1
|
Manan M, Saleem U, Ahmad B, Aslam N, Anwar A, Zafar A. Anti-arthritic and toxicological evaluation of ethanolic extract of Alternanthera bettzickiana in rats. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1002037. [DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1002037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In many developing countries, medicinal plants have long been used for therapeutic purposes due to their low cost and toxicity. This study evaluated the safety and anti-arthritic potential of Alternanthera bettzickiana ethanolic extract (ABEE). Acute oral toxicity (OECD 425) was tested in the safety evaluation. A limit test was used to identify the LD50 value. For an acute oral toxicity study a dose of 2000 mg/kg of ABEE was given orally to the treatment group, and the control group received distilled water at a rate of 10 ml/kg. Biochemical, hematological, and histopathological analyses were performed after 14 days. A formaldehyde 2% w/v solution was injected via i.p. to rats of all groups to prepare the arthritic model. Five groups were divided into control (D.H2O), standard (Diclofenac), and three groups receiving the plant extract at dose levels of 125 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, and 500 mg/kg respectively. Treatment was continued for 10 days. Paw diameter and hematological and biochemical variables were quantified. ELISA was performed for the estimation of inflammatory cytokines. In the acute oral toxicity study, no mortality or morbidity were observed, so the LD50 of this plant was greater than 2000 mg/kg. ABEE decreased the paw diameter with the restoration of hematological and biochemical changes. SOD and CAT levels were increased while decreasing the MDA, NO, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels in arthritic rats. It is concluded that the use of A. bettzickiana has low toxicity, and it can be used for the treatment of arthritis.
Collapse
|
2
|
Valencia-Quintana R, López-Durán RM, Milić M, Bonassi S, Ochoa-Ocaña MA, Uriostegui-Acosta MO, Pérez-Flores GA, Gómez-Olivares JL, Sánchez-Alarcón J. Assessment of Cytogenetic Damage and Cholinesterases' Activity in Workers Occupationally Exposed to Pesticides in Zamora-Jacona, Michoacan, Mexico. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126269. [PMID: 34200547 PMCID: PMC8296030 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides have been considered as potential chemical mutagens; however, little is known about toxic and genotoxic effects during pesticide application in Zamora-Jacona, Michoacan State in Mexico. This study sought to determine DNA damage and cholinesterase activities inhibitions in 54 agricultural workers exposed to complex mixtures of pesticides vs. control group (26 individuals) using Comet assay in peripheral whole blood, micronucleus (MN) test in oral mucosa cells, Cytokinesis-blocked MN assay in lymphocytes (L-CBMNcyt) and measuring AChE and BChE activities in whole blood and plasma samples, respectively. Exposed subjects demonstrated significantly elevated levels of primary (Comet assay: tail intensity, tail length, tail moment, Olive tail moment) and permanent DNA damage (MN assay: in blood/buccal cells; frequencies of nuclear buds, binucleated cells, cells with condensed chromatin, karyorrhexis, pyknosis, and karyolysis). However, inhibition of cholinesterase activities (AChE and BChE) was not observed in the workers. Confounding factors including sex, age, BMI, working exposure period, protection level, smoking habit (cigarettes per day units), alcohol consumption (weekly), medication, were considered in the analysis. These combined techniques demonstrated usefulness in the health hazards risks pesticide exposure assessment and suggested the need for periodic monitoring together with the education and the training of occupational workers for the safe application of potentially harmful pesticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Valencia-Quintana
- Laboratorio “Rafael Villalobos-Pietrini” de Toxicología Genómica y Química Ambiental, Facultad de Agrobiología, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, CA Genética y Ambiente UATLX-CA 223, Red Temática de Toxicología de Plaguicidas, Tlaxcala 90120, Mexico; (R.V.-Q.); (G.A.P.-F.)
| | - Rosa María López-Durán
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México 09340, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (R.M.L.-D.); (J.S.-A.)
| | - Mirta Milić
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Stefano Bonassi
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Rafaele University, 00166 Rome, Italy;
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Rafaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Ma. Antonieta Ochoa-Ocaña
- Unidad Académica de Estudios Regionales, Coordinación de Humanidades, UNAM, Jiquilpan 59510, Mexico;
| | | | - Guillermo Alejandro Pérez-Flores
- Laboratorio “Rafael Villalobos-Pietrini” de Toxicología Genómica y Química Ambiental, Facultad de Agrobiología, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, CA Genética y Ambiente UATLX-CA 223, Red Temática de Toxicología de Plaguicidas, Tlaxcala 90120, Mexico; (R.V.-Q.); (G.A.P.-F.)
| | - José Luis Gómez-Olivares
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México 09340, Mexico;
| | - Juana Sánchez-Alarcón
- Laboratorio “Rafael Villalobos-Pietrini” de Toxicología Genómica y Química Ambiental, Facultad de Agrobiología, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, CA Genética y Ambiente UATLX-CA 223, Red Temática de Toxicología de Plaguicidas, Tlaxcala 90120, Mexico; (R.V.-Q.); (G.A.P.-F.)
