leibniz-Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstrasse 5052074AachenGermany
| | - Lobna Eltoukhy
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 352074AachenGermany
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 352074AachenGermany
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesWest 7th Avenue 32, Tianjin Airport Economic Area300308TianjinChina
| | - Ulrich Markel
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 352074AachenGermany
| | - Karl‐Erich Jaeger
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme TechnologyHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfWilhelm Johnen Strasse52426JülichGermany
- Institute of Bio-and Geosciences IBG 1: BiotechnologyForschungszentrum Jülich GmbHWilhelm Johnen Strasse52426JülichGermany
| | - Mehdi D. Davari
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 352074AachenGermany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 352074AachenGermany
- DWI Leibniz-Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstrasse 5052074AachenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cui H, Eltoukhy L, Zhang L, Markel U, Jaeger K, Davari MD, Schwaneberg U. Less Unfavorable Salt Bridges on the Enzyme Surface Result in More Organic Cosolvent Resistance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Cui
- Institute of Biotechnology RWTH Aachen University Worringer Weg 3 52074 Aachen Germany
- DWI Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstrasse 50 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Lobna Eltoukhy
- Institute of Biotechnology RWTH Aachen University Worringer Weg 3 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology RWTH Aachen University Worringer Weg 3 52074 Aachen Germany
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology Chinese Academy of Sciences West 7th Avenue 32, Tianjin Airport Economic Area 300308 Tianjin China
| | - Ulrich Markel
- Institute of Biotechnology RWTH Aachen University Worringer Weg 3 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Karl‐Erich Jaeger
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Wilhelm Johnen Strasse 52426 Jülich Germany
- Institute of Bio-and Geosciences IBG 1: Biotechnology Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Wilhelm Johnen Strasse 52426 Jülich Germany
| | - Mehdi D. Davari
- Institute of Biotechnology RWTH Aachen University Worringer Weg 3 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology RWTH Aachen University Worringer Weg 3 52074 Aachen Germany
- DWI Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstrasse 50 52074 Aachen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cui H, Jaeger KE, Davari MD, Schwaneberg U. CompassR Yields Highly Organic-Solvent-Tolerant Enzymes through Recombination of Compatible Substitutions. Chemistry 2021; 27:2789-2797. [PMID: 33186477 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The CompassR (computer-assisted recombination) rule enables, among beneficial substitutions, the identification of those that can be recombined in directed evolution. Herein, a recombination strategy is systematically investigated to minimize experimental efforts and maximize possible improvements. In total, 15 beneficial substitutions from Bacillus subtilis lipase A (BSLA), which improves resistance to the organic cosolvent 1,4-dioxane (DOX), were studied to compare two recombination strategies, the two-gene recombination process (2GenReP) and the in silico guided recombination process (InSiReP), employing CompassR. Remarkably, both strategies yielded a highly DOX-resistant variant, M4 (I12R/Y49R/E65H/N98R/K122E/L124K), with up to 14.6-fold improvement after screening of about 270 clones. M4 has a remarkably enhanced resistance in 60 % (v/v) acetone (6.0-fold), 30 % (v/v) ethanol (2.1-fold), and 60 % (v/v) methanol (2.4-fold) compared with wild-type BSLA. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that attracting water molecules by charged surface substitutions is the main driver for increasing the DOX resistance of BSLA M4. Both strategies and obtained molecular knowledge can likely be used to improve the properties of other enzymes with a similar α/β-hydrolase fold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Cui
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Wilhelm Johnen Strasse, 52426, Jülich, Germany.,Institute of Bio-and Geosciences IBG 1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm Johnen Strasse, 52426, Jülich, Germany
| | - Mehdi D Davari
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,DWI Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cui H, Zhang L, Eltoukhy L, Jiang Q, Korkunç SK, Jaeger KE, Schwaneberg U, Davari MD. Enzyme Hydration Determines Resistance in Organic Cosolvents. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Cui
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Lobna Eltoukhy
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Qianjia Jiang
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Seval Kübra Korkunç
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Wilhelm Johnen Strasse, Jülich 52426, Germany
- Institute of Bio-and Geosciences IBG 1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm Johnen Strasse, Jülich 52426, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, Aachen 52074, Germany
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstrasse 50, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Mehdi D. Davari
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, Aachen 52074, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chettri D, Verma AK, Verma AK. Innovations in CAZyme gene diversity and its modification for biorefinery applications. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 28:e00525. [PMID: 32963975 PMCID: PMC7490808 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
For sustainable growth, concept of biorefineries as recourse to the "fossil derived" energy source is important. Here, the Carbohydrate Active enZymes (CAZymes) play decisive role in generation of biofuels and related sugar-based products utilizing lignocellulose as a carbon source. Given their industrial significance, extensive studies on the evolution of CAZymes have been carried out. Various bacterial and fungal organisms have been scrutinized for the development of CAZymes, where advance techniques for strain enhancement such as CRISPR and analysis of specific expression systems have been deployed. Specific Omic-based techniques along with protein engineering have been adopted to unearth novel CAZymes and improve applicability of existing enzymes. In-Silico computational research and functional annotation of new CAZymes to synergy experiments are being carried out to devise cocktails of enzymes for use in biorefineries. Thus, with the establishment of these technologies, increased diversity of CAZymes with broad span of functions and applications is seen.
