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Wyrobek AJ, Mulvihill JJ, Wassom JS, Malling HV, Shelby MD, Lewis SE, Witt KL, Preston RJ, Perreault SD, Allen JW, DeMarini DM, Woychik RP, Bishop JB. Assessing human germ-cell mutagenesis in the Postgenome Era: a celebration of the legacy of William Lawson (Bill) Russell. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2007; 48:71-95. [PMID: 17295306 PMCID: PMC2071946 DOI: 10.1002/em.20284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Birth defects, de novo genetic diseases, and chromosomal abnormality syndromes occur in approximately 5% of all live births, and affected children suffer from a broad range of lifelong health consequences. Despite the social and medical impact of these defects, and the 8 decades of research in animal systems that have identified numerous germ-cell mutagens, no human germ-cell mutagen has been confirmed to date. There is now a growing consensus that the inability to detect human germ-cell mutagens is due to technological limitations in the detection of random mutations rather than biological differences between animal and human susceptibility. A multidisciplinary workshop responding to this challenge convened at The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine. The purpose of the workshop was to assess the applicability of an emerging repertoire of genomic technologies to studies of human germ-cell mutagenesis. Workshop participants recommended large-scale human germ-cell mutation studies be conducted using samples from donors with high-dose exposures, such as cancer survivors. Within this high-risk cohort, parents and children could be evaluated for heritable changes in (a) DNA sequence and chromosomal structure, (b) repeat sequences and minisatellites, and (c) global gene expression profiles and pathways. Participants also advocated the establishment of a bio-bank of human tissue samples from donors with well-characterized exposure, including medical and reproductive histories. This mutational resource could support large-scale, multiple-endpoint studies. Additional studies could involve the examination of transgenerational effects associated with changes in imprinting and methylation patterns, nucleotide repeats, and mitochondrial DNA mutations. The further development of animal models and the integration of these with human studies are necessary to provide molecular insights into the mechanisms of germ-cell mutations and to identify prevention strategies. Furthermore, scientific specialty groups should be convened to review and prioritize the evidence for germ-cell mutagenicity from common environmental, occupational, medical, and lifestyle exposures. Workshop attendees agreed on the need for a full-scale assault to address key fundamental questions in human germ-cell environmental mutagenesis. These include, but are not limited to, the following: Do human germ-cell mutagens exist? What are the risks to future generations? Are some parents at higher risk than others for acquiring and transmitting germ-cell mutations? Obtaining answers to these, and other critical questions, will require strong support from relevant funding agencies, in addition to the engagement of scientists outside the fields of genomics and germ-cell mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John J. Mulvihill
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - John S. Wassom
- YAHSGS, LLC, Richland, Washington
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Heinrich V. Malling
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Michael D. Shelby
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | - Kristine L. Witt
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - R. Julian Preston
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Sally D. Perreault
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - James W. Allen
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - David M. DeMarini
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | - Jack B. Bishop
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- *Correspondence to: Dr. Jack B. Bishop, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, EC-01, PO Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA. E-mail:
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Hackman P, Hou SM, Nyberg F, Pershagen G, Lambert B. Mutational spectra at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) locus in T-lymphocytes of nonsmoking and smoking lung cancer patients. Mutat Res 2000; 468:45-61. [PMID: 10863157 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(00)00039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular analysis of mutations at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) locus in peripheral blood T-lymphocytes can provide information on mechanisms of somatic in vivo mutation in populations exposed to exogenous carcinogens and in individuals with inherent susceptibility to cancer and other diseases. To study possible mutational changes associated with smoking as a risk factor for lung cancer, we analyzed HPRT mutations in T-cells of newly diagnosed, nonsmoking and smoking lung cancer patients before treatment. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and DNA sequencing methods were used to identify 146 independent mutations, 73 each from 32 nonsmoking and 31 smoking cases. In 35 T-cell mutants, the HPRT cDNA showed loss of an entire exon, indicating a splicing mutation. Among the remaining 111 fully characterized mutations in the coding region, single base pair (bp) substitutions predominated with 79% (48/61) in nonsmokers and 90% (45/50) in smokers. Frameshift and small deletion (1-24 bp) mutations were found in 18 mutants. The distribution of base pair substitutions was nonrandom, with significant clustering at previously identified hotspot positions 143, 197 and 617 in the HPRT coding sequence (P< or =0.008). One additional hotspot, GC-->TA at position 606, was observed only in smokers (P=0.006). The frequency of GC>TA transversions was higher in smokers (13%) than in nonsmokers (6%). Conversely, smokers had a lower frequency of GC>AT transitions (24%) than nonsmokers (35%). This smoking-associated shift of the HPRT mutational spectrum, although not statistically significant, is consistent with the in vitro mutagenicity of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), a prominent carcinogen of tobacco smoke, and with known differences in the TP53 mutational spectrum in lung tumors of smokers and nonsmokers. Among nonsmokers, the HPRT mutational spectra in healthy population controls and lung cancer patients were similar, but there was a marginally significant difference (P=0.07) in the distribution of base pair substitutions between smoking controls and patients. These results suggest that (i) general mechanisms of somatic mutagenesis in individuals with possible predisposition to cancer (e.g. nonsmoking lung cancer patients) are not different from those in normal healthy individuals, and (ii) the HPRT gene in T-cells is a useful reporter locus for smoking-associated somatic in vivo mutations occurring early in lung cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hackman
- The Karolinska Institute, Department of Biosciences, Huddinge, Sweden
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Sacco MG, Zecca L, Bagnasco L, Chiesa G, Parolini C, Bromley P, Catò EM, Roncucci R, Clerici LA, Vezzoni P. A transgenic mouse model for the detection of cellular stress induced by toxic inorganic compounds. Nat Biotechnol 1997; 15:1392-7. [PMID: 9415893 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1297-1392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic mice for genotoxicity testing have been developed, although no such models have been produced for the evaluation of toxic, nongenotoxic chemical compounds. We have developed a transgenic mouse model for the analysis of toxic inorganic compounds. We engineered a mouse lineage with the human growth hormone (hGH) gene under the control of the human hsp70 promoter, in which a plasma-detectable hGH response can be elicited by exposure to heat shock. In primary cell cultures from these mice, hGH release was observed following treatment with several toxic inorganics. Transgenic mice injected intraperitoneally with sodium arsenite, cadmium chloride, copper sulphate, or methylmercurium chloride showed significant hGH levels in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Sacco
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Milan, Italy.
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Taningher M, Malacarne D, Mancuso T, Peluso M, Pescarolo MP, Parodi S. Methods for predicting carcinogenic hazards: new opportunities coming from recent developments in molecular oncology and SAR studies. Mutat Res 1997; 391:3-32. [PMID: 9219545 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1218(97)00026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Without epidemiological evidence, and prior to either short-term tests of genotoxicity or long-term tests of carcinogenicity in rodents, an initial level of information about the carcinogenic hazard of a chemical that perhaps has been designed on paper, but never synthesized, can be provided by structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. Herein, we have reviewed the interesting strategies developed by human experts and/or computerized approaches for the identification of structural alerts that can denote the possible presence of a carcinogenic hazard in a novel molecule. At a higher level of information, immediately below epidemiological evidence, we have discussed carcinogenicity experiments performed in new types of genetically engineered small rodents. If a dominant oncogene is already mutated, or if an allele of a recessive oncogene is inactivated, we have a model animal with (n-1) stages in the process of carcinogenesis. Both genotoxic and receptor-mediated carcinogens can induce cancers in 20-40% of the time required for classical murine strains. We have described the first interesting results obtained using these new artificial animal models for carcinogenicity studies. We have also briefly discussed other types of engineered mice (lac operon transgenic mice) that are especially suitable for detecting mutagenic effects in a broad spectrum of organs and tissues and that can help to establish mechanistic correlations between mutations and cancer frequencies in specific target organs. Finally, we have reviewed two complementary methods that, while obviously also feasible in rodents, are especially suitable for biomonitoring studies. We have illustrated some of the advantages and drawbacks related to the detection of DNA adducts in target and surrogate tissues using the 32P-DNA postlabeling technique, and we have discussed the possibility of biomonitoring mutations in different human target organs using a molecular technique that combines the activity of restriction enzymes with polymerase chain reaction (RFLP/PCR). Prediction of carcinogenic hazard and biomonitoring are very wide-ranging areas of investigation. We have therefore selected five different subfields for which we felt that interesting innovations have been introduced in the last few years. We have made no attempt to systematically cover the entire area: such an endeavor would have produced a book instead of a review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Taningher
- National Institute for Cancer Research, Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, University of Genoa, Italy