- Correspondence: (R.M.L.-D.); (J.S.-A.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lozano-Paniagua D, Parrón T, Alarcón R, Requena M, López-Guarnido O, Lacasaña M, Hernández AF. Evaluation of conventional and non-conventional biomarkers of liver toxicity in greenhouse workers occupationally exposed to pesticides. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 151:112127. [PMID: 33722595 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The liver plays a prominent role in maintenance of homeostasis and is the major organ for xenobiotic metabolism, including pesticides. Conventional liver function tests are widely used to assess hepatocellular and biliary system dysfunction by measuring serum levels of aminotransferases (ALT, AST) and cholestasis enzymes (alkaline phosphatase -ALP- and γ-glutamyl transferase -GGT-), respectively. Although these tests are not entirely specific for liver damage, their specificity increases when measured concurrently, but still have limited usefulness to predict early liver dysfunction. Hence, non-conventional biomarkers may have a better performance for the early detection of biochemical hepatotoxicity with a greater specificity and sensitivity. A cross-sectional study with a follow-up component was conducted on 175 greenhouse workers regularly exposed to pesticides under integrated production system, and 91 controls living in the same geographical area. All individuals were evaluated for conventional (ALT, AST, ALP, GGT) and non-conventional biomarkers of hepatotoxicity (ornithine transcarbamylase (-OTC-), Arginase-1 -ARG1- and glutathione S-transferase alpha -GSTα-) over two periods of the same crop season, one of high pesticide exposure and other of low exposure. A slight increase in AST was observed in greenhouse workers relative to controls, suggestive of subtle hepatocellular toxicity. Although ALP, ARG1 and GST-α levels were decreased in greenhouse workers, this might be related to a potential homeostatic mechanism that regulates their expression. Altogether, these findings do not represent unambiguous evidence of liver dysfunction (e.g., hepatocellular or biliary system impairment) but may be the result of the low-toxicity pesticides used by greenhouse workers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tesifón Parrón
- University of Almería School of Health Sciences, Almería, Spain
| | - Raquel Alarcón
- University of Almería School of Health Sciences, Almería, Spain
| | - Mar Requena
- University of Almería School of Health Sciences, Almería, Spain
| | - Olga López-Guarnido
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada School of Medicine, Granada, Spain
| | - Marina Lacasaña
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Spain
| | - Antonio F Hernández
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada School of Medicine, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Silva Pinto BG, Marques Soares TK, Azevedo Linhares M, Castilhos Ghisi N. Occupational exposure to pesticides: Genetic danger to farmworkers and manufacturing workers - A meta-analytical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 748:141382. [PMID: 32818891 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, the use of pesticides has grown worldwide. However, there is great worry about the impact of pesticides on human health, due to their wide distribution and possible long-term effects. Complex mixtures with different formulations are often used, including a variety of genotoxic compounds. Thus, genotoxicity tests form an important part of cancer research and risk assessment of potential carcinogens. This study aimed to conduct a meta-analytical review of possible genetic damage resulting from occupational exposure in farmworkers and workers employed in pesticide production, both ever in comparison to non-exposed people, using comet assay (CA), micronucleus test (MN) and telomere length (TL) data available in the scientific literature. A total of 145 datasets were evaluated. The results showed that the occupationally exposed workers had more DNA damage in CA and MN than non-exposed workers. The TL result did not show difference between groups. When the data were categorized by gender (male, female or both), crop (general, tobacco, fruits, soybeans, cotton) and occupation (manufacturing or farmworkers), the study found that the exposed group always presented higher damage than the non-exposed individuals, in CA and MN. More studies with TL are needed to obtain a more precise response, and to segregate the effect of tobacco farming from pesticide exposure. When TL was segregated by gender, women and men presented difference between exposed and non-exposed groups. In general, the publication bias impact was modest. If all relevant studies were included, the key finding (i.e. the effect of pesticide exposure increases the genotoxicity and mutation rate) would probably remain unchanged. Lastly, it is important to highlight the importance of the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and offer safer options to farmworkers (e.g. organic farming or less toxic alternatives).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Gabriele Silva Pinto
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Estrada para Boa Esperança, s/n, km 04, P.O. Box 157, CEP: 85660-000 Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brazil.
| | - Tábatta Kim Marques Soares
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Estrada para Boa Esperança, s/n, km 04, P.O. Box 157, CEP: 85660-000 Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brazil.
