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Gomes SIL, Zanoni I, Blosi M, Costa AL, Hristozov D, Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Amorim MJB. Safe and sustainable by design Ag nanomaterials: A case study to evaluate the bio-reactivity in the environment using a soil model invertebrate. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:171860. [PMID: 38518823 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Safe-and-sustainable-by-design (SSbD) nanomaterials (NMs) or NM-containing products are a priority. Silver (Ag) NMs have a vast array of applications, including biomedical and other products, even as nanopesticides. Thus, their release to the environment is expected to increase. The aim of the present study was to assess the ecotoxicity of the SSbD Ag NM to the soil model species Enchytraeus crypticus (Oligochaeta). The Ag NM tested consists in a SSbD Ag with biomedical applications, a hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) coated Ag NMs (AgHEC) and its toxicity was compared to the naked Ag NMs (Ag-Sigma), an Ag-based biomedical product (PLLA-Ag: Poly l-Lactide microfibers doped with Ag), and AgNO3. Effects were assessed both in soil and aqueous media, following the standard OECD guideline in soil (28 days) and the OECD extension (56 days), and short-term pulse (5 days) in aqueous media: reconstituted water (ISO water) and soil:water (S:W) extracts, followed by a 21-days recovery period in soil. Ag materials were thoroughly characterized as synthesized and during the test in media and animals. Results in S:W showed AgHEC was more toxic than Ag-Sigma (ca. 150 times) and PLLA-Ag (ca. 2.5 times), associated with a higher Ag uptake. Higher toxicity was related to a smaller hydrodynamic size and higher suspension stability, which in turn resulted in a higher bioavailability of Ag NMs and released ions, particularly in S:W. Toxicity was correlated with the main physicochemical features, providing useful prediction of AgNMs bioactivity. The ability to test E. crypticus in a range of media with different and/or increasing complexity (water, S:W extracts, soil) provided an excellent source to interpret results and is here recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana I L Gomes
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ilaria Zanoni
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR) - Institute of Science Technology and Sustainability for Ceramics (ISSMC), Via Granolo 64, I-48018 Faenza, Italy
| | - Magda Blosi
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR) - Institute of Science Technology and Sustainability for Ceramics (ISSMC), Via Granolo 64, I-48018 Faenza, Italy
| | - Anna L Costa
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR) - Institute of Science Technology and Sustainability for Ceramics (ISSMC), Via Granolo 64, I-48018 Faenza, Italy
| | - Danail Hristozov
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | | | - Mónica J B Amorim
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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2
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Santos FCF, Verweij RA, van Gestel CAM, Amorim MJB. Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of Ag nanomaterials (NM300K) in the soil environment-impact on Enchytraeus crypticus (Oligochaeta). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 252:114599. [PMID: 36738615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Silver (Ag) is one of the most used elements in the nanomaterials (NMs) form, which upon release to the environment can be harmful to organisms. We compared the toxicokinetics (TK) and toxicodynamics (TD) of Ag from AgNO3 (0, 15, 45, 135, 405 mg Ag/kg soil) and AgNM300K (0, 75, 150, 300, 600, 1200 mg Ag/kg soil) in the model organism Enchytraeus crypticus. Organisms were exposed in LUFA 2.2 soil, and besides body Ag concentrations, survival and reproduction were determined, in a time series (for 21 days). In the soil, the available (CaCl2 extractable) Ag fraction from Ag NM300K increased from 0 to 21 days but did not consistently change for AgNO3. Internal concentrations reached equilibrium in most exposures to both Ag forms. The organisms were able to internalize and eliminate Ag, but less when exposed to Ag NM300K. The overall uptake rate constants for Ag from AgNO3 and Ag NM300K exposures were 0.05 and 0.06 kg soil/kg organism/day, respectively, the elimination rate constants 0.2 and 0.1 day-1, respectively. For AgNO3 the median lethal concentrations decreased steadily with time, while for Ag NM300K they remained constant during the first 10 days of exposure followed by a 2-fold decline in the last 7 days. The 21-d LC50s for both Ag forms were similar but the LC50inter (based on internal concentrations) were 63 and 121 mg Ag/kg body DW (Dry Weight) for AgNO3 and Ag NM300K, respectively, showing higher toxicity of AgNO3. These results show the importance of assessing time to toxicity, a relevant factor in toxicity assessment, especially for NMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima C F Santos
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rudo A Verweij
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mónica J B Amorim
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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3
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Santos FCF, Verweij RA, van Gestel CAM, Amorim MJB. Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of chromium in the soil invertebrate Enchytraeus crypticus (Oligochaeta). