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Ortiz-García RG, Gómez-Meda BC, Gutiérrez-Sevilla JE, Gallegos-Arreola MP, Zamora-Perez AL, Ortiz-García YM, García-Arias VE, Torres-Mendoza BM, Zúñiga-González GM. Micronuclei and nuclear buds in amniotic tissue of rats treated with cyclophosphamide. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2023; 890:503659. [PMID: 37567649 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2023.503659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Fetal development can be altered by DNA damage caused by maternal exposure to chemical, physical, or biological agents during gestation. One method of assessing genotoxicity is to detect micronuclei (MNs) and/or nuclear abnormalities. This can be performed in vivo and requires only frequently dividing tissues, such as amniotic tissue (AT), which is in contact with the fetal environment and is composed of very thin layers of cells. This study evaluated the presence of MNs, nucleoplasmic bridges, and nuclear buds (NBs) in the fetal AT following maternal exposure to cyclophosphamide (CP) during pregnancy. Pregnant Wistar rats were divided into a negative control group and an experimental group that was orally administered CP (10 mg/kg). Daily blood smears were obtained from pregnant rats on days 14-19 of gestation. The rats were dissected, and fetal ATs were obtained on the 19th day of gestation. The MN and NB frequencies in AT cells were analyzed using a fluorescence microscope (100 ×). Micronucleated erythrocytes in the peripheral blood of the control rats were also assessed. Micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte frequencies were significantly higher than those in the controls. Polychromatic erythrocyte frequencies were lower in CP-treated rats than in controls at 48-120 h. Fetuses in the CP-treated group also showed a significant increase in MNs and NBs in AT cells. In conclusion, AT could be used for analyzing MNs and NBs in rats following maternal exposure to a genotoxic agent and as a viable alternative for analyzing the integrity of fetal DNA during gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Guillermo Ortiz-García
- Doctorado en Genética Humana, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Laboratorio de Mutagénesis, División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Belinda Claudia Gómez-Meda
- Instituto de Genética Humana "Dr. Enrique Corona Rivera", Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Juan Ernesto Gutiérrez-Sevilla
- Laboratorio de Inmunodeficiencias y retrovirus humanos, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Departamento de Clínicas Medicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Martha Patricia Gallegos-Arreola
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, División de Genética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Ana Lourdes Zamora-Perez
- Instituto de Investigación en Odontología, Departamento de Clínicas Odontológicas Integrales, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Yveth Marlene Ortiz-García
- Instituto de Investigación en Odontología, Departamento de Clínicas Odontológicas Integrales, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Laboratorio de Apoyo a la Vigilancia e Investigación Epidemiológica, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Víctor Eduardo García-Arias
- Laboratorio de Mutagénesis, División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Blanca Miriam Torres-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Inmunodeficiencias y retrovirus humanos, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Departamento de Clínicas Medicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Moisés Zúñiga-González
- Laboratorio de Mutagénesis, División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Evaluation of Genotoxic Effect and Antigenotoxic Potential against DNA Damage of the Aqueous and Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Annona muricata Using an In Vivo Erythrocyte Rodent Micronucleus Assay. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:9554011. [PMID: 36567911 PMCID: PMC9788883 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9554011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Annona muricata have been extensively used in traditional medicine to treat multiple diseases, including cancers. This study evaluated the genotoxic potential and antigenotoxic activities of A. muricata aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts by employing an in vivo erythrocyte rodent micronucleus assay. Different doses (187.5, 375, and 750 mg/kg) of both extracts were administered orally for 5 days alone and combined with cyclophosphamide (CP, 60 mg/kg) to BALB/c mice. Also, it was administered orally to Wistar rats for 5 days through the final stage of gestation. No genotoxic or cytotoxic effects were observed in the two adult rodent models when A. muricata was administered orally nor in newborn rats transplacentally exposed to the extracts. Moreover, A. muricata aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts demonstrated a protective effect against CP-induced DNA damage. Due to its lack of genotoxic effect and its capacity to decrease DNA damage, A. muricata is likely to open an interest field regarding its potential safe use in clinical applications.