| | - Maristela Azevedo Linhares
- Centro de Tecnologia em Saúde e Meio Ambiente, Instituto de Tecnologia do Paraná (Tecpar), Rua Professor Algacyr Munhoz Mader, 3775, CEP: 81350-10 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Nédia Castilhos Ghisi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Estrada para Boa Esperança, s/n, km 04, P.O. Box 157, CEP: 85660-000 Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dereumeaux C, Fillol C, Quenel P, Denys S. Pesticide exposures for residents living close to agricultural lands: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105210. [PMID: 31739132 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Residents living close to agricultural lands might be exposed to pesticides through non-occupational pathways including spray drift and volatilization of pesticides beyond the treated area. OBJECTIVE This review aimed to identify and analyze scientific literature measuring pesticide exposure in non-farmworker residents living close to agricultural lands, and to suggest practical implications and needs for future studies. METHODS A review was performed using inclusion criteria to identify original articles of interest published between 2003 and 2018. RESULTS From the 29 articles selected in this review, 2 belonged to the same study and were grouped, resulting in a total of 27 studies. Seven studies assessed exposure to pesticides using environmental samples, 13 collected biological samples and 7 analyzed both. Nine studies included a reference group of residents living far from agricultural lands while 11 assessed the influence of the spraying season or spray events on pesticide exposures. Studies included in this review provide evidence that residents living near to agricultural lands are exposed to higher levels of pesticides than residents living further away. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION This review highlights that the following study design characteristics may be more appropriate than others to measure pesticide spray drift exposure in non-farmworker residents living close to agricultural lands: inclusion of a non-agricultural control group, collection of both biological and environmental samples with repeated sampling, measurements at different periods of the year, selection of numerous study sites related to one specific crop group, and measurements of pesticides which are specific to agricultural use. However, few studies to date incorporate all these characteristics. Additional studies are needed to comprehensively measure non-occupational pesticide exposures in this population in order to evaluate health risks, and to develop appropriate prevention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Dereumeaux
- Direction of Environmental Health, Santé Publique France, Saint Maurice Cedex, France.
| | - Clémence Fillol
- Direction of Environmental Health, Santé Publique France, Saint Maurice Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Quenel
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Sébastien Denys
- Direction of Environmental Health, Santé Publique France, Saint Maurice Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dutta S, Bahadur M. Effect of pesticide exposure on the cholinesterase activity of the occupationally exposed tea garden workers of northern part of West Bengal, India. Biomarkers 2019; 24:317-324. [PMID: 30512980 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2018.1556342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Context: Pesticide poisoning and related deaths are a global concern, but there is little information about its effect on the occupationally exposed tea garden workers of North Bengal. Objective: This study investigates the level of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in the blood of the tea garden workers at risk of exposure to a mixture of pesticides. Materials and methods: The study sample consisted of pesticide exposed workers, non-exposed (control), smokers and alcoholics. AChE and BuChE activity was measured and tested for significance. Results: Results showed that AChE activity was half in the pesticide exposed individuals than controls (p≤ 0.001). BuChE activity was also significantly decreased in the pesticide exposed individuals than controls (p≤ 0.001), while AChE and BuChE activity in smokers and alcoholics were not different from that of controls. However, significantly decreased AChE and BuChE activities were recorded in pesticide exposed workers compared to smokers and alcoholics. Conclusions: The results indicated that the decrease in enzyme activities in tea garden workers was due to mixed pesticides (containing organophosphates) exposure. Age was not found to influence the enzyme activities. However, the gender had little effect on the enzyme activities but the effect was not so prominent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Dutta
- a Department of Zoology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory , University of North Bengal , Darjeeling , India
| | - Min Bahadur
- a Department of Zoology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory , University of North Bengal , Darjeeling , India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nguyen THY, Bertin M, Bodin J, Fouquet N, Bonvallot N, Roquelaure Y. Multiple Exposures and Coexposures to Occupational Hazards Among Agricultural Workers: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies. Saf Health Work 2018; 9:239-248. [PMID: 30370155 PMCID: PMC6129995 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Workers may be exposed to various types of occupational hazards at the same time, potentially increasing the risk of adverse health outcomes. The aim of this review was to analyze the effects of multiple occupational exposures and coexposures to chemical, biomechanical, and physical hazards on adverse health outcomes among agricultural workers. METHODS Articles published in English between 1990 and 2015 were identified using five popular databases and two complementary sources. The quality of the included publications was assessed using the methodology developed by the Effective Public Health Practice Project assessment tool for quantitative studies. RESULTS Fifteen articles were included in the review. Multiple chemical exposures were significantly associated with an increased risk of respiratory diseases, cancer, and DNA and cytogenetic damage. Multiple physical exposures seemed to increase the risk of hearing loss, whereas coexposures to physical and biomechanical hazards were associated with an increased risk of musculoskeletal disorders among agricultural workers. CONCLUSION Few studies have explored the impact of multiple occupational exposures on the health of agricultural workers. A very limited number of studies have investigated the effect of coexposures among biomechanical, physical, and chemical hazards on occupational health, which indicates a need for further research in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Hai-Yen Nguyen
