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MEK1/2 inhibition rescues neurodegeneration by TFEB-mediated activation of autophagic lysosomal function in a model of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:4770-4780. [PMID: 35948663 PMCID: PMC9734062 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01713-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, which is characterized by cognitive deficit due to synaptic loss and neuronal death. Extracellular amyloid β plaques are one of the pathological hallmarks of AD. The autophagic lysosomal pathway is the essential mechanism to maintain cellular homeostasis by driving clearance of protein aggregates and is dysfunctional in AD. Here, we showed that inhibiting MEK/ERK signaling using a clinically available MEK1/2 inhibitor, trametinib (GSK1120212, SNR1611), induces the protection of neurons through autophagic lysosomal activation mediated by transcription factor EB (TFEB) in a model of AD. Orally administered trametinib recovered impaired neural structures, cognitive functions, and hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) in 5XFAD mice. Trametinib also reduced Aβ deposition via induction of autophagic lysosomal activation. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed upregulation of autophagic lysosomal genes by trametinib administration. In addition, trametinib inhibited TFEB phosphorylation at Ser142 and promoted its nuclear translocation, which in turn induced autophagic lysosomal related genes, indicating that trametinib activates the autophagic lysosomal process through TFEB activation. From these observations, we concluded that MEK inhibition provides neuronal protection from the Aβ burden by increasing autophagic lysosomal activity. Thus, MEK inhibition may be an effective therapeutic strategy for AD.
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Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus Cytome Assay Evolution into a More Comprehensive Method to Measure Chromosomal Instability. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11101203. [PMID: 33076531 PMCID: PMC7602810 DOI: 10.3390/genes11101203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) cytome assay and its evolution into a molecular cytogenetic method of chromosomal instability (CIN). Micronuclei (MNi) originate from whole chromosomes or chromosome fragments that fail to segregate to the poles of the cell during mitosis. These lagging chromosomes are excluded from the daughter nuclei and are enveloped in their own membrane to form MNi. The CBMN assay was developed to allow MNi to be scored exclusively in once-divided binucleated cells, which enables accurate measurement of chromosome breakage or loss without confounding by non-dividing cells that cannot express MNi. The CBMN assay can be applied to cell lines in vitro and cells such as lymphocytes that can be stimulated to divide ex vivo. In the CBMN assay, other CIN biomarkers such as nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs) and nuclear buds (NBUDs) are also measured. Use of centromere, telomere, and chromosome painting probes provides further insights into the mechanisms through which MNi, NPBs and NBUDs originate. Measurement of MNi is also important because entrapment within a micronucleus may cause chromosomes to shatter and, after nuclear reintegration, become rearranged. Additionally, leakage of DNA from MNi can stimulate inflammation via the cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase—Stimulator of Interferon Genes (cGAS-STING) DNA sensing mechanism of the innate immune system.
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High homocysteine promotes telomere dysfunction and chromosomal instability in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2020; 854-855:503197. [PMID: 32660821 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres, specialized structures at the ends of linear chromosomes, protect chromosome ends from degradation, recombination, and mis-repair. Critically short telomere length (TL) may result in chromosome instability (CIN), causing tumor promotion and, at higher levels, cell death and tumor suppression. Homocysteine (Hcy) is a sulfur-containing amino acid involved in one-carbon metabolism. Elevated plasma Hcy is a cancer risk factor. Human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were treated with pathophysiological concentrations of Hcy (15-120 μM) for 14 and 28 days. The cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay was used to determine cytostasis (nuclear division index, NDI), cell death (apoptosis and necrosis), and CIN (micronuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges, and nuclear buds in binucleated cells). Quantitative PCR was used to measure TL and the expression of hTERT, the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of telomerase for TL elongation. The results showed that Hcy induced elongation of TL and fluctuating changes in expression of hTERT. TL elongation was associated with increased CIN. Hcy decreased the NDI and increased cell death. This study shows that there is cross-talk between Hcy and TL in tumor cells and supports the concept that high Hcy inhibits cell division and promotes the death of tumor cells by abnormal elongation of TL and elevation of CIN.
