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Herbein G, Nehme Z. Polyploid Giant Cancer Cells, a Hallmark of Oncoviruses and a New Therapeutic Challenge. Front Oncol 2020; 10:567116. [PMID: 33154944 PMCID: PMC7591763 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.567116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors are renowned as intricate systems that harbor heterogeneous cancer cells with distinctly diverse molecular signatures, sizes and genomic contents. Among those various genomic clonal populations within the complex tumoral architecture are the polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCC). Although described for over a century, PGCC are increasingly being recognized for their prominent role in tumorigenesis, metastasis, therapy resistance and tumor repopulation after therapy. A shared characteristic among all tumors triggered by oncoviruses is the presence of polyploidy. Those include Human Papillomaviruses (HPV), Epstein Barr Virus (EBV), Hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV, respectively), Human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1), Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) and Merkel polyomavirus (MCPyV). Distinct viral proteins, for instance Tax for HTLV-1 or HBx for HBV have demonstrated their etiologic role in favoring the appearance of PGCC. Different intriguing biological mechanisms employed by oncogenic viruses, in addition to viruses with high oncogenic potential such as human cytomegalovirus, could support the generation of PGCC, including induction of endoreplication, inactivation of tumor suppressors, development of hypoxia, activation of cellular senescence and others. Interestingly, chemoresistance and radioresistance have been reported in the context of oncovirus-induced cancers, for example KSHV and EBV-associated lymphomas and high-risk HPV-related cervical cancer. This points toward a potential linkage between the previously mentioned players and highlights PGCC as keystone cancer cells in virally-induced tumors. Subsequently, although new therapeutic approaches are actively needed to fight PGCC, attention should also be drawn to reveal the relationship between PGCC and oncoviruses, with the ultimate goal of establishing effective therapeutic platforms for treatment of virus-associated cancers. This review discusses the presence of PGCCs in tumors induced by oncoviruses, biological mechanisms potentially favoring their appearance, as well as their consequent implication at the clinical and therapeutic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Herbein
- Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB Laboratory, EA 4266, University of Franche-Comté, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), Besançon, France.,Department of Virology, CHRU Besancon, Besançon, France
| | - Zeina Nehme
- Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB Laboratory, EA 4266, University of Franche-Comté, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), Besançon, France.,Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Yasunaga J, Matsuoka M. Oncogenic spiral by infectious pathogens: Cooperation of multiple factors in cancer development. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:24-32. [PMID: 29143406 PMCID: PMC5765297 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection is one of the major causes of cancer, and there are several mechanisms for infection-mediated oncogenesis. Some pathogens encode gene products that behave like oncogenic factors, hijacking cellular pathways to promote the survival and proliferation of infected cells in vivo. Some of these viral oncoproteins trigger a cellular damage defense response leading to senescence; however, other viral factors hinder this suppressive effect, suggesting that cooperation of those viral factors is important for malignant transformation. Coinfection with multiple agents is known to accelerate cancer development in certain cases. For example, parasitic or bacterial infection is a risk factor for adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma induced by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1, and Epstein-Barr virus and malaria are closely associated with endemic Burkitt lymphoma. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection is accompanied by various types of infection-related cancer. These findings indicate that these oncogenic pathogens can cooperate to overcome host barriers against cancer development. In this review, the authors focus on the collaborative strategies of pathogens for oncogenesis from two different points of view: (i) the cooperation of two or more different factors encoded by a single pathogen; and (ii) the acceleration of oncogenesis by coinfection with multiple agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun‐Ichirou Yasunaga