- Univ Angers, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-49000 Angers, France
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Mélanie Bertin
- Univ Angers, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Julie Bodin
- Univ Angers, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Natacha Fouquet
- Univ Angers, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-49000 Angers, France
- The French National Public Health Agency, Direction of Occupational Health, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Nathalie Bonvallot
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) – UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Yves Roquelaure
- Univ Angers, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-49000 Angers, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hilgert Jacobsen-Pereira C, Dos Santos CR, Troina Maraslis F, Pimentel L, Feijó AJL, Iomara Silva C, de Medeiros GDS, Costa Zeferino R, Curi Pedrosa R, Weidner Maluf S. Markers of genotoxicity and oxidative stress in farmers exposed to pesticides. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 148:177-183. [PMID: 29055201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The effects of chronic exposure to pesticides can lead to the development of several diseases, including different types of cancer, since the genotoxic and mutagenic capacity of these substances can be observed. The objective of this study is to investigate the relation between the occupational exposure to various pesticides and the presence of DNA damage and oxidative stress. Blood samples from 50 rural workers (41 men and 9 women) exposed to pesticides, 46 controls (20 men and 26 women) from the same city (Antônio Carlos, Santa Catarina state, Brazil) and 29 controls (15 men and 14 women) from another city (Florianópolis, Santa Catarina state, Brazil), were evaluated using the comet assay and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) technique for genetic damage, and the test of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and catalase (CAT) activity for the oxidative stress. Cholinesterase activities were also determined, but there was no statistical difference among exposed workers and controls. Significant differences were found in DNA damage among groups. The comet assay performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes of these individuals had a significantly higher DNA damage index in the exposed group comparing to controls (p < 0.0001). MNi (p < 0.001), NBUDs (p < 0.005) and NPBs (p < 0.0001) were also found to be significantly higher in the exposed group. The TBARS values were significantly higher comparing to the Florianopolis control group (p < 0.0001). Even though CAT values were higher than controls, there was no statistical difference. Thus, it is concluded that the exposed individuals, participants of this study, are more subject to suffer genetic damage and, consequently, more susceptible to diseases resulting from such damages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Hilgert Jacobsen-Pereira
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Genetics, University Hospital, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Claudia Regina Dos Santos
- Department of Pathology, Health Science Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Toxicology, University Hospital, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Flora Troina Maraslis
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Genetics, University Hospital, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Luisi Pimentel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana Júlia Lobo Feijó
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Clarice Iomara Silva
- Laboratory of Toxicology, University Hospital, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Guilherme da Silva de Medeiros
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Genetics, University Hospital, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Costa Zeferino
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Rozangela Curi Pedrosa
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Sharbel Weidner Maluf
- Laboratory of Genetics, University Hospital, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Waheed S, Halsall C, Sweetman AJ, Jones KC, Malik RN. Pesticides contaminated dust exposure, risk diagnosis and exposure markers in occupational and residential settings of Lahore, Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 56:375-382. [PMID: 29127912 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
There are few studies documenting the dust loaded with pesticides as a potential non-dietary exposure source for occupational worker and populations living near agricultural farms and pesticides formulation plants. In present study we have evaluated the pesticide concentration in dust from potential sites and relevant health risk from dust ingestion. Furthermore, the effect of currently used pesticides was investigated on blood and urine parameters of subjects: farmer, factory worker, urban resident and rural resident and controlled subjects with presumably different levels of exposure. The urinary metabolites (TCPY and IMPY) were quantified as biomarkers of exposure to chlorpyrifos and diazinon in relation with biomarkers of effect including BuChE, LH, FSH, testosterone and oxidative stress. Results showed that chlorpyrifos and diazinon were present in higher concentration in dust and posed a high health risk to exposed subjects. The mean SOD value was high among the farmer (3048U/g Hb) followed by factory worker (1677.6U/g Hb). The urinary biomarkers - TCPY and IMPY- were found higher in exposed subjects as compared to control. Furthermore, testosterone was found in higher concentration in factory worker than control (12.63ng/ml vs 4.61ng/ml respectively). A decreased BuChE activity was noticed in occupational group and significant differences were observed in control verses exposed subjects. The PCA analysis evidenced the impact of pesticides on exposure biomarkers and male reproductive hormones. The study suggests that dust contaminated with pesticides engenders significant health risk particularly related to the nervous and endocrine system, not only for occupational workers exposed to direct ingestion but also for nearby residential community. Succinctly putting: Pesticides loaded dust in the city of Lahore, being a high priority concern for the government of Pakistan, demands to be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Waheed
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, F Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Crispin Halsall
- Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Andrew J Sweetman
- Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, F Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Saleem U, Amin S, Ahmad B, Azeem H, Anwar F, Mary S. Acute oral toxicity evaluation of aqueous ethanolic extract of Saccharum munja Roxb. roots in albino mice as per OECD 425 TG. Toxicol Rep 2017; 4:580-585. [PMID: 29152463 PMCID: PMC5671618 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background S. munja roots have been used in ethno medicines for the treatment of different ailments. Despite its beneficial uses no studies on its toxicity potential have been reported. Objective The study was designed to evaluate acute toxic potential of aqueous ethanolic extract of S. munja roots according to OECD TG No. 425. Material and methods Female mice were divided into two groups (n = 5). One group served as control while the other as treated group that received 2000 mg/kg b.w. of S. munja roots ethanolic extract orally. Then both groups were observed for 14 days. Then the blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture, under chloroform general anesthesia and were subjected to hematological and biochemical analyses. The vital organs of anesthetized animals were preserved for histopathological examination. Results The the data revealed that LD50 of the extract was greater than 2000 mg/kg b.w. There was no significant alteration found in body weight and organ to body mass index. In comparison with control group, there was significant increase in levels of ALT, AST, total proteins, globulin levels, serum urea, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, platelet count, MCV, MCH, WBC count and lymphocytes whereas ALP and MCHC levels were reduced significantly. Conclusions From the data obtained in this study, It can be concluded that though LD50 is greater than 2000 mg/kg b.w. but moderate toxicity signs appeared in liver, kidney, lipid profile and CBC also showed blood dyscresias at limit dose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Saleem
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Amin
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Bashir Ahmad
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Haroon Azeem
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fareeha Anwar
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sunita Mary
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bianco GE, Suarez E, Cazon L, de la Puente TB, Ahrendts MRB, De Luca JC. Prevalence of chromosomal aberrations in Argentinean agricultural workers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:21146-21152. [PMID: 28730367 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9664-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about biosecurity measures and toxic effects during pesticide application in the province of Jujuy, Argentina, particularly concerning the protective measures and mixture of pesticides used by rural workers. We carried out an observational study of agricultural workers from Jujuy (76 exposed subjects and 53 controls) to investigate the prevalence of chromosomal aberrations (CAs) in human lymphocytes as well as the activity level of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in red blood cell erythrocytes. Whole blood samples (5 mL) were collected in heparinized Vacutainer tubes for cytogenetic analysis and erythrocyte cholinesterase activity determination according to Ellman's method. Cytogenetic results showed a significant CA increase in pesticide-exposed individuals as compared with controls (4.20 ± 0.15 vs. 1.00 ± 0.05, respectively; p < 0.001), suggesting that pesticides are clastogenic agents causing DNA damage. Erythrocyte cholinesterase activity was significantly lower in exposed individuals, evidencing the possible occurrence of perturbations in blood as well as neurotoxicity in pesticide sprayers. These results suggest the need for periodic biomonitoring of these biomarkers together with education and training of occupational workers for the safe application of potentially harmful pesticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Eugenia Bianco
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Alberdi 47 (Y4600DTA), San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Eva Suarez
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Alberdi 47 (Y4600DTA), San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Lauro Cazon
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Alberdi 47 (Y4600DTA), San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Teresita Beatriz de la Puente
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Alberdi 47 (Y4600DTA), San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina
| | | | - Julio César De Luca
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, IGEVET-Instituto de Genética Veterinaria (UNLP-CONICET LA PLATA), CC 296 AVW, B1900, La Plata, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1425FQB), CABA, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ali T, Ismail M, Asad F, Ashraf A, Waheed U, Khan QM. Pesticide genotoxicity in cotton picking women in Pakistan evaluated using comet assay. Drug Chem Toxicol 2017; 41:213-220. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2017.1343342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tayyaba Ali
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Environmental Toxicology Lab, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ismail
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Environmental Toxicology Lab, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Farkhanda Asad
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Asma Ashraf
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Usman Waheed
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Environmental Toxicology Lab, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Qaiser M. Khan
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Environmental Toxicology Lab, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ismail M, Ali R, Shahid M, Khan MA, Zubair M, Ali T, Mahmood Khan Q. Genotoxic and hematological effects of chlorpyrifos exposure on freshwater fish Labeo rohita. Drug Chem Toxicol 2017; 41:22-26. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2017.1280047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ismail
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan,
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan,
| | - Rahat Ali
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan,
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan,
| | - Muhammad Asaf Khan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan,
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan,
| | - Tayyaba Ali
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Qaiser Mahmood Khan
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Perumalla Venkata R, Rahman MF, Mahboob M, Indu Kumari S, Chinde S, M. B, Dumala N, Grover P. Assessment of genotoxicity in female agricultural workers exposed to pesticides. Biomarkers 2016; 22:446-454. [DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2016.1252954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. F. Rahman
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - M. Mahboob
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - S. Indu Kumari
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Srinivas Chinde
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Bhanuramya M.