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Zamora-Perez AL, Luna-Aguirre J, Zúñiga-González GM, Torres-Bugarín O, Torres-Mendoza BM, Gallegos-Arreola MP, Ortiz-García RG, Gutiérrez-Sevilla JE, Gómez-Meda BC. Micronuclei and Nuclear Buds Induced by Cyclophosphamide in Crocodylus moreletii as Useful Biomarkers in Aquatic Environments. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113178. [PMID: 34827910 PMCID: PMC8614446 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Crocodiles are territorial reptiles that are exposed to both aquatic and terrestrial environments. Analyzing their state of health and the environment in which they live is essential to detect changes that could affect them by exposure to agents that damage their genetic material, putting their health or other species that share said habitat, including humans, at risk. There are several ways to determine exposure to harmful agents, a very simple and direct one is to analyze the nuclei of blood cells under a microscope, a test that can also be carried out directly in their habitat and that gives rapid results on the effects of agents on those at that moment they are exposed. This study demonstrates the possibility of analyzing the blood of Crocodylus moreletii to quickly analyze its exposure to toxic agents in a sample of its blood by evaluating two abnormal structures in its cells under the microscope, demonstrating that evidence of damage can be observed only by analyzing a drop of their blood. Abstract Micronuclei (MN) are used to assess genotoxic exposure, whereas nuclear buds (NBs) have been linked to genotoxic events. Crocodylus moreletii was studied to identify MN and NBs. Three groups were formed: Group 1 (water) and groups 2 and 3 (7 or 10 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide). A drop of blood was obtained daily from the claw tip at 0 to 120 h. Spontaneous micronucleated erythrocytes (MNEs) and erythrocytes with nuclear buds (NBEs) were counted. The frequencies of micronucleated young erythrocytes (MNYEs) and NB young erythrocytes (NBYEs) were evaluated, including the ratio of young erythrocytes (YE)/1000 total erythrocytes. No significant differences were observed in the YE proportion on sampling days; group 1 did not show differences for any parameter, whereas group 2 showed significant differences in MNEs and NBEs, and group 3 showed differences in NBEs and NBYEs. Some mitotic activity in circulation was observed in YEs. In conclusion, NBEs could be a more sensitive biomarker to genotoxic damage than MNEs. The identification of these biomarkers leads us to propose Crocodylus moreletii as a possible environment bioindicator because these parameters could be useful to analyze the in vivo health status of these reptiles and for biomonitoring genotoxic pollutants in their habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lourdes Zamora-Perez
- Departamento de Clínicas Odontológicas Integrales, Instituto de Investigación en Odontología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Jaime Luna-Aguirre
- División de Tecnología Ambiental, Universidad Tecnológica de Puebla, Puebla 72300, Mexico;
| | - Guillermo Moisés Zúñiga-González
- Laboratorio de Mutagénesis, División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (G.M.Z.-G.); (R.G.O.-G.)
| | - Olivia Torres-Bugarín
- Departamento de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44100, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Blanca Miriam Torres-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Inmunodeficiencias y Retrovirus Humanos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (B.M.T.-M.); (J.E.G.-S.)
- Departamento de Disciplinas Filosófico, Metodológicas e Instrumentales, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Martha Patricia Gallegos-Arreola
- División de Genética, Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Ramón Guillermo Ortiz-García
- Laboratorio de Mutagénesis, División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (G.M.Z.-G.); (R.G.O.-G.)
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Genética Humana “Dr. Enrique Corona Rivera”, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Juan Ernesto Gutiérrez-Sevilla
- Laboratorio de Inmunodeficiencias y Retrovirus Humanos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (B.M.T.-M.); (J.E.G.-S.)
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Belinda Claudia Gómez-Meda
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Genética Humana “Dr. Enrique Corona Rivera”, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-0(1)-1058-5200 (ext. 33646)
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Solórzano-Meléndez A, Rodrigo-Alarcón R, Gómez-Meda BC, Zamora-Pérez AL, Ortiz-García RG, Bayardo-López LH, González-Virgen R, Gallegos-Arreola MP, Zúñiga-González GM. Micronucleated erythrocytes in peripheral blood from neonate rats fed by nursing mothers exposed to X-rays. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2021; 62:177-184. [PMID: 33496960 DOI: 10.1002/em.22426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Most women with breast cancer can become pregnant and give birth while undergoing radiation therapy and breastfeeding is generally not contraindicated. The induction of long-lived reactive species in proteins, such as casein by X-ray radiation and DNA damage to unexposed organisms, has been shown when ingesting irradiated cheese. To determine whether exposing lactating rats to X-rays increases the number of micronucleated erythrocytes (MNEs) in peripheral blood of their unexposed or breastfeeding rat pups, 15 female Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Negative control; Experimental group exposed to X-rays, and group exposed to X-rays plus vitamin C. The mothers of groups 2 and 3 were irradiated for three consecutive days after giving birth, returning them to their respective cages each time to continue lactation. A blood sample was taken from the mothers and pups at 0, 24, and 48 hr. Blood smears were stained with acridine orange to analyze MNEs. In mother rats, the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) increased significantly at 24 and 48 hr in both study groups exposed to radiation. Likewise, in rat pups the MNPCE and MNE frequencies increased in both groups with radiation and radiation plus vitamin C at 24 and 48 hr, and a protection from vitamin C was observed. In conclusion, the genotoxic damage produced in rat pups that were lactated by mothers irradiated with X-rays is possibly due to the effect of long-lived reactive species that were formed in the breast milk of female Wistar rats during the irradiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Solórzano-Meléndez