- Laboratory of Virus ControlInstitute for Frontier Life and Medical SciencesKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Virus ControlInstitute for Frontier Life and Medical SciencesKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology, and Infectious DiseasesKumamoto University School of MedicineKumamotoJapan
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Khajedaluee M, Babaei A, Vakili R, Valizade N, Homaei Shandiz F, Alavian SM, Seyed Nozadi M, Jazayeri SM, Hassannia T. Sero-Prevalence of Bloodborne Tumor Viruses (HCV, HBV, HTLV-I and KSHV Infections) and Related Risk Factors among Prisoners in Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran, in 2008. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2016; 16:e31541. [PMID: 28123439 PMCID: PMC5237471 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.31541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prisoners are at high risk of blood borne and sexually transmitted infections due to their high involvement in risky behaviors. In this descriptive/cross-sectional study, the prevalence, sero-prevalence, and risk factors for bloodborne tumor viruses including HTLV-I, HBV, HCV, and KSHV were evaluated among inmates of two central prisons in the northeast of Iran. METHODS Blood samples of 1114 inmates were analyzed for the presence of anti HTLV-I, KSHV, and HCV antibodies and HBsAg by ELISA. PCR tests were performed to confirm the presence of these viruses in plasma and identify the current infections. RESULTS The sero-prevalence of HCV, HBV, HTLV-I, and KSHV was 24.5%, 4.2%, 3.4%, and 3.2% and the prevalence of HCV, HBV, HTLV-I, and KSHV was 19.1%, 2.1%, 2%, and 3%, respectively. HCV infection was significantly associated with history of imprisonment, tobacco consumption, alcohol consumption, intravenous drug use, length of imprisonment, and type of crime committed. Thirty one (2.8%) prisoners had HCV-KSHV co-infection, 16 (1.5%) had HCV-HTLV-I co-infection, and 14 (1.3%) had HBV-HCV co-infection. Triple co-infection was observed in seven cases and one case had four infections concomitantly. CONCLUSIONS This epidemiological study indicated different rates and transmission risks for these viruses. HCV was the most contagious viral infection and HTLV-I was the weakest in the prisoners. Apart from KSHV infection which its prevalence was as twice as in the general population, the prevalence of HBV and HTLV-I in prisoners was nearly in ranges of the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khajedaluee
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Ali Babaei
- University of Applied Science and Technology, Mashhad Branch Region 6, (Prison Organization), Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Rosita Vakili
- Center of Pathological and Medical Diagnostic Services, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Narges Valizade
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Fateme Homaei Shandiz
- Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Seyed Moayed Alavian
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases (BRCGL), Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Middle East Liver Diseases (MELD) Center, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mohsen Seyed Nozadi
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Jazayeri
- Hepatitis B Molecular Laboratory, Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Tahereh Hassannia
- Internal Medicine Department, Arash Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Tahereh Hassannia, Internal Medicine Department, Arash Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-5138012768, Fax: +98-5138436626, E-mail:
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Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that causes cancer (Adult T cell Leukemia, ATL) and a spectrum of inflammatory diseases (mainly HTLV-associated myelopathy—tropical spastic paraparesis, HAM/TSP). Since virions are particularly unstable, HTLV-1 transmission primarily occurs by transfer of a cell carrying an integrated provirus. After transcription, the viral genomic RNA undergoes reverse transcription and integration into the chromosomal DNA of a cell from the newly infected host. The virus then replicates by either one of two modes: (i) an infectious cycle by virus budding and infection of new targets and (ii) mitotic division of cells harboring an integrated provirus. HTLV-1 replication initiates a series of mechanisms in the host including antiviral immunity and checkpoint control of cell proliferation. HTLV-1 has elaborated strategies to counteract these defense mechanisms allowing continuous persistence in humans.