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Naresh Dumala
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Paramjit Grover
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dutta S, Bahadur M. Cytogenetic analysis of micronuclei and cell death parameters in epithelial cells of pesticide exposed tea garden workers. Toxicol Mech Methods 2016; 26:627-634. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2016.1230917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
16
|
The use of the lymphocyte cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay for monitoring pesticide-exposed populations. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 770:183-203. [PMID: 27894686 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides are widely used around the world, and hundreds of millions of people are exposed annually in occupational and environmental settings. Numerous studies have demonstrated relationships between pesticide exposure and increased risk of cancers, neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, respiratory diseases and diabetes. Assessment of genotoxicity of pesticides and biomonitoring their effect in exposed populations is critical for a better regulation and protection, but it can be complicated because pesticides are often used as complex mixtures. The cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay in human lymphocytes (L-CBMN) is a validated method of assessment of DNA damage induced by clastogenic and aneuploidogenic mechanisms. The goal of this review is to provide an updated summary of publications on biomonitoring studies using this assay in people exposed to pesticides in different settings, and to identify gaps in knowledge, and future directions. A literature search was conducted through MedLine/PubMed and TOXLINE electronic databases up to December 2015. A total of 55 full-text articles, related to 49 studies, excluding reviews, were selected for in depth analysis, divided by the settings where exposures occurred, such as chemical plant workers, pesticide sprayers, floriculturists, agricultural workers and non-occupationally exposed groups. Majority of studies (36 out of 49) reported positive findings with L-CBMN assay. However, most of the studies of professional applicators that used single pesticide or few compounds in the framework of specific programs did not show significant increases in MN frequency. A decreased level of pesticide-induced genotoxicity was associated with the proper use of personal protection. In contrast, subjects working in greenhouses or during intensive spraying season and having acute exposure, showed consistent increases in MN frequency. Overall, this analysis confirmed that L-CBMN is an excellent tool for pesticide biomonitoring, and can validate the effects of educational and intervention programs on reducing exposure and genetic damage.
Collapse
|
17
|
Abdul Hamid Z, Mohd Zulkifly MF, Hamid A, Lubis SH, Mohammad N, Ishak I, Mohd Saat NZ, Othman HF, Ghazali AR, Mohd Rafaai MJ, Mohd Noor MR, Rajab NF. The association of nuclear abnormalities in exfoliated buccal epithelial cells with the health status of different agricultural activities farmers in Peninsular Malaysia. Genes Environ 2016; 38:7. [PMID: 27350827 PMCID: PMC4918015 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-016-0032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pesticide exposure possesses risk of genotoxicity to humans, particularly farmers. Despite accumulating evidences linking genotoxicity to pesticide exposure, epidemiological studies to address pesticide toxicity in occupationally exposed farmers in Malaysia remain underreported. Thus, this study was aimed to determine the presence of nuclear abnormalities through the assessment of micronucleus (MN) and binucleus (BNu) frequencies in exfoliated buccal epithelial cells from farmers who were exposed to pesticides. A cross-sectional study of farmers among different agricultural activities farmers in Bachok and Pasir Puteh, Kelantan, North East of Peninsular Malaysia was done to evaluate the presence of nuclear abnormalities and its correlation with their health status and farming activities. RESULTS Analysis of buccal cells revealed that the frequency of MN was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in farmers as compared to controls. In contrast, no significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed for BNu frequency in between groups. Correlation analysis showed that apart from a significant (p < 0.05) and positive correlation between the duration of fertilizers exposure and frequencies of MN (r = 0.42, P = 0.001) and BNu (r = 0.37, P = 0.02), no other correlation of various confounding factors on the formation of MN and BNu were observed. CONCLUSION In conclusion, pesticide and fertilizers exposure may contribute to the promotion of nuclear anomalies among Malaysian farmers who are engaged in mixed plantation activities. Further assessment of larger populations is important to address and overcome the potential risk of pesticide-induced genotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zariyantey Abdul Hamid
- />Biomedical Science Program, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM,), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, 50300 Malaysia
| | - Mohd Faizal Mohd Zulkifly
- />Biomedical Science Program, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM,), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, 50300 Malaysia
- />Center for Neuroscience Services and Research (P3Neuro), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kota Baru, Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Asmah Hamid
- />Biomedical Science Program, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM,), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, 50300 Malaysia
| | - Syarif Husin Lubis
- />Biomedical Science Program, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM,), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, 50300 Malaysia
| | - Nihayah Mohammad
- />Biomedical Science Program, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM,), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, 50300 Malaysia
| | - Ismarulyusda Ishak
- />Biomedical Science Program, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM,), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, 50300 Malaysia
| | - Nur Zakiah Mohd Saat
- />Biomedical Science Program, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM,), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, 50300 Malaysia
| | - Hidayatul Fathi Othman
- />Biomedical Science Program, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM,), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, 50300 Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Rohi Ghazali
- />Biomedical Science Program, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM,), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, 50300 Malaysia
| | - Mohd Jamil Mohd Rafaai
- />Biomedical Science Program, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM,), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, 50300 Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Roff Mohd Noor
