1
|
Ilyas MZ, Sa KJ, Ali MW, Lee JK. Toxic effects of lead on plants: integrating multi-omics with bioinformatics to develop Pb-tolerant crops. PLANTA 2023; 259:18. [PMID: 38085368 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04296-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Lead disrupts plant metabolic homeostasis and key structural elements. Utilizing modern biotechnology tools, it's feasible to develop Pb-tolerant varieties by discovering biological players regulating plant metabolic pathways under stress. Lead (Pb) has been used for a variety of purposes since antiquity despite its toxic nature. After arsenic, lead is the most hazardous heavy metal without any known beneficial role in the biological system. It is a crucial inorganic pollutant that affects plant biochemical and morpho-physiological attributes. Lead toxicity harms plants throughout their life cycle and the extent of damage depends on the concentration and duration of exposure. Higher levels of lead exposure disrupt numerous key metabolic activities of plants including oxygen-evolving complex, organelles integrity, photosystem II connectivity, and electron transport chain. This review summarizes the detrimental effects of lead toxicity on seed germination, crop growth, and yield, oxidative and ultra-structural alterations, as well as nutrient absorption, transport, and assimilation. Further, it discusses the Pb-induced toxic modulation of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, respiration, metabolic-enzymatic activity, osmolytes accumulation, and antioxidant activity. It is a comprehensive review that reports on omics-based studies along with morpho-physiological and biochemical modifications caused by lead stress. With advances in DNA sequencing technologies, genomics and transcriptomics are gradually becoming popular for studying Pb stress effects in plants. Proteomics and metabolomics are still underrated and there is a scarcity of published data, and this review highlights both their technical and research gaps. Besides, there is also a discussion on how the integration of omics with bioinformatics and the use of the latest biotechnological tools can aid in developing Pb-tolerant crops. The review concludes with core challenges and research directions that need to be addressed soon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahaib Ilyas
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences, College of Bio-Resource Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea
| | - Kyu Jin Sa
- Department of Crop Science, College of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 37224, Korea
| | - Muhammad Waqas Ali
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Center, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ju Kyong Lee
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences, College of Bio-Resource Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea.
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qin L, Wang L, Sun X, Yu L, Wang M, Chen S. Ecological toxicity (EC x) of Pb and its prediction models in Chinese soils with different physiochemical properties. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158769. [PMID: 36108869 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The lack of toxicological data becomes the main bottleneck of ecological risk assessment of lead (Pb) in Chinese soils. The present study assessed Pb toxicity on three underground test endpoints (barley root elongation, earthworm avoidance response, and substrate-induced respiration (SIR) of microorganism) in 10 different soils. Hormetic dose-response induced by Pb was >118 % for earthworm avoidance response. EC10 and EC50 (the effective concentrations of Pb that inhibit 10 % or 50 % of endpoint bioactivity and also represents the toxicity threshold of Pb) after leaching increased by 0.32-8.73 times, and 1.02-3.75 times, respectively. Leaching factor (LF) prediction models indicated pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were the vital predictors for LF10 and LF50, explaining 60.6 % and 73.1 % of variations, respectively. SIR was one sensitive test endpoint for Pb toxicity, with the lowest of EC10 and EC50 values (from 373.7 to 1008.5 mg·kg-1, and from 837.1 to 2869.0 mg·kg-1, respectively). The best prediction models between ECx and soil properties is LogEC50 = 1.324Log(pH) + 0.423Log(CEC) + 1.742 (R2 = 0.761, p < 0.01). The results displayed significant implications for deriving ECx of Pb, and provided a scientific basis for soil ecological risk assessment of Pb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Qin
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of cultivated land quality monitoring and evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Lifu Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of cultivated land quality monitoring and evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Xiaoyi Sun
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of cultivated land quality monitoring and evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Lei Yu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of cultivated land quality monitoring and evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Meng Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of cultivated land quality monitoring and evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| | - Shibao Chen
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of cultivated land quality monitoring and evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lu X, Zhang D, Ugurlu A, Chen Y, Proshad R. Bioaccumulation of Cadmium in Nicotiana tabacum L. (Tobacco) Characterized by Soil Properties: A Case Study in the Sichuan Basin, China. ANAL LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2021.1900215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Lu
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Aysenur Ugurlu
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yulan Chen
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Ram Proshad