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159868. [PMID: 36328254 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chromium emissions led to increased concentrations in soil, where it can affect soil organisms to relevant levels. With the aim of better understanding the effects of Cr throughout time, its toxicokinetics-toxicodynamics (TKTD) were evaluated in the soil model organism Enchytraeus crypticus to assess the development of internal concentrations and consequent toxic effects. To achieve this goal, organisms were exposed in LUFA 2.2 soil spiked with increasing CrCl3 concentrations. During the 21-day exposure period, survival, internal concentrations, and reproduction were evaluated at several time points up to 21 days. Uptake and elimination rate constants were 0.0044 kg soil/kg organism/day and 0.023 per day, respectively. Internal Cr concentrations increased with time, generally reaching equilibrium within 14 days with an estimated LC50inter (based on internal metal concentrations) of 57.7 mg Cr/kg body DW. Internal Cr concentrations were regulated by the organisms up to exposure to 360 mg Cr/kg soil DW, where the elimination rate was highest, but at 546 mg Cr/kg soil DW the animals were no longer able to eliminate Cr, and the internal concentrations were well above the estimated LC50inter. At day 21, exposure to 546 mg Cr/kg soil DW significantly reduced survival by 23 %, while reproduction EC50 was 344 mg Cr/kg soil DW. This study highlights the advantages of using a TKTD approach to understand the development of internal metal concentrations in time and relate it to the phenotypical effects observed. Toxicity is better understood when also taking into account time and not just exposure concentration alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima C F Santos
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rudo A Verweij
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mónica J B Amorim
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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4
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Wang X, Gong B, He E, Peijnenburg WJGM, Qiu H. Subcellular localization and compartment-specific toxicokinetics of cadmium, arsenic, and zinc in brandling worm Eisenia fetida. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136482. [PMID: 36126735 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Awareness of toxicokinetics at the subcellular level is crucial to deciphering the underlying intoxication processes of metal(loid)s, although this information is often lacking. Here, the toxicokinetics of two non-essential metal(loid)s (Cd and As) and one essential metal (Zn) in both the whole body and subcellular fractions of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) were assessed. Earthworms were exposed to natural soils originating from a gradient of metal(loid) pollution for 14 days followed by a 14-day elimination phase in clean soil. Clearly distinct toxicokinetic patterns were found in the earthworms according to the metal(loid) considered. An obvious concentration-dependent increase was observed in earthworms or subcellular compartments where no equilibrium was reached (with slow or no elimination) for Cd and As throughout the experiment. As for Zn, the earthworms were able to retain a steady-state concentration of Zn in its body or each fraction without a clear intake behavior via the dynamic trade-off between uptake and elimination at different pollution levels. These differences in toxicokinetics at the subcellular level supported the observed differences in bioaccumulation patterns and were indicative of the strategy by which non-essential and essential elements are handled by earthworms. Notably, the concentration of Cd and As in subcellular compartments showed the same pattern as for Zn in the order of cellular cytosol > cellular debris > metal-rich granules, which might be associated with the binding of non-essential/essential elements with metallothionein enriched in the cytosol. Our findings enhance the understanding of the underlying mechanisms for metal(loid) accumulation kinetics in earthworms from the perspective of subcellular partitioning, and will be beneficial for accurate risk assessment of Cd, As, and Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xupeng Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Bing Gong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Erkai He
- School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Willie J G M Peijnenburg
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333CC, the Netherlands; National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Center for the Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven, 3720BA, the Netherlands
| | - Hao Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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5
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Ratier A, Lopes C, Charles S. Improvements in Estimating Bioaccumulation Metrics in the Light of Toxicokinetic Models and Bayesian Inference. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 83:339-348. [PMID: 35904623 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-022-00947-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The surveillance of chemical substances in the scope of Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) is classically performed through bio-assays from which data are collected and then analysed and/or modelled. Some analysis are based on the fitting of toxicokinetic (TK) models to assess the bioaccumulation capacity of chemical substances via the estimation of bioaccumulation metrics as required by regulatory documents. Given that bio-assays are particularly expensive and time consuming, it is of crucial importance to deeply benefit from all information contained in the data. By revisiting the calculation of bioaccumulation metrics under a Bayesian framework, this paper suggests changes in the way of characterising the bioaccumulation capacity of chemical substances. For this purpose, a meta-analysis of a data-rich TK database was performed, considering uncertainties around bioaccumulation metrics. Our results were statistically robust enough to suggest an additional criterion to the single median estimate of bioaccumulation metrics to assign a chemical substance to a given bioaccumulation capacity. Our proposal is to use the 75th percentile of the uncertainty interval of the bioaccumulation metrics, which revealed an appropriate complement for the classification of chemical substances (e.g. PBT (persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic) and vPvB (very persistent and very bioaccumulative) under the EU chemicals legislation). The 75% quantile proved its efficiency, similarly classifying 90% of the chemical substances as the conventional method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Ratier
- CNRS UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc ALATA BP2, 60550, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Christelle Lopes
- CNRS UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sandrine Charles
- CNRS UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69100, Villeurbanne, France.