- />Horticulture Research Centre, MARDI, Persiaran MARDI-UPM, Serdang, 43400 Selangor Malaysia
| | - Nor Fadilah Rajab
- />Biomedical Science Program, School of Diagnostic and Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM,), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, 50300 Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Changes in buccal micronucleus cytome parameters associated with smokeless tobacco and pesticide exposure among female tea garden workers of Assam, India. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2014; 217:169-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
19
|
Ismail M, Khan QM, Ali R, Ali T, Mobeen A. Genotoxicity of chlorpyrifos in freshwater fishLabeo rohitausing Alkaline Single-Cell Gel Electrophoresis (Comet) assay. Drug Chem Toxicol 2014; 37:466-71. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2014.887093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
20
|
Ogunlana OO, Ogunlana OE, Adeneye AA, Udo-Chijioke O, Dare-Olipede T, Olagunju JA, Akindahunsi AA. Evaluation of the toxicological profile of the leaves and young twigs of Caesalpinia bonduc (Linn) roxb. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES 2013; 10:504-12. [PMID: 24311878 DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v10i6.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Acute and sub-acute toxicological effects of ethanolic extract of the leaves and young twigs of Caesalpinia bonduc were carried out on albino rats. Single extract doses from 2000 to 5000 mg/kg body weight were administered orally and monitored for 14 days in acute study, while extract doses from 200 to 1600 mg/kg body weight were orally administered daily for 28 days in sub-acute study and recovery was assessed 14 days after dosing. Biochemical, haematological and histopathological examinations were carried out. There was no mortality in the experimental animals in all acute treatment doses. However, there were significant alterations in the biomarkers and induced cellular damage to the liver in all acute treatment doses. In the sub-acute toxicity treatment, the assessed biomarkers were unaffected at extract dose of 200 mg/kg body weight compared to control, while significant changes were observed in rats administered with extract doses of 400 mg/kg body weight and above. No significant difference was observed between the tested groups and the recovery groups in the sub-acute toxicity study. In conclusion, the ethanolic extract of C. bonduc could be toxic to selected organs of the rat body in acute and sub-acute treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olubanke O Ogunlana
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, PMB 1023, Ota, Ogun, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wafa T, Nadia K, Amel N, Ikbal C, Insaf T, Asma K, Hedi MA, Mohamed H. Oxidative stress, hematological and biochemical alterations in farmers exposed to pesticides. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2013; 48:1058-69. [PMID: 24007483 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2013.824285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a cohort of farmers from the Mateur region in the North of Tunisia, were interviewed and examined for the biochemical effects of pesticides. We studied their haematological profile, lipid parameters, serum markers of nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. We also evaluated the activities of Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and thiolactonase-paroxonase (PON). Moreover, lipid peroxidation and activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were determined. The duration of pesticide use and the farmers' age were considered in the analysis. Our results revealed significant differences in some haematological parameters, in liver and kidney functions, in the lipidic status of the pesticide-exposed group. We also reported an increase in the index of incidence of cardiovascular risk in farmer populations. A significant decrease in AChE, BChE and PON levels was found among farmers. Lipid peroxidation, however, increased. The activities of SOD and CAT were remarkably elevated in farmer populations. There was a significant relation between changes in biological markers, the duration of pesticide use and the farmers' age. This study indicates that a long-term exposure to pesticides may play an important role in the development of vascular diseases via metabolic disorders of lipoproteins, lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress, inhibition of BChE and decrease in thiolactonase-PON levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tayeb Wafa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, UR03/ES-08 Human Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Da Silva FR, Da Silva J, Nunes E, Benedetti D, Kahl V, Rohr P, Abreu MB, Thiesen FV, Kvitko K. Application of the buccal micronucleus cytome assay and analysis of PON1Gln192Arg and CYP2A6*9(-48T>G) polymorphisms in tobacco farmers. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2012; 53:525-34. [PMID: 22847926 DOI: 10.1002/em.21713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco is a major Brazilian cash crop. Tobacco farmers apply large amounts of pesticides to control insect growth. Workers come into contact with green tobacco leaves during the tobacco harvest and absorb nicotine through the skin. In the present study, micronucleus frequency, cell death, and the frequency of basal cells were measured in tobacco farmers using the buccal micronucleus cytome assay (BMCyt), in parallel with measurement of blood butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and nicotine levels. Polymorphisms in PONIGln192Arg and CYP2A6*9(-48T>G) were evaluated to verify the relationship between genetic susceptibility and the measured biomarkers. Peripheral blood and buccal cell samples were collected from 106 agricultural workers, at two different crop times (during pesticide application and leaf harvest), as well as 53 unexposed controls. BMCyt showed statistically significant increases in micronuclei, nuclear buds, and binucleated cells among exposed subjects in differentiated cells, and in micronuclei in basal cells. In addition, the exposed group showed higher values for condensed chromatin, karyorrhectic, pyknotic, and karyolitic cells, indicative of cell death, and an increase in the frequency of basal cells compared to the unexposed control group. A slight difference in mutagenicity using the BMCyt assay was found between the two different sampling times (pesticide application and leaf harvest), with higher micronucleus frequencies during pesticide application. Elevated cotinine levels were observed during the leaf harvest compared to the unexposed controls, while BChE level was similar among the farmers and controls. PONIGln192Arg and CYP2A6*9(-48T>G) polymorphisms were associated with DNA damage induced by pesticides and cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Rabaioli Da Silva
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PPGBM), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mecdad AA, Ahmed MH, ElHalwagy ME, Afify MM. A study on oxidative stress biomarkers and immunomodulatory effects of pesticides in pesticide-sprayers. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejfs.2011.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