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Duan Z, Zheng Y, Luo Y, Wu Y, Wen J, Wu J. Evaluation of Cadmium Transfer from Soil to the Human Body Through Maize Consumption in a Cadmium Anomaly Area of Southwestern China. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:2923-2934. [PMID: 34289519 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating the bioavailability, bioaccessibility, and transferability of cadmium (Cd) in soil-grain-human systems is essential in areas with a Cd anomaly in the karst region of southwestern China. In the present study, the main controlling factors and prediction models for Cd transfer in a soil-grain-human system were investigated in a typical area where natural processes and anthropogenic activities interact in the karst region of southwestern China. The environmental availability of Cd (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid- and CaCl2 -extractable Cd [ CdCaCl2 ]) in the soil varies significantly because of the diversity of soil properties. However, Cd concentrations in the maize grain were significantly related only to the CdCaCl2 concentrations in the soil (r = 0.595, p < 0.01), indicating that soil CdCaCl2 is a good indicator for evaluating Cd uptake by maize grain. Of all the measured soil properties, the soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) and the soil calcium (Casoil ) were the most important factors influencing Cd accumulation in the soil-maize grain system. A transfer model combining CdCaCl2 , soil CEC, and Casoil was sufficiently reliable for predicting Cd accumulation in the maize grain (R2 = 0.505). Although there is room for improvement regarding the prediction performance of the chain model combining soil CdCaCl2 with Casoil to predict the bioaccessible Cd concentration in maize grain (R2 = 0.344 for the gastric phase and R2 = 0.356 for the gastrointestinal phase), our findings provide a useful reference to further explore a model that can be used for a relatively rapid and reliable estimation of dietary Cd exposure for specific regions prior to crop harvest. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2923-2934. © 2021 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Duan
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Karst Environmental Ecosystems Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Karst Environmental Ecosystems Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, China
| | - Yang Luo
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Karst Environmental Ecosystems Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, China
| | - Yonggui Wu
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Karst Environmental Ecosystems Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jichang Wen
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Karst Environmental Ecosystems Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, China
| | - Jianye Wu
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Karst Environmental Ecosystems Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yao BM, Chen P, Zhang HM, Sun GX. A predictive model for arsenic accumulation in rice grains based on bioavailable arsenic and soil characteristics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125131. [PMID: 33516100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a well-known human carcinogen, and rice consumption is the main way Chinese people are exposed to As. In this study, 14 kinds of paddy soils were collected from the main rice-producing areas in China. The results showed that rice roots and leaves accumulated more As than stems and grains in the following sequence: Asroot> Asleaf> Asstem> Asgrain. The accumulation of As by rice grains mainly depends on the total As and bioavailable As (0.43 mol/L HNO3 extractable As), which explained 32.2% and 22.2% of the variation in the grain As, respectively. In addition, soil pH, organic matter (OM) and clay contents were the major factors affecting grain As, explaining 13.1%, 7.9% and 5.3% of the variation, respectively. An effective prediction model was established via multiple linear regression as Asgrain= 0.024 BAs - 0.225 pH+ 0.013 OM+ 0.648 EC - 0.320 TN - 0.088 TP - 0.002 AS+ 2.157 (R2 =0.68, P < 0.01). Through the verification of the samples from both pot experiments and paddy fields, the model successfully provided accurate predictions for rice grain As.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Min Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong-Mei Zhang
- Jiaxing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiuzhou District, Jiaxing 314016, China
| | - Guo-Xin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xu Q, Gao Y, Wu X, Ye J, Ren X, Zhou Z, Cai Q, Wu H, Pang J, Luo Y, Shi J. Derivation of empirical model to predict the accumulation of Pb in rice grain. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 274:116599. [PMID: 33540260 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lead contamination in soil has become a worldwide threat on food security and human health. To assess the Pb bioavailability and evaluate the safe use of low Pb polluted soil for food production, the speciation of Pb in 19 types of paddy soil were investigated by chemical extraction and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES), and the uptake and accumulation characteristics of Pb in different soil-rice systems were investigated. Moreover, an empirical model was established to predict the content of Pb in rice grain, and field validation was conduct to evaluate model performance. Results showed that the proportion of available Pb in different soil satisfied normal distribution N (0.47, 0.23). Pb(CH3COO)2, GSH-Pb, PbO, PbHPO4 and Pb3(PO4)2 performed well in characterizing the speciation of Pb in different rhizosphere soils, and PbHPO4 accounted for more than 70%. The exceedance of Pb in grain in CK, 0.5X and 1X treatment were 10.5%, 36.1% and 42.1%, respectively, and the accumulation of Pb in grain was significantly related with Pb content in root. Carbonate and organic bound Pb in rhizosphere soil were two major Pb species that influenced the accumulation of Pb in rice. Moreover, content of total Pb, clay and SOM performed well in predicting the Pb content in grain, both for pot and field samples. Above all, our predicting model worked well in evaluating Pb accumulation in rice grain among low polluted paddy farmland (Total Pb < 300 mg/kg).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Xu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaoshuai Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jien Ye