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Genistein and Galantamine Combinations Decrease β-Amyloid Peptide (1-42)-Induced Genotoxicity and Cell Death in SH-SY5Y Cell Line: an In Vitro and In Silico Approach for Mimic of Alzheimer's Disease. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:691-706. [PMID: 32613603 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00243-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the primary dementia-causing disease worldwide, involving a multifactorial combination of environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors, with essential participation of age and sex. Biochemically, AD is characterized by the presence of abnormal deposition of beta amyloid peptide (Aβ(1-42)), which in the brain is strongly correlated with oxidative stress, inflammation, DNA damage, and cholinergic impairment. The multiple mechanisms involved in its etiology create significant difficulty in producing an effective treatment. Neuroprotective properties of genistein and galantamine have been widely demonstrated through different mechanisms; however, it is unknown a possible synergistic neuroprotective effect against Aβ(1-42). In order to understand how genistein and galantamine combinations regulate the mechanisms of neuroprotection, we conducted a set of bioassays in vitro to evaluate cell viability, clonogenic survival, cell death, and anti-genotoxicity. Through molecular docking and therapeutic viability assays, we analyzed the inhibitory activity exerted by genistein on three major protein targets (AChE, BChE, and NMDA) involved in AD. The results showed that genistein and galantamine afforded significant protection at higher concentrations; however, combinations of sub-effective concentrations of both compounds provided marked neuroprotection when they were combined. In silico approaches showed that genistein has higher scores than the positive controls and low toxicity levels; nevertheless, the therapeutic viability indicated that unlike galantamine, genistein cannot undergo the action by P glycoprotein (PGP) and probably may be unable to cross the blood-brain barrier. In conclusion, our results show that genistein and galantamine exert neuroprotective by decreasing genotoxicity and cell death. In silico analysis, suggest that genistein modulates positively the expression of AChE, BChE, and NMDA. In this context, a combination of two or more drugs could inspire an attractive therapeutic strategy.
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Tavakoli Shirazi P, Leifert WR, Fenech MF, François M. Folate modulates guanine-quadruplex frequency and DNA damage in Werner syndrome. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2017; 826:47-52. [PMID: 29412869 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Guanine-quadruplexes (G4) are stable tetra-stranded DNA structures that may cause DNA replication stress and inhibit gene expression. Defects in unwinding these structures by DNA helicases may result in telomere shortening and DNA damage. Furthermore, due to mutations in WRN helicase genes in Werner syndrome, G4 motifs are likely to be key elements in the expression of premature aging phenotypes. The methylation of DNA plays a significant role in the stability and occurrence of G4. Thus, G4 frequency and DNA methylation mechanisms may be affected by excesses or deficiencies in methyl donors such as folate. B-Lymphocytes from Werner patients (n = 5) and healthy individuals (n = 5) were cultured in RPMI medium under condition of folate deficiency (20 nM) or sufficiency (200 nM) for 14 days. Cells were fixed on microscope slides for immunofluorescent staining to measure G4 frequency and γH2AX (a marker of DNA strand breaks) intensity, using automated quantitative imaging fluorescent microscopy. There was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in G4 levels in Werner syndrome patients compared to healthy controls. Werner and control cells grown in 20 nM folate media also showed significant increases in G4 (p < 0.001) and γH2AX (p < 0.01) signals compared with the same cells grown in 200 nM folate. Control cells grown in 20 nM folate also showed a significant reduction in DNA methylation levels (P < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that the occurrence of DNA G4 structures can be modulated in vitro via nutrients with important roles in methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paniz Tavakoli Shirazi
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Personalised Nutrition & Healthy Ageing, Gate 13, Kintore Ave, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia; University of Adelaide, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
| | - Wayne Richard Leifert
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Personalised Nutrition & Healthy Ageing, Gate 13, Kintore Ave, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia; University of Adelaide, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.
| | - Michael Felix Fenech
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Personalised Nutrition & Healthy Ageing, Gate 13, Kintore Ave, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
| | - Maxime François
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Personalised Nutrition & Healthy Ageing, Gate 13, Kintore Ave, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia; University of Adelaide, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.