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6
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Khodaparast Z, van Gestel CAM, Verweij RA, Papadiamantis AG, Gonçalves SF, Lynch I, Loureiro S. Effects of sulfidation of silver nanoparticles on the Ag uptake kinetics in Brassica rapa plants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 435:128880. [PMID: 35468391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Land application of sewage sludge containing increasing levels of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) raises concerns about the risk for plant exposure. This study compared the uptake kinetics and distribution of Ag in Brassica rapa seedlings grown in Lufa 2.2 natural soil spiked with 20 nm Ag2S NPs, with those from 3 to 8 nm AgNPs, 50 nm AgNPs and AgNO3 exposures (10 mg Ag/kg dry soil). A two-compartment model was used to describe the uptake kinetics of Ag in plants, distinguishing two stages: stage I with increasing Ag uptake followed by stage II with decreasing Ag uptake. The concentration of Ag in roots from Ag2S NPs was about 14 and 10 times lower than for the other AgNPs and AgNO3 exposures, respectively, at the end of stage I, with root translocation rate constants being higher for Ag2S NPs. In stage II, Ag uptake occurred only for the 50 nm AgNPs. The distribution of Ag in B. rapa exposed to pristine, ionic and sulfidized AgNPs differed at the end of exposure. This study shows that Ag uptake and distribution in plants depends on the Ag form in soil, highlighting the importance of studying the environmentally relevant chemical species in NPs risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Khodaparast
- University of Aveiro, CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rudo A Verweij
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anastasios G Papadiamantis
- University of Birmingham, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK; NovaMechanics Ltd., 1065 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Sandra F Gonçalves
- University of Aveiro, CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Iseult Lynch
- University of Birmingham, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
| | - Susana Loureiro
- University of Aveiro, CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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7
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Santos FCF, Verweij RA, van Gestel CAM, Amorim MJB. Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of copper and cadmium in the soil invertebrate Enchytraeus crypticus (Oligochaeta). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 236:113485. [PMID: 35390690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicokinetics-toxicodynamics (TKTD) of Cu and Cd in the soil model organism Enchytraeus crypticus, and assess the development of internal effect concentrations over time. Animals were exposed in LUFA 2.2 soil spiked with increasing concentrations of Cu and Cd. Survival, reproduction and internal metal concentrations in the animals were evaluated at different points in time over a period of 21 days. Internal concentrations increased with time, for Cu reaching a steady state after c. 10 days, except for the highest test concentration, and for Cd continuing to increase after 21 days. Applying a one-compartment model to all data together, estimated uptake and elimination rate constants for Cu and Cd were 0.08 and 0.45 kg soil/kg organism/day and 0.4 and 0.04 per day, respectively. Median lethal concentrations, based on total soil concentrations, decreased with time for Cu and did not reach a steady state level, but they did not change with time for Cd. The LC50inter (based on internal concentrations) was 75 mg Cu/kg body DW and > 800 mg Cd/kg body weight. Animals were able to regulate Cu internal concentrations, keeping them low, while for Cd internal concentrations continued to increase showing lack of regulation and also the importance of exposure time. This study highlights the advantages of using a TKTD approach to understand the relation between organism survival and internal Cu or Cd concentrations over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima C F Santos
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rudo A Verweij
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mónica J B Amorim
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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8
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Li M, Ruan LY, Dang F, Liu HL, Zhou DM, Yin B, Wang JS. Metabolic response of earthworms (Pheretima guillemi) to silver nanoparticles in sludge-amended soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 300:118954. [PMID: 35122920 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) can enter soils via the application of sludge and pose risks to soil invertebrates. However, current knowledge regarding the toxicity of AgNPs at environmentally relevant concentration is insufficient, especially at the molecular level. Therefore, we examined the effects of low-level AgNPs (7.2 mg kg-1, dry weight) on the bioaccumulation, pathology and metabolism of earthworms (Pheretima guillemi). After exposure for 28 d, earthworms were dissected into digestive system and the rest of the body to explore the response of different body parts to AgNPs. Ag concentration in the digestive system of exposed group (2.5 mg kg-1, dry weight) was significantly higher than that of the control group (0.5 mg kg-1, dry weight). AgNPs exposure had no significant effects on the survival and growth, but induced intestinal damage and metabolic interference to earthworms relative to the control. Metabolomics analysis showed that AgNPs exposure disturbed the glycerophospholipid metabolism, glutathione metabolism and energy metabolism in the digestive system and the energy metabolism in the rest of the body. AgNPs exposure also induced lipid peroxidation in the digestive system. The different metabolic responses between two body parts highlighted the importance of the uptake routes of Ag. These results provide a biochemical insight for the risk assessment of low-level AgNPs in terrestrial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Ling-Yu Ruan
