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Burnet M, Metcalf DG, Milo S, Gamerith C, Heinzle A, Sigl E, Eitel K, Haalboom M, Bowler PG. A Host-Directed Approach to the Detection of Infection in Hard-to-Heal Wounds. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12102408. [PMID: 36292097 PMCID: PMC9601189 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12102408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound infection is traditionally defined primarily by visual clinical signs, and secondarily by microbiological analysis of wound samples. However, these approaches have serious limitations in determining wound infection status, particularly in early phases or complex, chronic, hard-to-heal wounds. Early or predictive patient-derived biomarkers of wound infection would enable more timely and appropriate intervention. The observation that immune activation is one of the earliest responses to pathogen activity suggests that immune markers may indicate wound infection earlier and more reliably than by investigating potential pathogens themselves. One of the earliest immune responses is that of the innate immune cells (neutrophils) that are recruited to sites of infection by signals associated with cell damage. During acute infection, the neutrophils produce oxygen radicals and enzymes that either directly or indirectly destroy invading pathogens. These granular enzymes vary with cell type but include elastase, myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, and cathepsin G. Various clinical studies have demonstrated that collectively, these enzymes, are sensitive and reliable markers of both early-onset phases and established infections. The detection of innate immune cell enzymes in hard-to-heal wounds at point of care offers a new, simple, and effective approach to determining wound infection status and may offer significant advantages over uncertainties associated with clinical judgement, and the questionable value of wound microbiology. Additionally, by facilitating the detection of early wound infection, prompt, local wound hygiene interventions will likely enhance infection resolution and wound healing, reduce the requirement for systemic antibiotic therapy, and support antimicrobial stewardship initiatives in wound care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Burnet
- Synovo GmbH, Paul Ehrlich Straße 15, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Daniel G. Metcalf
- ConvaTec Ltd., First Avenue, Deeside Industrial Park, Deeside CH5 2NU, UK
| | - Scarlet Milo
- ConvaTec Ltd., First Avenue, Deeside Industrial Park, Deeside CH5 2NU, UK
| | - Clemens Gamerith
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krennagsse 37, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Heinzle
- Qualizyme Diagnostics GmbH & Co. KG, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Sigl
- Qualizyme Diagnostics GmbH & Co. KG, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Kornelia Eitel
- Synovo GmbH, Paul Ehrlich Straße 15, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marieke Haalboom
- Medical School Twente, Medisch Spectrum Twente, 7512 KZ Enschede, The Netherlands
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Harvey J, Mellody KT, Cullum N, Watson REB, Dumville J. Wound fluid sampling methods for proteomic studies: A scoping review. Wound Repair Regen 2022; 30:317-333. [PMID: 35381119 PMCID: PMC9322564 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Understanding why some wounds are hard to heal is important for improving care and developing more effective treatments. The method of sample collection used is an integral step in the research process and thus may affect the results obtained. The primary objective of this study was to summarise and map the methods currently used to sample wound fluid for protein profiling and analysis. Eligible studies were those that used a sampling method to collect wound fluid from any human wound for analysis of proteins. A search for eligible studies was performed using MEDLINE, Embase and CINAHL Plus in May 2020. All references were screened for eligibility by one reviewer, followed by discussion and consensus with a second reviewer. Quantitative data were mapped and visualised using appropriate software and summarised via a narrative summary. After screening, 280 studies were included in this review. The most commonly used group of wound fluid collection methods were vacuum, drainage or use of other external devices, with surgical wounds being the most common sample source. Other frequently used collection methods were extraction from absorbent materials, collection beneath an occlusive dressing and direct collection of wound fluid. This scoping review highlights the variety of methods used for wound fluid collection. Many studies had small sample sizes and short sample collection periods; these weaknesses have hampered the discovery and validation of novel biomarkers. Future research should aim to assess the reproducibility and feasibility of sampling and analytical methods for use in larger longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Harvey
- Centre for Dermatology Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester & Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK.,NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Kieran T Mellody
- Centre for Dermatology Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester & Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK
| | - Nicky Cullum
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.,Division of Nursing, Midwifery & Social Work, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rachel E B Watson
- Centre for Dermatology Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester & Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK.,NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Institute for Collaborative Research on Ageing, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jo Dumville
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.,Division of Nursing, Midwifery & Social Work, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Rafie M, Meshkini A. Tailoring the proliferation of fibroblast cells by multiresponsive and thermosensitive stem cells composite F127 hydrogel containing folic acid.MgO:ZnO/chitosan hybrid microparticles for skin regeneration. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 167:106031. [PMID: 34601068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, biodegradable and thermosensitive F127 hydrogel containing folic acid.MgO:ZnO/chitosan hybrid particles (FMZC) was fabricated as a 3D mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) delivery vehicle for regenerative medicine and wound healing purposes, in such a way to be responsive to lysozyme and UVA irradiation. The results showed that F127 hydrogel containing FMZC is a suitable and nontoxic construct for encapsulation of MSCs in the presence of lysozyme and UVA irradiation, bearing high stem cell viability and proliferation. The final hydrogel, MSC&FMZC, in response to lysozyme induced a higher proliferation rate and migration in human foreskin fibroblast cells (HFF). These phenomena were attributed to the released F.MgO:ZnO nanocomposites from chitosan microparticles and paracrine factors from MSCs within the hydrogel, resulting in synergistic biological effects. Moreover, lysozyme-treated MSC&FMZC hydrogel showed higher antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria than bare hydrogel. However, a significant increase in the antibacterial activity of MSC&FMZC was observed as the treated bacteria were subjected to UVA irradiation owing to the photocatalytic activity of F.MgO:ZnO nanocomposites. Regarding the antibacterial activity and stimulating skin cell behavior of MSC&FMZC hydrogel that can promote the regenerative activities of skin, it could be considered as a promising scaffold for bacteria-accompanied wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Rafie