- Servicio de Radio-oncología, Centro Nacional de Radioneurocirugía, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Rodrigo-Alarcón
- Servicio de Radio-oncología, Centro Nacional de Radioneurocirugía, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Belinda C Gómez-Meda
- Instituto de Genética Humana "Dr. Enrique Corona Rivera", Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Ana L Zamora-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigación en Odontología, Departamento de Clínicas Odontológicas Integrales, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Ramón G Ortiz-García
- Laboratorio de Mutagénesis, División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- Doctorado en Genética Humana, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Luis H Bayardo-López
- Servicio de Radio-oncología, Centro Nacional de Radioneurocirugía, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Roberto González-Virgen
- Servicio de Radio-oncología, Centro Nacional de Radioneurocirugía, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Martha P Gallegos-Arreola
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, División de Genética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Guillermo M Zúñiga-González
- Laboratorio de Mutagénesis, División de Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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Genome Damage in Rats after Transplacental Exposure to Jatropha dioica Root Extract. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:2962950. [PMID: 31885642 PMCID: PMC6925703 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2962950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Jatropha dioica is traditionally used owing to its antiviral, antifungal, and antimicrobial properties. But, toxicological information regarding J. dioica root total extract is currently limited. The aim of this work was to evaluate in a rat model, the transplacental genotoxicity effect of J. dioica aqueous root total extract. Three different J. dioica aqueous root total extract doses (60, 100, and 300 mg/kg) were administered orally to Wistar rats during 5 days through the pregnancy term (16-21 days). Pregnant rats were sampled every 24 h during the last 6 days of gestation, and pubs were sampled at birth. Genome damage in dams and their newborn pups transplacentally exposed to J. dioica was evaluated by in vivo micronuclei assay. We evaluated the frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes (MNE), micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE), and polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) in peripheral blood samples from pups and MNPCE and PCE in pregnant rats. No genotoxic effect was observed after oral administration of the three different doses of aqueous root total extract of J. dioica in pregnant or in their newborn pubs, after transplacental exposure. A significant decrease in PCE frequency was noted in samples from pubs of rats treated with the highest dose of J. dioica extract. The aqueous total root extract of J. dioica at the highest dose tested in our research do have cytotoxic effect in pups transplacentally exposed to this plant extract. Moreover, neither a genotoxic nor a cytotoxic effect was observed in pregnant rats. In the present work, there was no evidence of genome damage in the rat model after transplacental exposure to J. dioica aqueous root total extract.
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Del Real García JF, Saldaña-Velasco FR, Sánchez-de la Rosa SV, Ortiz-García YM, Morales-Velazquez G, Gómez-Meda BC, Zúñiga-González GM, Sánchez-Parada MG, Zamora-Perez AL. In vivo evaluation of the genotoxicity and oxidative damage in individuals exposed to 10% hydrogen peroxide whitening strips. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:3033-3046. [PMID: 30430338 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2716-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assessed the impact of 10% hydrogen peroxide whitening strip exposure on the genotoxicity and oxidative damage by means of the buccal micronucleus cytome assay by counting nuclear abnormalities (NAs) in buccal mucosa and attached gingiva cells and by analyzing in whole saliva the molecule 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted on 113 subjects divided into two groups: group 1 or control (n = 53), non-whitening strip exposed, and group 2 (n = 60), whitening strip exposed (Crest® 3D Whitestrips® premium plus, 10% hydrogen peroxide). Oral epithelial cells and whole saliva samples were taken at the beginning and 30 days later for group 1 and immediately before bleaching and 15 and 30 days after the end of the bleaching for group 2. RESULTS An increased frequency of NAs (p < 0.05) and higher levels of 8-OHdG (p < 0.05) were observed after bleaching exposure. Also, a positive correlation exists between oxidative stress produced by hydrogen peroxide and micronuclei was found. CONCLUSION Individuals exposed to 10% hydrogen peroxide whitening strips exhibit NAs increased in oral epithelial cells and 8-OHdG in saliva, which is directed related to nuclear and oxidative DNA damage, respectively. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Hydrogen peroxide is the active agent of tooth whitening and this compound induced DNA damage. Individuals exposed to whitening strips with 10% hydrogen peroxide exhibit increased genotoxic and oxidative damage. Therefore, self-application of bleaching agents should be handled carefully since it could be a risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Francisco Del Real García