Collapse
|
18
|
Arora PK. Bacilli-Mediated Degradation of Xenobiotic Compounds and Heavy Metals. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:570307. [PMID: 33163478 PMCID: PMC7581956 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.570307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenobiotic compounds are man-made compounds and widely used in dyes, drugs, pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, explosives, and other industrial chemicals. These compounds have been released into our soil and water due to anthropogenic activities and improper waste disposal practices and cause serious damage to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems due to their toxic nature. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has listed several toxic substances as priority pollutants. Bacterial remediation is identified as an emerging technique to remove these substances from the environment. Many bacterial genera are actively involved in the degradation of toxic substances. Among the bacterial genera, the members of the genus Bacillus have a great potential to degrade or transform various toxic substances. Many Bacilli have been isolated and characterized by their ability to degrade or transform a wide range of compounds including both naturally occurring substances and xenobiotic compounds. This review describes the biodegradation potentials of Bacilli toward various toxic substances, including 4-chloro-2-nitrophenol, insecticides, pesticides, herbicides, explosives, drugs, polycyclic aromatic compounds, heavy metals, azo dyes, and aromatic acids. Besides, the advanced technologies used for bioremediation of environmental pollutants using Bacilli are also briefly described. This review will increase our understanding of Bacilli-mediated degradation of xenobiotic compounds and heavy metals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar Arora
- Department of Microbiology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Guan L, Gao Y, Li J, Wang K, Zhang Z, Yan S, Ji N, Zhou Y, Lu S. Directed Evolution of Pseudomonas fluorescens Lipase Variants With Improved Thermostability Using Error-Prone PCR. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:1034. [PMID: 32984290 PMCID: PMC7492553 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.01034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipases catalyze the hydrolysis of fats and oils, and have been widely used in various industrial fields. However, bacterial lipases have a lower thermostability in industrial processes, which was a limiting factor in their industrial application. In this study, we obtained an improve variant of Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase (PFL) with enhanced thermostability using classical error-prone PCR. Wild-type PFL showed an optimal temperature and pH of 50°C and pH 7.5, respectively. Due to the low thermostability of PFL, a library containing over 3000 individual mutants as constructed using error-prone PCR. Screening for thermotolerance yielded the mutants L218P and P184C/M243C with Tm values of 62.5 and 66.0°C, which was 2.5 and 6°C higher than that of the WT, respectively. The combination of the two mutants (P184C/M243C/L218P) resulted in an approximately additive effect with a Tm value of 68.0°C. Although the increase of Tm was not substantial, the mutant also had dramatically increased methanol tolerance. Structural analysis revealed that the introduction of a disulfide bond between P184C and M243C and the substitution of Pro to reduce the flexibility of a loop increased the thermostability of PFL, which provides a theoretical foundation for improving the thermostability and methanol tolerance of lipase family I.1 to resist the harsh conditions of industrial processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Guan
- Institute of Food Processing, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Institute of Food Processing, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jialei Li
- Institute of Food Processing, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Kunlun Wang
- Institute of Food Processing, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Institute of Food Processing, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Song Yan
- Institute of Food Processing, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Nina Ji
- Institute of Food Processing, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ye Zhou
- Institute of Food Processing, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shuwen Lu
- Institute of Food Processing, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ali M, Ishqi HM, Husain Q. Enzyme engineering: Reshaping the biocatalytic functions. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:1877-1894. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Misha Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life SciencesAligarh Muslim University Aligarh Uttar Pradesh India
| | | | - Qayyum Husain