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xinyue Ren
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qiongyao Cai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hanxin Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jingli Pang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yating Luo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiyan Shi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wu X, Cai Q, Xu Q, Zhou Z, Shi J. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grains uptake of lead (Pb), transfer factors and prediction models for various types of soils from China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 206:111387. [PMID: 33002823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) contaminated in farmlands has become a deep threat to global food security and human health. In this study, the bioavailability of Pb in 18 types of soil to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grains were investigated, and reliable empirical models of Pb in wheat grains were established based on soil properties. The results showed that the average bioconcentration factor (BCFgrain/total-Pb) in acidic soils was approximately 3.30 times than that in alkaline soils (ANOVA P < 0.05). Significant positive relationships between wheat grain Pb concentration and soil total Pb or EDTA extractable Pb were presented through the results of simple linear regressions (P < 0.001). The stepwise multiple linear regression models indicated that soil pH and soil total Pb were determined to be the two most reliable and reasonable factors in predicting wheat grain Pb concentration, with 83.8% explanation of variation. Soil total Pb compared with EDTA extractable Pb was applied to better improve prediction models in describing Pb transfer from soils to wheat grains. Furthermore, grouped models divided into two parts with pH of 7.5 also generated well prediction in wheat grain Pb concentration. Our prediction models were successfully verified within 95% prediction intervals for published literature data (including other wheat varieties). Moreover, the results indicated that ungrouped models performed better in predicting accuracy within 400 mg kg-1 of soil total Pb, and grouped models showed better extrapolation stability when Pb in soil were overly high. Our results in the study were conduce to evaluate food security of Pb in contaminated agricultural soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuai Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qiongyao Cai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Shanghai Environment Education Center, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Qiao Xu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiyan Shi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Byers HL, McHenry LJ, Grundl TJ. Increased risk for lead exposure in children through consumption of produce grown in urban soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140414. [PMID: 32659566 PMCID: PMC7492482 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Childhood Pb exposure is associated with a multitude of poor health outcomes. In food-insecure areas, growing fresh produce in backyard gardens or on vacant industrial properties is seen as an option for parents. The question arises, could Pb accumulate in consumable tissues of common produce when grown in metals-rich soils at concentrations that would pose a risk to children. This study investigated factors contributing to the accumulation of Pb in consumable tissues of nine common produce crops grown in metals-rich soils from backyard gardens and a former industrial property. Pb in consumable tissues was directly quantified at concentrations less than 1 μg g-1 via X-ray fluorescence (XRF) using protocols specifically developed for use in plant matrices. The accumulation of Pb in prepared raw consumable tissues in three Pb-rich soils was the greatest in modified taproot crops (mean Pb of 11.8 ± 14.6 μg g-1; turnip, beetroot, radish, carrot), with lesser concentrations in fruits (mean Pb of 2.0 ± 3.0 μg g-1; tomato, pepper), and potatoes (mean Pb of 0.7 ± 1.1 μg g-1). An exposure risk evaluation using the USFDA IRL for Pb indicates that consumption of less than 1 g of certain produce grown in this study, including produce grown in garden soils from residential properties, drastically increases the risk of Pb exposure in children. This study further indicates that the proportion of Pb contributed to the daily body burden in children from food is far greater than previously understood, and in all modeled cases, the contribution of Pb from food on a daily basis far outweighs the contribution of Pb from drinking water. For an average child, after addressing over-riding soil/dust impacts, addressing food quality is critical to minimizing Pb exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harris L Byers
- University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Department of Geosciences, 3209 North Maryland Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Lindsay J McHenry
- University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Department of Geosciences, 3209 North Maryland Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Timothy J Grundl