- Center of Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Fei Dang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Hai-Long Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, China
| | - Dong-Mei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Bin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Jun-Song Wang
- Center of Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing, 210094, China
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9
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Zhang L, Van Gestel CAM, Li Z. Toxicokinetics of metals in the soil invertebrate Enchytraeus crypticus exposed to field-contaminated soils from a mining area. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 300:118874. [PMID: 35101558 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Toxicokinetics may help assessing the risk of metal-contaminated soils by quantifying the development of internal metal concentrations in organisms over time. This study assessed the toxicokinetics in Enchytraeus crypticus of non-essential (Pb and Cd) and essential elements (Zn and Cu) in metal-contaminated field soils from a mining area, containing 3.49-24.3 mg Cd/kg dry soil, 433-1416 mg Pb/kg dry soil, 15.7-44.9 mg Cu/kg dry soil and 1718-6050 mg Zn/kg dry soil. Three different uptake-elimination patterns in E. crypticus were found. Both essential elements (Zn and Cu) showed fast increasing internal concentrations reaching equilibrium within 2 d in the uptake phase, without hardly any elimination after transfer to clean soil. The non-essential Cd showed a slow linear accumulation and excretion with body concentrations not reaching steady state within 21 d. Internal Pb concentrations, however, reached equilibrium within 7 d in the uptake phase. Longer exposure times in ecotoxicological tests, therefore, are required for elements like Cd. Porewater pH and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels were the dominant factors controlling Cd uptake from the test soils. The 21-d body Cd and Pb concentrations were best explained from 0.01 M CaCl2-extractable soil concentrations. Steady-state Cu and Zn body concentrations were independent of soil exposure concentrations. Bioaccumulation factors (BAF) were low for Pb (<0.1 kgsoil/kgworm), but high for Cd at 1.78-24.3 kgsoil/kgworm, suggesting a potential risk of Cd biomagnification in the terrestrial food chain of the mining area ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China.
| | - Cornelis A M Van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Zhian Li
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China
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10
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Gao Y, Wu W, Qiao K, Feng J, Zhu L, Zhu X. Bioavailability and toxicity of silver nanoparticles: Determination based on toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic processes. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 204:117603. [PMID: 34536684 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Determining the bioavailability and toxicity mechanism of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is challenging as Ag+ is continuously released by external or internal AgNP dissolution in the actual exposure system (regardless of the laboratory or the natural environment). Here a novel pulsed-gradient Ag+ (AgNO3) exposure was conducted with zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae to simulate dissolved gradient concentrations of Ag+ from polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-coated AgNPs. The accumulation and toxicity of the pulsed-gradient Ag+ (AgNO3) and, in the meantime, the released Ag+ from PVP-AgNPs were predicted using a toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TK-TD) model with obtained Ag+ parameters. In order to further understand the possible mechanism of PVP-AgNP releasing Ag+ in the body, subcellular fractions (S9) of zebrafish were also used to incubate with AgNPs in vitro to mimic the realistic in vivo scenarios. In the TK process, in vivo analysis showed that AgNPs released around twice as many Ag+ into the body than were detected with a single Ag+ pulse-exposure system; this was supported by evidence that subcellular S9 fractions might cause the PVP-AgNPs to lose the capping agent and favor Ag+ release. In the TD process, toxicity (survival rate) was predicted by the total bodily Ag(I) concentration, suggesting that AgNP toxicity in larvae was mainly due to gradually released Ag+ rather than AgNPs themselves. This study helps clarify the role of Ag+ in AgNP toxicity and offers a novel framework by which to investigate the toxicity of metal nanoparticles and corresponding metal ions in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
| | - Weiran Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Kexin Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhu
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
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11