- Instituto de Investigación en Odontología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, José Maria Echauri y Juan Díaz Covarrubias s/n, Col. Independencia, Universidad de Guadalajara, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.,Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina y Terapia Génica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Fausto Rubén Saldaña-Velasco
- Instituto de Investigación en Odontología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, José Maria Echauri y Juan Díaz Covarrubias s/n, Col. Independencia, Universidad de Guadalajara, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Susana Vanessa Sánchez-de la Rosa
- Instituto de Investigación en Odontología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, José Maria Echauri y Juan Díaz Covarrubias s/n, Col. Independencia, Universidad de Guadalajara, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Yveth Marlene Ortiz-García
- Instituto de Investigación en Odontología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, José Maria Echauri y Juan Díaz Covarrubias s/n, Col. Independencia, Universidad de Guadalajara, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Morales-Velazquez
- Instituto de Investigación en Odontología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, José Maria Echauri y Juan Díaz Covarrubias s/n, Col. Independencia, Universidad de Guadalajara, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Belinda Claudia Gómez-Meda
- Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina y Terapia Génica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Moisés Zúñiga-González
- Laboratorio de Mutagénesis, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - María Guadalupe Sánchez-Parada
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tonalá, Mexico
| | - Ana Lourdes Zamora-Perez
- Instituto de Investigación en Odontología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, José Maria Echauri y Juan Díaz Covarrubias s/n, Col. Independencia, Universidad de Guadalajara, 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Villarruel-López A, López-de la Mora DA, Vázquez-Paulino OD, Puebla-Mora AG, Torres-Vitela MR, Guerrero-Quiroz LA, Nuño K. Effect of Moringa oleifera consumption on diabetic rats. Altern Ther Health Med 2018; 18:127. [PMID: 29636032 PMCID: PMC5894151 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic use of leaves of M. oleifera has been evaluated in diabetes because of its possible capacity to decrease blood glucose and lipids concentration after ingestion, as result of the polyphenols content and others compounds. Nevertheless most results have been obtain from leaf extract, therefore this study would use leaf powder as the regular way of consumption of population to know effects over toxicity glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, corporal weight, and predominant groups of microbiota. METHODS Powdered leaf was administrated in different doses to know toxicity and genotoxicity using LD50 and micronuclei assay. Hyperglycemia was induced by alloxan on Sprague Dawley rats. Glucose and body weight were measured once a week meanwhile cholesterol and triglycerides were analyzed at the end of the study by commercial kits. Different organs were examined by hematoxylin-eosin technique. Lactic acid bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae were enumerated from stool samples. RESULTS The tested doses revealed no lethal dose and no significant differences in genotoxicity parameter. The consumption of the leaves showed a hypoglycemic effect (< 250 mg/dL in diabetic M. oleifera treated group), however in corporal weight showed an increased (> 30 g over no M. oleifera treated groups). There was no change in enumeration of lactic acid bacteria (8.4 CFU/g) but there were differences in the predominance of type of lactobacillus and enterobacteria enumeration. CONCLUSIONS These results help to increase information over the most popular use of M. oleifera and its safety. However there are needed more studies over the hypoglycemic mechanisms and effects over intestinal microbiota.
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Araujo-Espino DI, Zamora-Perez AL, Zúñiga-González GM, Gutiérrez-Hernández R, Morales-Velazquez G, Lazalde-Ramos BP. Genotoxic and cytotoxic evaluation of Jatropha dioica Sessé ex Cerv. by the micronucleus test in mouse peripheral blood. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 86:260-264. [PMID: 28342845 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Micronucleated Erythrocytes in Peripheral Blood from Neonate Rats Exposed by Breastfeeding to Cyclophosphamide, Colchicine, or Cytosine-Arabinoside. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:9161648. [PMID: 28018917 PMCID: PMC5149595 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9161648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Genotoxic exposure to chemical substances is common, and nursing mothers could transmit harmful substances or their metabolites to their offspring through breast milk. We explored the possibility of determining genotoxic effects in the erythrocytes of breastfeeding rat pups whose mothers received a genotoxic compound while nursing. Ten groups of female rats and five pups per dam were studied. The control group received sterile water, and the experimental groups received one of three different doses of cyclophosphamide, colchicine, or cytosine-arabinoside. Blood smears were prepared from samples taken from each dam and pup every 24 h for six days. There were increased numbers of micronucleated erythrocytes (MNEs) and micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) in the samples from pups in the experimental groups (P < 0.02) and increased MNPCE frequencies in the samples from the dams (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate the vertical transmission of the genotoxic effect of the compounds tested. In conclusion, assessing MNEs in breastfeeding neonate rats to assess DNA damage may be a useful approach for identifying genotoxic compounds and/or cytotoxic effects. This strategy could help in screening for therapeutic approaches that are genotoxic during the lactation stage and these assessments might also be helpful for developing preventive strategies to counteract harmful effects.