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Xavier LADC, Bezerra JF, de Rezende AA, Oliveira RADC, Dalmolin RJS, do Amaral VS. Analysis of genome instability biomarkers in children with non-syndromic orofacial clefts. Mutagenesis 2017; 32:313-321. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gew068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Castillo WO, Aristizabal-Pachon AF, de Lima Montaldi AP, Sakamoto-Hojo ET, Takahashi CS. Galanthamine decreases genotoxicity and cell death induced by β-amyloid peptide in SH-SY5Y cell line. Neurotoxicology 2016; 57:291-297. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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François M, Leifert WR, Hecker J, Faunt J, Fenech MF. Guanine-quadruplexes are increased in mild cognitive impairment and correlate with cognitive function and chromosomal DNA damage. DNA Repair (Amst) 2016; 46:29-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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François M, Leifert WR, Tellam R, Fenech MF. Folate deficiency and DNA-methyltransferase inhibition modulate G-quadruplex frequency. Mutagenesis 2016; 31:409-16. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gev088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Arrigoni F, Romaniello R, Peruzzo D, Righini A, Parazzini C, Colombo P, Bassi MT, Triulzi F, Borgatti R. Aberrant supracallosal longitudinal bundle: MR features, pathogenesis and associated clinical phenotype. Eur Radiol 2015; 26:2587-96. [PMID: 26560723 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-015-4084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the MRI and structural features of a peculiar malformation of the corpus callosum (CC) in a group of young patients with intellectual disability. METHODS We studied with conventional MRI and DTI a group of subjects showing an aberrant supracallosal bundle, characterized by the presence of a triangle-shaped bulging above the dorsal surface of CC on the midline. Clinical evaluations, CGH-array and instrumental analysis were also collected. RESULTS Among 85 patients with malformed CC, we identified 15 subjects that showed the supracallosal bundle. The CC was thickened in five cases, long and thinned in three cases, short and thinned in three cases and it had a "ribbon-like" appearance in four subjects. Additional brain anomalies were present in eight cases. DTI colour maps and tractography showed that the bundle had an antero-posterior longitudinal orientation and that the tract bifurcated posteriorly, ending in the posterior hippocampi. Patients had different combinations of neurological symptoms, but all showed mild or severe intellectual disability. CONCLUSIONS Combining radiological and genetic data with embryological knowledge of the development of cerebral commissures, we hypothesize that the supracallosal bundle represents a vestigial structure, the dorsal fornix, present during fetal life. Its persistence is associated with intellectual disability. KEY POINTS • An aberrant longitudinal bundle can be detected above corpus callosum. • The presence of the supracallosal bundle is associated with intellectual disability. • The supracallosal bundle may represent a persistent dorsal fornix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Arrigoni
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Via don Luigi Monza 20, 23842, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy.
| | - Romina Romaniello
- Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Denis Peruzzo
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Via don Luigi Monza 20, 23842, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Andrea Righini
- Department of Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology, Children Hospital V. Buzzi, Milano, Italy
| | - Cecilia Parazzini
- Department of Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology, Children Hospital V. Buzzi, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Colombo
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Bassi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Fabio Triulzi
- Neuroradiology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Renato Borgatti
- Neuropsychiatry and Neurorehabilitation Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
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Thinnes FP. Opening up of plasmalemma type-1 VDAC to form apoptotic "find me signal" pathways is essential in early apoptosis - evidence from the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis resulting from failure of apoptotic cell clearance followed by sterile inflammation. Mol Genet Metab 2014; 111:439-44. [PMID: 24613483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell membrane-standing type-1 VDAC is involved in cell volume regulation and thus apoptosis. The channel has been shown to figure as a pathway for osmolytes of varying classes, ATP included. An early event in apoptotic cell death is the release of "find me signals" by cells that enter the apoptotic process. ATP is one of those signals. Apoptotic cells this way attract phagocytes for an immunologically silent cell clearance. Thus, whenever apoptosis fails by a blockade of plasmalemma type-1 VDAC processes of sterile inflammation must be assumed for cell elimination. This is evident from a close look on the pathogenetic process of cystic fibrosis (CF). However, in normal airway epithelia two different anion channels cooperate to guarantee an appropriate volume of airway surface liquid (ASL) necessary for surface clearing: the cystic fibrosis conductance regulator (CFTR) and the outwardly rectifying chloride channel (ORCC) complex also called "alternate chloride channel" and under the control of the CFTR. There are arguments, that type-1 VDAC forms the channel part of the ORCC complex, and it has been shown that CFTR and type-1 VDAC co-localize in the apical membranes of human surface respiratory epithelium. In cystic fibrosis, the central cAMP-dependent regulation of ion and water transport via functional CFTR is lost. Here, CFTR molecules do not reach the apical membranes of airway epithelia anymore or work in an insufficient way, respectively. In addition, type-1 VDAC is no longer available to work as a "find me signal" pathway. In consequence, clearing away of apoptotic cells is blocked. There are experimental data on the channel characteristics of type-1 VDAC under the anion channel blocker DIDS (4,4-diisothiocyanato-stilbenedisulphonic acid) that argue in favor of this hypothesis. Together, type-1 VDAC should be kept as a "find me signal" pathway, which may give way to several classes of such signals.
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