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da Cruz AD, Volpe JP, Saddi V, Curry J, Curadoc MP, Glickman BW. Radiation risk estimation in human populations: lessons from the radiological accident in Brazil. Mutat Res 1997; 373:207-14. [PMID: 9042402 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(96)00199-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of radiological and nuclear technologies and the deployment of nuclear weapons have made ionizing radiation one of the most studied human mutagens. Exposure to ionizing radiation produces DNA damage which can result in mutation and cancer, making the risk associated with human exposure a critical issue. In this paper we estimate the risk associated with radiation exposure for individuals exposed to 137Cs during the 1987 Goiânia radiological accident. Using combined regression slopes from both the in vivo hprt mutant frequency and micronucleus frequency data we estimated a doubling dose of 173 (+/-47) cGy for these two endpoints. This is in close agreement with the published estimates for low dose rate and chronic exposure to low-LET radiation. We obtained risk estimates of about 24-fold increase in dominant disorders in the post-exposure generation of the directly exposed population. No detectable increase was found in the population at large. The risk of carcinogenesis in the directly exposed population was found to be increased by a factor in the range of 1.4 to 1.5. The small sample size in this study requires a large element of caution with respect to risk estimates interpretation. Moreover, the doubling dose estimates prepared here are derived from lymphocytes. This somatic data may require additional considerations for both cancer and certainly germ-line events. Nevertheless, the risk of carcinogenesis and genetic harm for this population are good indicators of the potential genetic damage imposed by ionizing radiation to the Goiânia population.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D da Cruz
- Biology Department, University of Victoria, BC, Canada
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Olsen LS, Nielsen LR, Nexø BA, Wassermann K. Somatic mutation detection in human biomonitoring. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 1996; 78:364-73. [PMID: 8829195 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1996.tb00220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Somatic cell gene mutation arising in vivo may be considered to be a biomarker for genotoxicity. Assays detecting mutations of the haemoglobin and glycophorin A genes in red blood cells and of the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase and human leucocyte antigenes in T-lymphocytes are available in humans. This MiniReview describes these assays and their application to studies of individuals exposed to genotoxic agents. Moreover, with the implementation of techniques of molecular biology mutation spectra can now be defined in addition to the quantitation of in vivo mutant frequencies. We describe current screening methods for unknown mutations, including the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, single strand conformation polymorphism analysis, heteroduplex analysis, chemical modification techniques and enzymatic cleavage methods. The advantage of mutation detection as a biomarker is that it integrates exposure and sensitivity in one measurement. With the analysis of mutation spectra it may thus be possible to identify the causative genotoxic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Olsen
- Department of Toxicology and Biology, National Institute of Occupational Health, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Cheng TJ, Christiani DC, Liber HL, Wain JC, Xu X, Wiencke JK, Kelsey KT. Mutant frequency at the hprt locus in human lymphocytes in a case-control study of lung cancer. Mutat Res 1995; 332:109-18. [PMID: 7500985 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(95)00161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A clonal assay to determine the mutant frequency (MF) at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (hprt) locus in human lymphocytes has been used by a number of investigators to study exposure to mutagens and carcinogens in a variety of populations. We have studied hprt MF in 106 subjects (40 controls and 66 cases) enrolled in a case-control investigation of lung cancer. Epidemiological data collected included smoking history, intake of dietary micronutrients, and occupational and environmental exposures as well as medical history, all obtained from an interviewer-administered questionnaire. All subjects were also genotyped for the known polymorphism in glutathione S-transferase class mu (GST-mu). In analysis of cases and controls, hprt MF was not associated with age, smoking, the polymorphism in GST mu, dietary intake, occupational exposures, family history of cancer or usage of medications. Since MF and cloning efficiency (CE) are not independent when CE is low, further analysis in cases and controls with a CE greater than or equal to 30% (27 cases and 22 controls) was also conducted. In analysis of controls, hprt MF increased with age and was inversely associated with intake of folate and vitamins A and C. The presence of lung cancer was not associated with hprt MF. Thus, our study supports the previous observation that dietary components may affect the MF at the hprt locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Cheng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Boerrigter ME, Dollé ME, Martus HJ, Gossen JA, Vijg J. Plasmid-based transgenic mouse model for studying in vivo mutations. Nature 1995; 377:657-9. [PMID: 7566182 DOI: 10.1038/377657a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A new transgenic mouse model for studying in vivo somatic mutations is based on the efficient recovery of chromosomally integrated lacZ-containing plasmids, using magnetic beads.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Boerrigter
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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