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Zúñiga-González GM, Gómez-Meda BC, Zamora-Perez AL, Martínez-González MA, Muñoz de Haro IA, Pérez-Navarro AE, Armendáriz-Borunda J, Gallegos-Arreola MP. Micronucleated erythrocytes in newborns of rat dams exposed to ultraviolet-A light during pregnancy; protection by ascorbic acid supplementation. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 782:36-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Zamora-Perez AL, Ortiz-García YM, Lazalde-Ramos BP, Guerrero-Velázquez C, Gómez-Meda BC, Ramírez-Aguilar MÁ, Zúñiga-González GM. Increased micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities in buccal mucosa and oxidative damage in saliva from patients with chronic and aggressive periodontal diseases. J Periodontal Res 2014; 50:28-36. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. L. Zamora-Perez
- Instituto de Investigación en Odontología; Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad de Guadalajara; Guadalajara Jalisco México
| | - Y. M. Ortiz-García
- Instituto de Investigación en Odontología; Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad de Guadalajara; Guadalajara Jalisco México
| | - B. P. Lazalde-Ramos
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas; Zacatecas México
| | - C. Guerrero-Velázquez
- Instituto de Investigación en Odontología; Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad de Guadalajara; Guadalajara Jalisco México
| | - B. C. Gómez-Meda
- Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina y Terapia Génica; Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad de Guadalajara; Guadalajara Jalisco México
| | - M. Á. Ramírez-Aguilar
- Especialidad en Periodoncia; Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud; Universidad de Guadalajara; Guadalajara Jalisco México
| | - G. M. Zúñiga-González
- Laboratorio de Mutagénesis; Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente; Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social; Guadalajara Jalisco México
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Lazalde-Ramos BP, Zamora-Perez AL, Sosa-Macías M, Guerrero-Velázquez C, Zúñiga-González GM. DNA and oxidative damages decrease after ingestion of folic acid in patients with type 2 diabetes. Arch Med Res 2012; 43:476-81. [PMID: 22964462 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic degenerative disease that promotes autoxidation of sugars, leading to the production of reactive oxygen species. This damage occurs especially at the level of cellular proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and DNA, thus playing an important role in the pathogenesis of late complications of T2DM. We investigated the effect of folic acid on DNA and oxidative damage in patients with T2DM. METHODS We studied 30 individuals diagnosed with T2DM and 30 control individuals without disease. Individuals with T2DM were prescribed 5 mg of folic acid, taken orally three times daily for 1 month. Samples were taken 15 and 30 days after treatment. DNA damage was determined using the micronucleus test in oral mucosa and oxidative stress by quantifying 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as well as by quantifying total lipid peroxides. RESULTS Individuals with T2DM had a higher number of micronuclei as well as higher levels of 8-OHdG and lipid peroxides than the control group (p = 0.001). Individuals with T2DM showed a significant reduction in the number of micronuclei and the concentration of 8-OHdG and lipid peroxides over time with folic acid intake. CONCLUSIONS A positive correlation exists between oxidative stress produced by T2DM and DNA damage, so the use of an antioxidant such as folic acid in DM2 therapy is advisable for delaying complications due to T2DM-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage.
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Alcántar-Díaz BE, Gómez-Meda BC, Zúñiga-González GM, Zamora-Perez AL, González-Cuevas J, Alvarez-Rodríguez BA, Sánchez-Parada MG, García-Bañuelos JJ, Armendáriz-Borunda J. Genotoxic evaluation of pirfenidone using erythrocyte rodent micronucleus assay. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:2760-5. [PMID: 22683486 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Pirfenidone is a non-steroidal antifibrotic compound that has been proposed in clinical protocols and experimental studies as a pharmacological treatment for fibroproliferative diseases. The objective of this study was to determine the genotoxicity or cytotoxicity of three doses of pirfenidone using the micronuclei test in peripheral blood erythrocytes of rodent models. Pirfenidone was administered orally to Balb-C mice for 3 days, and also was administered topically to hairless Sprague Dawley rats during the final stage of gestation. Mice were sampled every 24 h over the course of 6 days; pregnant rats were sampled every 24 h during the last 6 days of gestation, and pups were sampled at birth. Blood smears were analyzed and the frequencies of micronucleated erythrocytes (MNEs), micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs), and the proportion of polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs), were recorded in samples from mice, pregnant rats and rat neonates. Increases in MN frequencies (p<0.03) were noted only in the positive control groups. No genotoxic effects or decreased PCE values were observed neither in newborn rats transplacentally exposed to pirfenidone, or in two adult rodent models when pirfenidone was administered orally or topically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca E Alcántar-Díaz
- Instituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina y Terapia Génica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Mexico
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14
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Zamora-Perez AL, Lazalde-Ramos BP, Sosa-Macías MG, Gómez-Meda BC, Torres-Bugarín O, Zúñiga-González GM. Methylphenidate lacks genotoxic effects in mouse peripheral blood erythrocytes. Drug Chem Toxicol 2011; 34:294-9. [PMID: 21649484 DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2010.536770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH; Ritalin®; Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Basel, Switzerland) has been prescribed to treat attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) since its approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration over 50 years ago. Due to concerns that MPH might induce cytogenetic alterations in children, treatment with this drug has been a controversial issue. In the present study, we assessed the frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes (MNEs), micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs), and polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) in peripheral blood samples from mice treated with three different doses of MPH (30, 60, or 125 mg/kg). We found no evidence of increased MNEs or MNPCEs, nor did PCEs decline. These results add to the accumulating evidence that MPH does not induce genotoxic or cytotoxic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Zamora-Perez