- Biochemical Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Azadeh Meshkini
- Biochemical Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Novel Diagnostics and Therapeutics Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
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Francesko A, Petkova P, Tzanov T. Hydrogel Dressings for Advanced Wound Management. Curr Med Chem 2019; 25:5782-5797. [PMID: 28933299 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170920161246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Composed in a large extent of water and due to their nonadhesiveness, hydrogels found their way to the wound dressing market as materials that provide a moisture environment for healing while being comfortable to the patient. Hydrogels' exploitation is constantly increasing after evidences of their even broader therapeutic potential due to resemblance to dermal tissue and ability to induce partial skin regeneration. The innovation in advanced wound care is further directed to the development of so-called active dressings, where hydrogels are combined with components that enhance the primary purpose of providing a beneficial environment for wound healing. OBJECTIVE The objective of this review is to concisely describe the relevance of hydrogel dressings as platforms for delivery of active molecules for improved management of difficult- to-treat wounds. The emphasis is on the most recent advances in development of stimuli- responsive hydrogels, which allow for control over wound healing efficiency in response to different external modalities. Novel strategies for monitoring of the wound status and healing progress based on incorporation of sensor molecules into the hydrogel platforms are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petya Petkova
- Grup de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Terrassa, Spain
| | - Tzanko Tzanov
- Grup de Biotecnologia Molecular i Industrial, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Terrassa, Spain
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Tallian C, Tegl G, Quadlbauer L, Vielnascher R, Weinberger S, Cremers R, Pellis A, Salari JWO, Guebitz GM. Lysozyme-Responsive Spray-Dried Chitosan Particles for Early Detection of Wound Infection. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:1331-1339. [PMID: 30906927 PMCID: PMC6428144 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Infections are a severe health issue, and the need for an early point-of-care diagnostic approach for wound infections is continuously growing. Lysozyme has shown a great potential as a biomarker for rapid detection of wound infection. In this study, spray-drying of labeled and derivatized chitosans was investigated for the production of small particles responsive to lysozyme. Therefore, various chitosans, differing in their origin (snow crab, Chionoecetes sp., with medium and low molecular weight or shrimp) were N-acetylated, labeled with reactive black 5, and tested for solubility and spray-drying suitability. Reactive black-5-stained N-acetylated chitosan (low molecular weight, origin crab) was successfully spray-dried, and the obtained particles were characterized regarding size, ζ potential, and morphology. The particles showed an average hydrodynamic radius of 612.5 ± 132.8 nm. ζ potential was measured in the context of a later application as an infection detection system for wound infections in artificial wound fluid (-6.14 ± 0.16 mV) and infected wound fluid (-7.93 ± 1.35 mV). Furthermore, the aggregation behavior and surface structure were analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy revealing spherical-shaped particles with explicit surface topologies. Spray-dried N-acetylated chitosan particles showed a 5-fold increase in lysozyme-responsive release of dyed chitosan fragments due to the enhanced surface area to volume ratio when compared to non-spray-dried N-acetylated chitosan flakes. On the basis of these results, the study showed the improved properties of N-acetylated spray-dried chitosan particles for future applications for early and rapid infection detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tallian
- Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Gregor Tegl
- Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Lisa Quadlbauer
- Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Robert Vielnascher
- Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Simone Weinberger
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Raymon Cremers
- Netherlands Institute for Applied Scientific Research, Eindhoven 5612 AP, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Pellis
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes W O Salari
- Netherlands Institute for Applied Scientific Research, Eindhoven 5612 AP, The Netherlands
| | - Georg M Guebitz
- Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
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Öhlknecht C, Tegl G, Beer B, Sygmund C, Ludwig R, Guebitz GM. Cellobiose dehydrogenase and chitosan-based lysozyme responsive materials for antimicrobial wound treatment. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:416-422. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Öhlknecht
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna; Konrad Lorenz Straße 20 Tulln an der Donau 3430 Austria
| | - Gregor Tegl
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna; Konrad Lorenz Straße 20 Tulln an der Donau 3430 Austria
| | - Bianca Beer
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna; Konrad Lorenz Straße 20 Tulln an der Donau 3430 Austria
| | - Christoph Sygmund
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Vienna Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Vienna Austria
| | - Georg M. Guebitz
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna; Konrad Lorenz Straße 20 Tulln an der Donau 3430 Austria
- ACIB-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology; Tulln Austria
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Schiffer D, Tegl G, Heinzle A, Sigl E, Metcalf D, Bowler P, Burnet M, Guebitz GM. Enzyme-responsive polymers for microbial infection detection. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2015; 15:1125-31. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2015.1061935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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