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life SciencesAligarh Muslim University Aligarh Uttar Pradesh India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yang X, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Yang E, Qu Y, Xu H, Chen Y, Irbis C, Yan J. A Thermo-Active Laccase Isoenzyme From Trametes trogii and Its Potential for Dye Decolorization at High Temperature. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:241. [PMID: 32140151 PMCID: PMC7042201 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A thermo-activation and thermostable laccase isoenzyme (Lac 37 II) produced by Trametes trogii S0301 at 37°C was purified to apparent homogeneity by anionic exchange chromatography and sephadex G-75 chromatography, with 12.3% of yeiled and a specific activity of 343.1 U mg-1. The molecular weight of the purified Lac 37 II was estimated to be approximately 56 kDa in 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The optimal pH and temperature for the protein was 2.7 and 60°C, respectively. The purified Lac 37 II showed higher resistance to all tested metal ions and organic solvents except for Fe2+ and Cd2+ at 37°C and the activity of the purified Lac 37 was significantly enhanced by Cu2+ at 50 mM. The K cat , K m , and K cat /K m of Lac 37 II were 2.977 s-1, 16.1 μM, and 184.9 s-1 μM-1, respecively, in the condition of pH 2.7 and 60°C using ABTS as a substrate. Peptide-mass fingerprinting analysis showed that the Lac 37 II matched to the gene-deduced sequences of lcc3 in T. trogii BAFC 463, other than Lcc1, Lcc 2, and Lcc 4. Compared with laccase prepared at 28°C, the onset of thermo-activation of Lac 37 II activity occurred at 30°C with an increase of 10%, and reached its maximum at the temperatures range of 40-60°C with an increase of about 40% of their original activity. Furthermore, Lac 37 II showed the efficient decolorization ability toward triphenylmethane dyes at 60°C, with decolorization rates of 100 and 99.1% for 25 mg L-1 malachite and crystal violet in 5 h, respectively, when hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT) was used as a mediator. In conclusion, it is the first time to report a thermo-activation laccase from a thermophilic T. trogii strain, which has a better enzyme property and higher decolorization ability among fungal laccases, and it also has a further application prospective in the field of biotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xulei Yang
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - En Yang
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yuan Qu
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Huini Xu
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yuhui Chen
- College of Life Science, Southwest Forest University, Kunming, China
| | - Chagan Irbis
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jinping Yan
- Laboratory of Bioconversion, Life Science and Technology College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Guo C, Biewenga L, Lubberink M, van Merkerk R, Poelarends GJ. Tuning Enzyme Activity for Nonaqueous Solvents: Engineering an Enantioselective "Michaelase" for Catalysis in High Concentrations of Ethanol. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1499-1504. [PMID: 31886617 PMCID: PMC7317446 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes have evolved to function under aqueous conditions and may not exhibit features essential for biocatalytic application, such as the ability to function in high concentrations of an organic solvent. Consequently, protein engineering is often required to tune an enzyme for catalysis in non‐aqueous solvents. In this study, we have used a collection of nearly all single mutants of 4‐oxalocrotonate tautomerase, which promiscuously catalyzes synthetically useful Michael‐type additions of acetaldehyde to various nitroolefins, to investigate the effect of each mutation on the ability of this enzyme to retain its “Michaelase” activity in elevated concentrations of ethanol. Examination of this mutability landscape allowed the identification of two hotspot positions, Ser30 and Ala33, at which mutations are beneficial for catalysis in high ethanol concentrations. The “hotspot” position Ala33 was then randomized in a highly enantioselective, but ethanol‐sensitive 4‐OT variant (L8F/M45Y/F50A) to generate an improved enzyme variant (L8F/A33I/M45Y/F50A) that showed great ethanol stability and efficiently catalyzes the enantioselective addition of acetaldehyde to nitrostyrene in 40 % ethanol (permitting high substrate loading) to give the desired γ‐nitroaldehyde product in excellent isolated yield (89 %) and enantiopurity (ee=98 %). The presented work demonstrates the power of mutability‐landscape‐guided enzyme engineering for efficient biocatalysis in non‐aqueous solvents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Guo
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe Biewenga
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Max Lubberink
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Present address: School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Ronald van Merkerk
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J Poelarends
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
There is a high number of well characterized, commercially available laccases with different redox potentials and low substrate specificity, which in turn makes them attractive for a vast array of biotechnological applications. Laccases operate as batteries, storing electrons from individual substrate oxidation reactions to reduce molecular oxygen, releasing water as the only by-product. Due to society’s increasing environmental awareness and the global intensification of bio-based economies, the biotechnological industry is also expanding. Enzymes such as laccases are seen as a better alternative for use in the wood, paper, textile, and food industries, and they are being applied as biocatalysts, biosensors, and biofuel cells. Almost 140 years from the first description of laccase, industrial implementations of these enzymes still remain scarce in comparison to their potential, which is mostly due to high production costs and the limited control of the enzymatic reaction side product(s). This review summarizes the laccase applications in the last decade, focusing on the published patents during this period.