- Instituto de Investigación en Odontología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
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15
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Morita T, MacGregor JT, Hayashi M. Micronucleus assays in rodent tissues other than bone marrow. Mutagenesis 2011; 26:223-30. [PMID: 21164206 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geq066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This report updates previous reviews that were conducted as part of the third and fourth International Workshops on Genetic Toxicology Testing of micronucleus (MN) assays in rodent tissues other than bone marrow. Tissues discussed here are liver, lung, skin, colon, spleen, testes and foetal/neonatal tissues with transplacental exposure. Previous reviews have been updated to include literature published after 2000. In addition to the previously described tissues, MN assays in bladder, buccal mucosal cells, stomach and vagina are also included. MN assays using tissues other than bone marrow are critical for risk assessments, for in situ evaluation and for studies of systemic genotoxic effects and modes of action. Protocols for the majority of assays in tissues other than bone marrow have not yet been well standardised and validated for regulatory application, and further development is needed to support regulatory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Morita
- Division of Safety Information on Drug, Food and Chemicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
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Zúñiga-González GM, Batista-González CM, Gómez-Meda BC, Ramos-Ibarra ML, Zamora-Perez AL, Muñoz-Magallanes T, Ramos-Valdés C, Gallegos-Arreola MP. Micronuclei in diabetes: Folate supplementation diminishes micronuclei in diabetic patients but not in an animal model. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2007; 634:126-34. [PMID: 17669682 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Revised: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 06/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with a high risk of health complications, mainly due to excessive free radical (FRs) production that could result in an increased frequency of micronuclei. The consumption of antioxidants, like folic acid (FA), may mitigate the effects of the FRs. In the present study, micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte (MNPCE) frequencies were determined in blood sampled weekly from the tails of pregnant female Wistar rats and pregnant Wistar rats with experimental diabetes that were given unsupplemented diets and diets supplemented with FA. At birth, the pups were sampled to analyze micronucleated erythrocyte (MNE) and MNPCE frequencies. Moreover micronucleated cells (MNCs) were evaluated in buccal mucosa samples taken from 81 healthy adult subjects, 48 patients with DM, and 30 DM patients who were sampled before and after FA treatment. Increases in MNPCE frequencies were significant only at the first sampling (P<0.01 and P<0.03) in pregnant rats with experimental diabetes. In addition, the pups from the diabetic group and from diabetic group treated with FA had higher frequencies of MNEs (P<0.03 and P<0.001, respectively) and MNPCEs (P<0.009 and P<0.05, respectively) than the controls. No differences were found in diabetic rats and newborn rats born to diabetic mothers treated with FA compared with untreated animals. Patients with DM had a higher frequency of MNCs compared with healthy subjects (P<0.001). Also FA reduced the frequency of MNCs in DM patients (P<0.001). The results of this study indicate that diabetes results in elevated frequencies of micronuclei, and that, at least in humans, FA can protect against the elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo M Zúñiga-González
- Laboratorio de Mutagénesis, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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17
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Zavala-Aguirre JL, Torres-Bugarin O, Zamora-Perez AL. Aquatic ecotoxicology approaches in Western Mexico. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2007; 42:1503-11. [PMID: 17680492 DOI: 10.1080/10934520701480953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A series of bioindicator organisms for aquatic ecosystems are being maintained under laboratory conditions in order to analyze effects of pollution on aquatic wildlife and potential effects on human health. Growth kinetics of algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata was used to evaluate effects of the surfactant nonilphenol (NP). Brachionus calyciflorus was used to set up a model of endocrine disruption using the fungicide vinclozolin (Vc). We exposed salamanders from the genus Ambystoma sp., to different concentrations of both the aneugen colchicine (COL) and the clastogen cyclophosphamide (CP) and we determined the frequency of micronucleated cells (MNC) in their shed skin. The presence of spontaneous micronuclei in peripheral blood erythrocytes from 10 fish species in Lake "La Alberca," Michoacan (Mexico), was evaluated as a possible biological indicator of genotoxic agents. Results confirm the sensivity of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata to growth kinetics: the range of concentration of NP (20, 200 and 2000 microg L(- 1)) shows an inverted U shape in its maximum growth rate; Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) used as a positive control and to solvate NP induced an inverse stimulatory effect on growth rate in the range of concentrations analyzed (0.0023, 0.023 and 0.23% v v(- 1)). In the use of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus, the range of Vc from 0.185 mg L(- 1) to 3 mg L(- 1) clearly showed an inverted U shape characteristic of endocrine disruptions. We were able to use shed skin from Ambystoma sp., to measure MNC frequencies induced either by an aneugenic or a clastogenic compound. The MNC frequency was increased significantly by all doses of COL and CP, administered either as single or repeated exposures. The presence of MNC in the shed skin and the speed of sloughing lead us to propose that the sheds of Ambystoma sp., or other amphibians that slough their skin, as suitable alternative models for detecting genotoxic exposures relevant to aquatic environments. In the survey to determine potential biological fish indicators for genotoxic agents, the frequency of spontaneous micronucleated erythrocytes (MNE) found in the goodeid Xenotoca melanosoma (3.7 +/- 1.6 MNC) and the cichlid Oreochromis aureus (2.0 +/- 1.0 MNC) suggests that these species can be considered as potential biological indicators.