- University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Department of Geosciences, 3209 North Maryland Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li J, Qiu Y, Zhao Q, Chen D, Wu Z, Peng AA, Niazi NK, Trakal L, Sakrabani R, Gao B, Wang H, Wu W. Lead and copper-induced hormetic effect and toxicity mechanisms in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown in a contaminated soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 741:140440. [PMID: 32615435 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) contamination seriously threatens agricultural production and food safety. This study aims to investigate Pb and Cu induced hormetic effect and toxicity mechanisms in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and establish reliable empirical models of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) transfer in the soil-plant system. The content and distribution of Pb and Cu at subcellular levels in lettuce plants were examined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, differential centrifugation and micro-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The PTE-loaded capacity of Pb that ensures food safety was lower than that of Cu in the studied soil, but the PTE-loaded capacity of Pb that limits yield was higher than that of Cu. Lead in lettuce roots mainly accumulated in the cell wall (41%), while Cu mainly accumulated in the vacuoles (46%). The Pb and Cu were primarily distributed in the radicle of lettuce seeds under severe PTE stress, resulting in no seed development. Iron plaque formed on the root surface of lettuce seedlings and sequestered Pb and Cu via chelation. At the same concentration, lettuce was less tolerant to Cu in contaminated soil than Pb due to the higher activity of Cu ions in the soil. Lead was more phytotoxic to lettuce than Cu, however, since the radicle emerged from the seed under severe Cu levels, while it did not protrude under severe Pb levels. The potentially damaging effect of Pb in the visually healthy lettuce appeared to be higher than that of Cu under the same soil contamination level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Li
- Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China; College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Yong Qiu
- College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, China
| | - Qingjie Zhao
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Dongliang Chen
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Zhipeng Wu
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - An-An Peng
- Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China
| | - Nabeel Khan Niazi
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan; School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, 4350, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lukáš Trakal
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Praha 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Ruben Sakrabani
- School of Water, Energy & Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hailong Wang
- Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China.
| | - Weidong Wu
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bidar G, Pelfrêne A, Schwartz C, Waterlot C, Sahmer K, Marot F, Douay F. Urban kitchen gardens: Effect of the soil contamination and parameters on the trace element accumulation in vegetables - A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 738:139569. [PMID: 32516675 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trace element contaminants in kitchen garden soils can contribute to human exposure through the consumption of homegrown vegetables. In urban areas, these soils can be contaminated to various degrees by trace element (TE). They are characterized by a great variability in their physicochemical parameters due to the high anthropization level, the wide variety and combination of disturbance sources, as well as the diversity of cultivation practices and the large range of contamination levels. Pollutants can be taken up by vegetables cultivated in these soils and be concentrated in their edible parts. In this review, the behavior of vegetables cultivated in contaminated kitchen gardens is assessed through six examples of the most widely cultivated vegetables (lettuce, tomato, bean, carrot, radish, potato). The role of soil parameters that could influence the uptake of As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn by these vegetables is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Bidar
- Yncréa, ULR 4515, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement (LGCgE), Lille F- 59000, France.
| | - Aurélie Pelfrêne
- Yncréa, ULR 4515, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement (LGCgE), Lille F- 59000, France
| | - Christophe Schwartz
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, Laboratoire Sols et Environnement, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Christophe Waterlot
- Yncréa, ULR 4515, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement (LGCgE), Lille F- 59000, France
| | - Karin Sahmer
- Yncréa, ULR 4515, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement (LGCgE), Lille F- 59000, France
| | - Franck Marot
- Agence De l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie (ADEME), Direction Villes et Territoires Durables, Services Friches Urbaines et Sites Pollués, 20 Avenue du Grésillé, 49009 Angers Cedex, France
| | - Francis Douay
- Yncréa, ULR 4515, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement (LGCgE), Lille F- 59000, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lyu G, Li D, Li S, Ning C, Qin R. Genotoxic effects and proteomic analysis on Allium cepa var. agrogarum L. root cells under Pb stress. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 29:959-972. [PMID: 32507983 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02236-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ionic lead (Pb) in the environment has accumulated due to anthropogenic activities, causing a potential threat to plants and plant consumers. We conducted this study to reveal the molecular mechanism of Pb stress response in plants. The effects of Pb (5.0 and 15.0 μM) on mitosis, DNA replication, gene expression and proteins in root-tip cells of Allium cepa var. agrogarum L. were addressed. The results indicated that root growth was inhibited dramatically in Pb treatment groups. Chromosomal aberrations were observed and the mitotic index decreased during Pb treatments at different concentrations. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in onion roots was induced by Pb stress. Pb increased DNA damage and suppressed cell cycle progression. The above toxic effects got more serious with increasing Pb concentration and prolonging exposure time. A total of 17 proteins were expressed differentially between control and Pb exposure groups. Under Pb treatment, the decreased expression of Anx D1 indicated decreased defensive response; the decreased expression of SHMT1 indicated decreased respiration; the decreased expression of COMT2 indicated decreased response of other funtions; the increased expression of NDPK indicated increased transcription and protein synthesis; the increased expression of PR1 and CHI1 indicated increased pathogen invasion; the increased expression of ORC5 and MPK5 indicated the reduced DNA replicating activity; the decreased expression of POLD1 indicated the reduced DNA repair activity. Our results provide new insights at the proteomic level into the Pb-induced responses, defensive responses and toxic effects, and provide new molecular markers of the early events of plant responses to Pb toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guizhen Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Dongbing Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Shaoshan Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Chanjuan Ning
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Rong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dai Y, Xu W, Nasir M, Zhang Y, Lyu J. Reliable model established depending on soil properties to assess arsenic uptake by Brassica chinensis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 167:54-59. [PMID: 30292976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Generally, prediction of arsenic (As) bioavailability, mobility and its transfer from soil to plant is very important with respect to management of environment and food safety. In this study, pakchoi (Brassica chinensis) was sown in a greenhouse to evaluate the As transfer characteristics from different soils to plant system, and to investigate the possible prediction equations and key factors involved in As bioavailability. The results showed that As uptake of plant and soil As concentration was significantly and positively correlated (R2 = 0.778; P < 0.01). A log-transformed data provided a better correlation (R2 = 0.901; P < 0.01). Results obtained from stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) showed that soil pH and total As were important variables involved in the contribution of As transfer to plant. The As accumulation in plant exhibited a positive correlation with soil As content and pH. Various prediction equations were obtained from different As sources, whereas the most favourable equation was screened by root mean square error (RMSE) between the measured and predicted Log [plant As] content. The prediction model (Log [plant As] =1.34 Log [soil As] +0.18pH-1.25) showed the greatest accuracy of R2 = 0.978 and RMSE = 0.11, by combining the data of three As treatments (45 observed data points). These current findings are quite useful and could be used for predicting the As transfer from soil to plant system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunchao Dai
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Wenxin Xu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Mubasher Nasir
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jialong Lyu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tang R, Ding C, Ma Y, Wan M, Zhang T, Wang X. Main controlling factors and forecasting models of lead accumulation in earthworms based on low-level lead-contaminated soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:23117-23124. [PMID: 29860691 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2436-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To explore the main controlling factors in soil and build a predictive model between the lead concentrations in earthworms (Pbearthworm) and the soil physicochemical parameters, 13 soils with low level of lead contamination were used to conduct toxicity experiments using earthworms. The results indicated that a relatively high bioaccumulation factor appeared in the soils with low pH values. The lead concentrations between earthworms and soils after log transformation had a significantly positive correlation (R2 = 0.46, P < 0.0001, n = 39). Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis derived a fitting empirical model between Pbearthworm and the soil physicochemical properties: log(Pbearthworm) = 0.96log(Pbsoil) - 0.74log(OC) - 0.22pH + 0.95, (R2 = 0.66, n = 39). Furthermore, path analysis confirmed that the Pb concentrations in the soil (Pbsoil), soil pH, and soil organic carbon (OC) were the primary controlling factors of Pbearthworm with high pathway parameters (0.71, - 0.51, and - 0.49, respectively). The predictive model based on Pbearthworm in a nationwide range of soils with low-level lead contamination could provide a reference for the establishment of safety thresholds in Pb-contaminated soils from the perspective of soil-animal systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronggui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Changfeng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Yibing Ma
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxue Wan