24
|
Bolognesi C, Creus A, Ostrosky-Wegman P, Marcos R. Micronuclei and pesticide exposure. Mutagenesis 2011; 26:19-26. [PMID: 21164178 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geq070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Micronucleus (MN) is a biomarker widely used in biomonitoring studies carried out to determine the genetic risk associated to pesticide exposure. Many in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as epidemiological approaches, have demonstrated the ability of certain chemical pesticides to produce genetic effects including cancer and other chronic pathologies in humans; thus, biomonitoring studies have been carried out to characterise the genetic risk associated to pesticide exposure. It must be noted that 'pesticide exposure' is a broad term covering complex mixtures of chemicals and many variables that can reduce or potentiate their risk. In addition, there are large differences in pesticides used in the different parts of the world. Although pesticides constitute a wide group of environmental pollutants, the main focus on their risk has been addressed to people using pesticides in their working places, at the chemical industry or in the crop fields. Here, we present a brief review of biomonitoring studies carried out in people occupationally exposed to pesticides and that use MN in lymphocytes or buccal cells as a target to determine the induction of genotoxic damage. Thus, people working in the chemical industry producing pesticides, people spraying pesticides and people dedicated to floriculture or agricultural works in general are the subject of specific sections. MN is a valuable genotoxic end point when clear exposure conditions exist like in pesticide production workers; nevertheless, better study designs are needed to overcome the uncertainty in exposure, genetic susceptibility and statistical power in the studies of sprayers and floriculture or agricultural workers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bolognesi
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Unit, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Carlson WH, Kisely SR, MacLellan DL. Maternal and fetal risk factors associated with severity of hypospadias: a comparison of mild and severe cases. J Pediatr Urol 2009; 5:283-6. [PMID: 19131278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine maternal and fetal demographic factors which predict the risk of increasing severity of hypospadias. PATIENTS AND METHODS A population-based study using the Nova Scotia Atlee Perinatal Database was performed. Demographic variables of mothers and boys with hypospadias were obtained from 1980 to 2007 inclusive. Hypospadias was graded by the position of the urinary meatus as glanular, coronal, shaft, or proximal to shaft. Maternal and fetal risk factors for hypospadias severity were compared using logistic regression. RESULTS The total number of male pregnancy and birth records during the study period was 130,796. The total number of cases of hypospadias was 995, yielding an incidence of 0.76%. The severity of hypospadias was graded as glanular in 428 (77.8%); coronal in 77 (14%); penile shaft in 34 (6.2%); and proximal to the penile shaft in 12 (2.2%). The severity of hypospadias was not graded in 445 cases. Low birth weight, low gestational age and maternal age were associated with increased severity of hypospadias, but only maternal age (P<0.03) when logistic regression was performed. Limitations included self-reporting for some parameters, such as smoking, and lack of data, such as for the use of assisted reproductive technologies. CONCLUSIONS Advanced maternal age was associated with increased severity of hypospadias in our population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William H Carlson
- Department of Urology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ismail M, Ali R, Ali T, Waheed U, Khan QM. Evaluation of the acute toxicity of profenofos and its effects on the behavioral pattern of fingerling common carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758). BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2009; 82:569-573. [PMID: 19242633 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-009-9670-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Profenofos, an organophosphate insecticide is acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that has the potential to contaminate the ground water. The 96 h LC(50) value of profenofos was determined in 3-month-old fingerling common carp (Cyprinus carpio) with a body weight 1.04 +/- 0.25 g and a body length 4.25 +/- 0.75 cm at 26 +/- 1 degrees C temperature. Trimmed Spearman-Karber (TSK) software was used for the statistical analysis, which calculated the LC(50) value as 62.4 microg/L for three replicates of the assay. The behavioral responses of fish exposed to profenofos included loss of balance, moving in spiral fashion with sudden jerky movements, lying on their sides and rapid flapping of the operculum with the mouth open.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ismail
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), P.O. Box 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Remor AP, Totti CC, Moreira DA, Dutra GP, Heuser VD, Boeira JM. Occupational exposure of farm workers to pesticides: biochemical parameters and evaluation of genotoxicity. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2009; 35:273-278. [PMID: 18678410 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2008.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
To assess the effects of exposure to complex mixtures of pesticides in farm workers from two communities from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, we evaluated the activities of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) enzymes, hematological, lipid parameters, and genotoxicity using two tests to detect DNA damage, the Comet assay in peripheral blood leukocytes and the micronucleus (MN) test in oral mucosa cells. The use of personal protective equipment (PPE), age and smoke habits were considered in the analysis. There was a significant decrease in the BChE and ALA-D activities in farm workers (n=37) relative to the control group (n=20) (P< or =0.05 and P< or =0.001, respectively). The Comet assay in peripheral blood leukocytes showed that the Damage index and Damage frequency observed in the exposed group were significantly higher in relation to the controls (P< or =0.001, and P< or =0.05, respectively). No differences were detected regarding the hematological parameters, lipids profile, and MN frequencies. In addition, no significant differences were observed between younger (< or =38 years) and older subjects (>38 years), or between smokers and non-smokers within the groups, either by Comet assay or MN test. However, the use of PPE seems to be important in the prevention of contamination, as suggested by BChE levels and Comet assay results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Pértile Remor
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões (URI), Erechim, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|