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Gómez-Meda BC, Zamora-Perez AL, Luna-Aguirre J, González-Rodríguez A, Ramos-Ibarra ML, Torres-Bugarín O, Batista-González CM, Zúñiga-González GM. Nuclear abnormalities in erythrocytes of parrots (Aratinga canicularis) related to genotoxic damage. Avian Pathol 2007; 35:206-10. [PMID: 16753611 DOI: 10.1080/03079450600711003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear abnormalities in erythrocytes, as micronuclei and nuclear buds (BE), are considered potential biomarkers of genotoxic exposure. We described previously the frequency of spontaneous micronucleated erythrocytes (MNE) in the species Aratinga canicularis. Here, we have used this species to evaluate the induction of MNE and BE by mitomycin-C. Animals were given a single intracoelomic injection of 0, 2, 3 or 4 mg/kg mitomycin-C on two consecutive days. A drop of blood was obtained after 0, 24, 48 and 72 h, and stained smears were used to count micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) and polychromatic erythrocytes with buds (BPCE)/1000 polychromatic erythrocytes. The number of MNE and BE in 10 000 total erythrocytes was also counted. MNPCE and BPCE frequencies were elevated at 24, 48, and 72 h after the administration of the lower dose (P<0.03). At a 3 mg/kg dose, the frequency of MNPCE increased at 48 and 72 h (P<0.04) whereas the number of BPCE increased, but not significantly. Administration of 4 mg/kg mitomycin-C increased the number of MNE observed at 72 h (P<0.03), the number of MNPCE at 48 h (P<0.01) and 72 h (P<0.006), the BE frequency at 72 h (P<0.05), and the frequency of BPCE at 48 and 72 h (P<0.001). While mitomycin-C appears to produce a parallel increase in MNPCE and BPCE frequencies, the MNE seemed to be a more sensitive indicator of genotoxicity than the BE. This suggests that evaluating BE and MNE in routine haematological analysis should be considered to evaluate environmental genotoxic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda C Gómez-Meda
- Laboratorio de Mutagénesis, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Sierra Mojada 800, Col. Independencia, C.P. 44340, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
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Lemus-Varela ML, Sola A, Gómez-Meda BC, Zamora-Perez AL, Ramos-Ibarra ML, Batista-González CM, Zúñiga-González GM. Oral sildenafil citrate lacks genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in a primate model: Callithrix jacchus. J Perinatol 2006; 26:423-7. [PMID: 16688205 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jp.7211518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine sildenafil citrate (SC) genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in the Callithrix jacchus. STUDY DESIGN Fifteen organisms were assigned to one of three groups as follows: experimental (25 mg/kg of SC); negative control (glucose solution 5%); and positive control (3 mg/kg of cytocine arabinoside). Systemic hemodynamic changes were monitored in each animal before and after each treatment. A drop of blood was obtained before and after the treatment at 24-120 h. Smears were made and the frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes (MNE), micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) and polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) was counted. RESULTS No significant differences in MNE, MNPCE and PCE were found in the group that received sildenafil and negative control. A significant increase in genotoxicity and cytotoxicity was observed in the positive control group. No changes were observed in systemic hemodynamic changes. CONCLUSION The macro-dose of SC lacks genotoxic, cytotoxic or systemic hemodynamic changes effects in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Lemus-Varela
- Departamento de Neonatología, Hospital de Pediatría, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
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20
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Ornelas-Aguirre JM, Gómez-Meda BC, Zamora-Perez AL, Ramos-Ibarra ML, Batista-González CM, Zúñiga-González GM. Micronucleus induction by metronidazole in rat vaginal mucosa. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2006; 47:352-6. [PMID: 16628750 DOI: 10.1002/em.20214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Metronidazole (MTZ) is used for the treatment of many infectious diseases, including vaginal infections. While data indicate that MTZ is mutagenic and induces micronuclei in rodents, there is no information on the genotoxicity of MTZ in epithelial vaginal cells or cervical cells. In the present study, we have instilled MTZ into the vagina of rats and evaluated the micronucleus (MN) frequency in proestrus rat vaginal mucosal cells. The first identified proestrus before treatment was used to establish basal proestrus micronucleated cell (PMNC) frequencies. Rats then were assigned to one of five groups: a negative control, three MTZ treatment groups (30, 50, or 100 mg/kg MTZ), and a positive control treated with 2.5 mg of 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) per rat. Following treatment for five consecutive days, vaginal cell samples were taken daily until three cycles of estrus were completed. Smears prepared from the samples were evaluated for micronuclei in proestrus cells. No differences were found between the PMNC frequencies of the negative control and the 30 and 50 mg/kg MTZ groups. The group treated with 100 mg/kg MTZ, however, had significantly elevated PMNC frequencies in the first and second proestrus samples, while 5-Fu treatment produced significant increases in PMNC frequency in the second and third proestrus. These results indicate that topical administration of relatively high concentrations of MTZ is genotoxic in rat vaginal mucosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Ornelas-Aguirre