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Taolin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhao X, Jiang Y, Gu X, Gu C, Taylor JA, Evans LJ. Multisurface modeling of Ni bioavailability to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in various soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 238:590-598. [PMID: 29609170 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Continual efforts have been made to determine a simple and universal method of estimating heavy metal phytoavailability in terrestrial systems. In the present study, a mechanism-based multi-surface model (MSM) was developed to predict the partition of Ni(II) in soil-solution phases and its bioaccumulation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in 19 Chinese soils with a wide range of soil properties. MSM successfully predicted the Ni(II) dissolution in 0.01 M CaCl2 extracting solution (R2 = 0.875). The two-site model for clay fraction improved the prediction, particularly for alkaline soils, because of the additional consideration of edge sites. More crucially, the calculated dissolved Ni(II) was highly correlated with the metal accumulation in wheat (R2 = 0.820 for roots and 0.817 for shoots). The correlation coefficients for the MSM and various chemical extraction methods have the following order: soil pore water > MSM ≈ diffuse gradient technique (DGT) > soil total Ni > 0.43 M HNO3 > 0.01 M CaCl2. The results suggested that the dissolved Ni(II) calculated using MSM can serve as an effective indicator of the bioavailability of Ni(II) in various soils; hence, MSM can be used as an supplement for metal risk prediction and assessment besides chemical extraction techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Ave. 163, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
| | - Yang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Ave. 163, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
| | - Xueyuan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Ave. 163, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
| | - Cheng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Ave. 163, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
| | - J Anita Taylor
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph Canada, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Les J Evans
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph Canada, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang S, Song J, Cheng Y, Christie P, Long J, Liu L. Derivation of reliable empirical models describing lead transfer from metal-polluted soils to radish (Raphanus sativa L.): Determining factors and soil criteria. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 613-614:72-80. [PMID: 28903078 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Reliable models describing Pb transfer from soils to food crops are useful in the improvement of soil protection guidelines. This study provides mechanistic insights from in-situ soil solution measurement on the Pb uptake in the root tissues (RF) of radish, grown in 25 representative Pb-contaminated agricultural soils. Lead speciation and regression analysis indicate that >88.6% of the variation in RF Pb is attributable to free Pb2+ activity (aPb2+) in the soil solution, which is predominantly controlled by pH and DOC. Higher DOC would increase the total dissolved Pb (CSol-Pb) in the soil solution but reduce the bioavailability of Pb to radish. CSol-Pb performs poorly in predicting RF Pb unless pH and DOC are included. However, 0.01M CaCl2 extractable Pb (CCC-Pb) alone can satisfactorily predict RF Pb, attributable to the fact that CCC-Pb is consistent with aPb2+. CCC-Pb can be predicted using CSol-Pb and pH. Total soil Pb (CT-Pb), or 0.43M HNO3 extractable Pb (CNA-Pb) has a strong, non-linear correlation with CSol-Pb or CCC-Pb and it is therefore not surprising that CT-Pb or CNA-Pb, together with pH and CEC, can also satisfactorily predict RF Pb. Derived models are effective in identification of soils where RF Pb exceeds the food quality standard (FQS). Soil Pb criteria based on CT-Pb, CNA-Pb and CCC-Pb are derived by inverse use of empirical models. The derived Pb criterion (target value) based on CCC-Pb is 0.02mgkg-1 and the stricter criterion (safe value) is 0.01mgkg-1, which allows a 5% probability for RF Pb to exceed FQS. Safe values based on CT-Pb and CNA-Pb ranged from 26 to 1036mgkg-1 and 9 to 745mgkg-1, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sha Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jing Song
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Yinwen Cheng
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, Department of Pathology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Peter Christie
- Agri-Environment Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
| | - Jian Long
- School of Geography &Environmental Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Lingfei Liu
- School of Geography &Environmental Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Metabolic Responses of Eisenia Fetida to Individual Pb and Cd Contamination in Two Types of Soils. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13110. [PMID: 29026156 PMCID: PMC5638831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13503-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize the potential toxicity of low Pb- and Cd-contaminated arable soils, earthworms were exposed to Pb contaminated ferrosol, cambosol or Cd contaminated ferrosol for two weeks. Polar metabolites of earthworms were detected by nuclear magnetic resonance. Data were then analyzed with principal component analysis followed by orthogonal signal correction-partial least squares-discriminant analysis and univariate analysis to determine possible mechanisms for the changes in metabolites. The survival rates, metal concentrations and bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of the earthworms were also measured and calculated as auxiliary data. The results showed that the metabolite profiles were highly similar in Pb-contaminated ferrosol and cambosol (R2 = 0.76, p < 0.0001), which can be attributed to similar response mechanisms. However, there was a more intense response in ferrosol likely due to higher Pb concentrations in earthworms. Metabolic pathways and BAFs exhibited apparent distinctions between Pb- and Cd-contaminated ferrosol, likely because they bind to different bio-ligands. The affected metabolic pathways were involved in alanine-aspartate-glutamate, purine, glutathione, valine-leucine-isoleucine biosynthesis and degradation and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism. Regarding the bioavailability in earthworms, Pb availability was higher for ferrosol than for cambosol. We confirmed that the potential toxicity of low Pb/Cd-contaminated soils can be characterized using earthworm metabolomics.
Collapse
|