Collapse
|
24
|
Protein Engineering of a Metalloprotease in Order to Improve Organic Solvents Stability and Activity. Catal Letters 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-019-03044-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
25
|
Wu MH, Lin MC, Lee CC, Yu SM, Wang AHJ, Ho THD. Enhancement of laccase activity by pre-incubation with organic solvents. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9754. [PMID: 31278318 PMCID: PMC6611822 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45118-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccases that are tolerant to organic solvents are powerful bio-catalysts with broad applications in biotechnology. Most of these uses must be accomplished at high concentration of organic solvents, during which proteins undergo unfolding, thereby losing enzyme activity. Here we show that organic-solvent pre-incubation provides effective and reversible 1.5- to 4.0-fold enhancement of enzyme activity of fungal laccases. Several organic solvents, including acetone, methanol, ethanol, DMSO, and DMF had an enhancement effect among all laccases studied. The enhancement was not substrate-specific and could be observed by using both phenolic and non-phenolic substrates. Laccase preincubated with organic solvents was sensitive to high temperature but remained stable at 25 °C, for an advantage for long-term storage. The acetone-pre-incubated 3-D structure of DLac, a high-efficiency fungal laccase, was determined and confirmed that the DLac protein structure remains intact and stable at a high concentration of organic solvent. Moreover, the turnover rates of fungal laccases were improved after organic-solvent pre-incubation, with DLac showing the highest enhancement among the fungal laccases examined. Our investigation sheds light on improving fungal laccase usage under extreme conditions and extends opportunities for bioremediation, decolorization, and organic synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hsuan Wu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Meng-Chun Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Chung Lee
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Su-May Yu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Andrew H-J Wang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tuan-Hua David Ho
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, ROC. .,Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC. .,Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chen YJ, Zhang GY, He YH, Guan Z. Aryl C–H amination initiated by laccase-mediated oxidation of 4-phenylurazole. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy00968j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A mild amination of aryl C–H initiated by laccase-mediated oxidation of 4-phenylurazole is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- China
| | - Guo-Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- China
| | - Yan-Hong He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- China
| | - Zhi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southwest University
- Chongqing 400715
- China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Khodakarami A, Goodarzi N, Hoseinzadehdehkordi M, Amani F, Khodaverdian S, Khajeh K, Ghazi F, Ranjbar B, Amanlou M, Dabirmanesh B. Rational design toward developing a more efficient laccase: Catalytic efficiency and selectivity. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 112:775-779. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
28
|
Activity, stability and structure of laccase in betaine based natural deep eutectic solvents. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 107:2574-2579. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
29
|
Li L, Xie T, Liu Z, Feng H, Wang G. Activity enhancement of CotA laccase by hydrophilic engineering, histidine tag optimization and static culture. Protein Eng Des Sel 2018; 31:1-5. [PMID: 29301022 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzx064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CotA protein from Bacillus subtilis is of laccase activity. The solubility of recombinant CotA is low, which hinders its application. In this study, histidine tag position optimization and hydrophilic engineering were applied to increase the yield and activity of CotA protein. The results showed that the protein yield of CotA with his tag at C-terminal (CH6-CotA) was four times of that of NH6-CotA (His tag at N-terminal). Then, 23 single mutants were constructed by substitutions of hydrophobic residues with hydrophilic amino acids. Among them, the protein yield of the mutant F207Y was increased by 30%; the catalytic activity (kcat/Km) of V403T and P455S was two and three times higher than that of CH6-CotA, respectively. Finally, triple mutant F2071Y/V403T/P455S with C-terminal his-tag (CH6-TSY) was constructed. When the proteins were expressed in microanaerobic condition, the activities of mutants CH6-P455S and CH6-TSY were enhanced about 48- and 42-folds compared to that of NH6-CotA in non-static culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, 610064 Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhongchuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, 610064 Chengdu, China
| | - Ganggang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
He D, Luo W, Wang Z, Lv P, Yuan Z, Huang S, Xv J. Establishment and application of a modified membrane-blot assay for Rhizomucor miehei lipases aimed at improving their methanol tolerance and thermostability. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 102:35-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
31
|