- Unidad de Investigación en Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
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Zúñiga-González GM, Gómez-Meda BC, Zamora-Perez AL, Ramos-Ibarra ML, Batista-González CM, Lemus-Varela ML, Rodríguez-Avila JL, Gallegos-Arreola MP. Micronucleated erythrocyte frequencies in old and new world primates: measurement of micronucleated erythrocyte frequencies in peripheral blood of Callithrix jacchus as a model for evaluating genotoxicity in primates. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2005; 46:253-9. [PMID: 15971258 DOI: 10.1002/em.20154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nonhuman primates are of particular relevance in evaluating the potential toxicity of drugs and environmental agents. We have used previously published information and data from the present study to establish a relationship for New World (NW) and Old World (OW) primates on the basis of the frequency of spontaneous micronucleated erythrocytes (MNEs) observed in peripheral blood. Data on spontaneous MNEs in peripheral blood from 15 species of primates, including humans, indicate that NW primates have significantly (P < 0.01) higher MNE frequencies (group mean, 9.5 +/- 7.3 MNEs/10,000 erythrocytes; range, 0.7-20.5/10,000 erythrocytes) than OW primates (group mean, 1.0 +/- 0.9 MNEs/10,000 erythrocytes; range, 0.0-2.6 MNEs/10,000 erythrocytes). Humans are believed to have developed in the OW, and human MNE frequencies were similar to those described for OW primate species. We selected the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a NW primate, to determine whether therapeutic pediatric doses of Metotrexate (MTX; 2.5 mg/kg), Cyclophosphamide (CP; 5 mg/kg), Cytosine-arabinoside (Ara-C; 3 mg/kg), or 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU; 10 mg/kg), administered daily for two consecutive days, increase the frequency of micronuclei. Micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte frequencies were increased significantly in groups receiving MTX, CP and Ara-C, while MNE frequencies were increased by the Ara-C treatment. The results of this study indicate that NW primates have higher spontaneous MNE frequencies than OW primates, and because of this, NW primates like the common marmoset, may be suitable for evaluating the genotoxicity of chemical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo M Zúñiga-González
- Laboratorio de Mutagénesis, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
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Zamora-Perez A, Zúñiga-González GM, Gómez-Meda BC, Ramos-Ibarra ML, Batista-González CM, Torres-Bugarín O. Induction of micronucleated cells in the shed skin of salamanders (Ambystoma sp.) treated with colchicine or cyclophosphamide. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2004; 44:436-440. [PMID: 15540193 DOI: 10.1002/em.20074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The micronucleus (MN) assay can be used to detect the genotoxic effects of chemical agents in virtually any cell that divides frequently. Salamanders (Ambystoma sp.) are amphibians that can be easily maintained and bred in the laboratory and spontaneously shed their skin every 2.5-4 days. In this present study, we have evaluated the usefulness of this shed skin for the MN assay. We exposed salamanders to different concentrations of both the aneugen colchicine (COL) and the clastogen cyclophosphamide (CP) and we determined the frequency of micronucleated cells (MNCs) in their sheds. Fragments of shed skin were placed on clean slides, fixed, stained, observed with a light microscope, and the number of MNCs was counted. The MNC frequency was increased significantly by all doses of COL and CP tested, administered either as single or repeated exposures. The presence of MNCs in the shed skin and the speed of sloughing lead us to propose that the sheds of Ambystoma sp., or other amphibians that slough their skin, are suitable alternative models for detecting genotoxic exposures relevant to aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Zamora-Perez
- Laboratorio de Mutagénesis, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Gómez-Meda BC, Zúñiga-González GM, Zamora-Perez A, Ramos-Ibarra ML, Batista-González CM, Torres-Mendoza BM. Folate supplementation of cyclophosphamide-treated mothers diminishes micronucleated erythrocytes in peripheral blood of newborn rats. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2004; 44:174-178. [PMID: 15278921 DOI: 10.1002/em.20037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Belinda C Gómez-Meda
- Laboratorio de Mutagénesis, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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