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Maria Murga Penas E, Schilling G, Behrmann P, Klokow M, Vettorazzi E, Bokemeyer C, Dierlamm J. Comprehensive cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic analysis of 44 Burkitt lymphoma cell lines: Secondary chromosomal changes characterization, karyotypic evolution, and comparison with primary samples. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2014; 53:497-515. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Maria Murga Penas
- Department of Oncology and Hematology; BMT with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel & University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein; Campus Kiel Germany
| | - Georgia Schilling
- Department of Oncology and Hematology; BMT with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Petra Behrmann
- Department of Oncology and Hematology; BMT with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Marianne Klokow
- Department of Oncology and Hematology; BMT with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Eik Vettorazzi
- Department of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Carsten Bokemeyer
- Department of Oncology and Hematology; BMT with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Judith Dierlamm
- Department of Oncology and Hematology; BMT with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
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Zane L, Yasunaga J, Mitagami Y, Yedavalli V, Tang SW, Chen CY, Ratner L, Lu X, Jeang KT. Wip1 and p53 contribute to HTLV-1 Tax-induced tumorigenesis. Retrovirology 2012; 9:114. [PMID: 23256545 PMCID: PMC3532233 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infects 20 million individuals world-wide and causes Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL), a highly aggressive T-cell cancer. ATLL is refractory to treatment with conventional chemotherapy and fewer than 10% of afflicted individuals survive more than 5 years after diagnosis. HTLV-1 encodes a viral oncoprotein, Tax, that functions in transforming virus-infected T-cells into leukemic cells. All ATLL cases are believed to have reduced p53 activity although only a minority of ATLLs have genetic mutations in their p53 gene. It has been suggested that p53 function is inactivated by the Tax protein. Results Using genetically altered mice, we report here that Tax expression does not achieve a functional equivalence of p53 inactivation as that seen with genetic mutation of p53 (i.e. a p53−/− genotype). Thus, we find statistically significant differences in tumorigenesis between Tax+p53+/+versus Tax+p53−/− mice. We also find a role contributed by the cellular Wip1 phosphatase protein in tumor formation in Tax transgenic mice. Notably, Tax+Wip1−/− mice show statistically significant reduced prevalence of tumorigenesis compared to Tax+Wip1+/+ counterparts. Conclusions Our findings provide new insights into contributions by p53 and Wip1 in the in vivo oncogenesis of Tax-induced tumors in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Zane
- Molecular Virology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0460, USA
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Yasunaga J, Matsuoka M. Molecular mechanisms of HTLV-1 infection and pathogenesis. Int J Hematol 2011; 94:435-42. [PMID: 21953273 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-011-0937-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is an etiological pathogen of several human diseases, including adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM)/tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP), and inflammatory disorders such as uveitis and dermatitis. HTLV-1 spreads mainly through cell-to-cell transmission, induces clonal proliferation of infected T cells in vivo, and after a long latent period, a subset of HTLV-1 carriers develop ATL. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of infection and oncogenesis is important for the development of new strategies of prophylaxis and molecular-targeted therapies, since ATL has a poor prognosis, despite intensive chemotherapy. In this review, we will summarize recent progress in HTLV-1 research, and especially novel findings on viral transmission and leukemogenic mechanisms by two viral oncogenes, HBZ and tax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichiro Yasunaga
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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MicroRNAs and human retroviruses. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2011; 1809:686-93. [PMID: 21640212 PMCID: PMC3177989 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that control a multitude of critical processes in mammalian cells. Increasing evidence has emerged that host miRNAs serve in animal cells to restrict viral infections. In turn, many viruses encode RNA silencing suppressors (RSS) which are employed to moderate the potency of the cell's miRNA selection against viral replication. Some viruses also encode viral miRNAs. In this review, we summarize findings from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) that illustrate examples of host cell miRNAs that target the viruses, of RSS encoded by viruses, and of host cell miRNA profile changes that are seen in infected cells. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: MicroRNAs in viral gene regulation.
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Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and leukemic transformation: viral infectivity, Tax, HBZ and therapy. Oncogene 2010; 30:1379-89. [PMID: 21119600 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was the first retrovirus discovered to be causative of a human cancer, adult T-cell leukemia. The transforming entity of HTLV-1 has been attributed to the virally-encoded oncoprotein, Tax. Unlike the v-onc proteins encoded by other oncogenic animal retroviruses that transform cells, Tax does not originate from a c-onc counterpart. In this article, we review progress in our understanding of HTLV-1 infectivity, cellular transformation, anti-sense transcription and therapy, 30 years after the original discovery of this virus.
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Jeang KT. HTLV-1 and adult T-cell leukemia: insights into viral transformation of cells 30 years after virus discovery. J Formos Med Assoc 2010; 109:688-93. [PMID: 20970064 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-6646(10)60112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia, was the first human retrovirus to be isolated. It is now the 30(th) anniversary of the initial discovery of HTLV-1. This review discusses recent insights into the role of the HTLV-1 Tax oncoprotein in cellular proliferation and the abrogation of cellular checkpoints that lead to disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Teh Jeang
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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