Bertrand B, Martínez-Morales F, Trejo-Hernández MR. Upgrading Laccase Production and Biochemical Properties: Strategies and Challenges. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:1015-1034. [PMID: 28393483 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Improving laccases continues to be crucial in novel biotechnological developments and industrial applications, where they are concerned. This review breaks down and explores the potential of the strategies (conventional and modern) that can be used for laccase enhancement (increased production and upgraded biochemical properties such as stability and catalytic efficiency). The challenges faced with these approaches are briefly discussed. We also shed light on how these strategies merge and give rise to new options and advances in this field of work. Additionally, this article seeks to serve as a guide for students and academic researchers interested in laccases. This document not only gives basic information on laccases, but also provides updated information on the state of the art of various technologies that are used in this line of investigation. It also gives the readers an idea of the areas extensively studied and the areas where there is still much left to be done. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:1015-1034, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandt Bertrand
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP 62209, México
| | - Fernando Martínez-Morales
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP 62209, México
| | - María R Trejo-Hernández
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP 62209, México
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
This article defines protein stability, emphasizes its importance and surveys the field of protein stabilization, with summary reference to a selection of 2009-2015 publications. One can enhance stability by, in particular, protein engineering strategies and by chemical modification (including conjugation) in solution. General protocols are set out on how to measure a given protein's (1) kinetic thermal stability, and (2) oxidative stability, and (3) how to undertake chemical modification of a protein in solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ciarán Ó'Fágáin
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
- National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Characterization of a Highly Thermostable and Organic Solvent-Tolerant Copper-Containing Polyphenol Oxidase with Dye-Decolorizing Ability from Kurthia huakuii LAM0618T. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164810. [PMID: 27741324 PMCID: PMC5065135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccases are green biocatalysts that possess attractive advantages for the treatment of resistant environmental pollutants and dye effluents. A putative laccase-like gene, laclK, encoding a protein of 29.3 kDa and belonging to the Cu-oxidase_4 superfamily, was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The purified recombinant protein LaclK (LaclK) was able to oxidize typical laccase substrates such as 2,6-dimethoxyphenol and l-dopamine. The characteristic adsorption maximums of typical laccases at 330 nm and 610 nm were not detected for LaclK. Cu2+ was essential for substrate oxidation, but the ratio of copper atoms/molecule of LaclK was determined to only be 1:1. Notably, the optimal temperature of LaclK was 85°C with 2,6-dimethoxyphenol as substrates, and the half-life approximately 3 days at 80°C. Furthermore, 10% (v/v) organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, Triton x-100 or dimethyl sulfoxide) could promote enzymatic activity. LaclK exhibited wide-spectrum decolorization ability towards triphenylmethane dyes, azo dyes and aromatic dyes, decolorizing 92% and 94% of Victoria Blue B (25 μM) and Ethyl Violet (25 μM), respectively, at a concentration of 60 U/L after 1 h of incubation at 60°C. Overall, we characterized a novel thermostable and organic solvent-tolerant copper-containing polyphenol oxidase possessing dye-decolorizing ability. These unusual properties make LaclK an alternative for industrial applications, particularly processes that require high-temperature conditions.
Collapse
|
34
|
Cannatelli MD, Ragauskas AJ. Two Decades of Laccases: Advancing Sustainability in the Chemical Industry. CHEM REC 2016; 17:122-140. [PMID: 27492131 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Given the current state of environmental affairs and that our future on this planet as we know it is in jeopardy, research and development into greener and more sustainable technologies within the chemical and forest products industries is at its peak. Given the global scale of these industries, the need for environmentally benign practices is propelling new green processes. These challenges are also impacting academic research and our reagents of interest are laccases. These enzymes are employed in a variety of biotechnological applications due to their native function as catalytic oxidants. They are about as green as it gets when it comes to chemical processes, requiring O2 as their only co-substrate and producing H2 O as the sole by-product. The following account will review our twenty year journey on the use of these enzymes within our research group, from their initial use in biobleaching of kraft pulps and for fiber modification within the pulp and paper industry, to their current application as green catalytic oxidants in the field of synthetic organic chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Cannatelli
- Renewable Bioproducts Institute, School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.,Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Renewable Bioproducts Institute, School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.,Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.,Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Forestry, Wildlife & Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Enzymatic technologies for remediation of hydrophobic organic pollutants in soil. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:8815-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6872-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
36
|
Laccase engineering: From rational design to directed evolution. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:25-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|