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Khodaparast Z, van Gestel CAM, Papadiamantis AG, Gonçalves SF, Lynch I, Loureiro S. Toxicokinetics of silver nanoparticles in the mealworm Tenebrio molitor exposed via soil or food. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 777:146071. [PMID: 33684768 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) may reach the soil compartment via sewage sludge or nanoagrochemical applications. Understanding how NPs interact with biological systems is crucial for an accurate hazard assessment. Therefore, this study aimed at determining the Ag toxicokinetics in the mealworm Tenebrio molitor, exposed via Lufa 2.2 soil or via food to different Ag forms (uncoated 50 nm AgNPs, paraffin coated 3-8 nm and PVP-stabilised 60 nm, Ag2S NPs 20 nm, and ionic Ag). Mealworms were exposed for 21 days followed by a 21-day elimination phase (clean soil/food). A one-compartment kinetics model with inert fraction (simulating a storage compartment, where detoxified forms are located) was used to describe Ag accumulation. Fully understanding the uptake route in mealworms is difficult. For that reason several approaches were used, showing that food, soil and pore water all are valid uptake routes, but with different importance. Silver taken up from soil pore water or from soil showed to be related to Ag dissolution in soil pore water. In general, the uptake and elimination rate constants were similar for 3-8 nm and 60 nm AgNPs and for AgNO3, but significantly different for the uncoated 50 nm AgNPs. Upon food exposure, uptake rate constants were similar for 50 nm AgNPs and AgNO3, while those for 60 nm and 3-8 nm AgNPs and for Ag2S NPs also grouped together. NP exposure in soil appeared more difficult to characterize, with different patterns obtained for the different NPs. But it was evident that upon soil or food exposure, particle characteristics highly affected Ag bioavailability and bioaccumulation. Although Ag2S NPs were taken up, their elimination was faster than for other Ag forms, showing the lowest inert fraction. The significantly different elimination rate constants suggest that the mechanism of elimination may not be the same for different AgNPs either.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Khodaparast
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecological Science, the Netherlands
| | - Anastasios G Papadiamantis
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK; NovaMechanics Ltd., 1065 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Sandra F Gonçalves
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
| | - Susana Loureiro
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Portugal.
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Huang X, He E, Qiu H, Zhang L, Tang Y, Zhao C, Li M, Xiao X, Qiu R. Do toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic processes hold the same for light and heavy rare earth elements in terrestrial organism Enchytraeus crypticus? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114234. [PMID: 32126438 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of rare earth elements (REEs) in numerous sectors have resulted in their release into the environment. Existing knowledge about the effects of REEs were acquired mainly based on toxicity tests with aquatic organisms and a fixed exposure time, Here, the dynamic accumulation and toxicity of REEs (La, Ce, and Gd) in soil organism Enchytraeus crypticus were determined and modeled by a first-order one-compartment model and a time-toxicity logistic model, respectively. Generally, the accumulation and toxicity of REEs were both exposure level- and time-dependent. The overall uptake rate constants were 2.97, 2.48, and 2.38 L kg-1d-1 for La, Ce, and Gd, respectively. The corresponding elimination rate constants were 0.99, 0.78, and 0.56 d-1, respectively. The worms exhibited faster uptake and elimination ability for light REEs (La and Ce) than for heavy REEs (Gd). For all three REEs, the LC50 values based on exposure concentrations decreased with time and reached ultimate values after approximately 10 d exposure. The estimated ultimate LC50 values (LC50∞) were 279, 334, and 358 mg L-1 for Ce, Gd, and La, respectively. When expressed as body concentration, the LC50inter value was almost constant with time, demonstrating that internal body concentration could be a better indicator of dynamic toxicity of REEs than external dose. This study highlights that specific REE and exposure time should be taken into account in accurately assessing risk of REEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Erkai He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Hao Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Yetao Tang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chunmei Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Min Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xue Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Rongliang Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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Rodrigues NP, Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Amorim MJB. Novel understanding of toxicity in a life cycle perspective - The mechanisms that lead to population effect - The case of Ag (nano)materials. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114277. [PMID: 32163806 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Silver (Ag) is amongst the most well studied nanomaterials (NMs), although most studies have only dealt with a single AgNM at a time and one biological endpoint. We here integrate the results of various testing-tools (endpoints) using a terrestrial worm, the standard ecotoxicological model organism Enchytraeus crypticus. Exposure spanned both water and soil exposure, it covered all life stages (cocoons, juveniles and adults), varying exposure durations (1-2-3-4-5-21 days), and covered 5 biological endpoints: hatching success, survival, reproduction, avoidance and gene expression (qPCR target genes GABA and Acetyl cholinesterase). We tested 4 Ag materials: PVP coated (PVP-AgNM), non-coated (NC-AgNM), the JRC reference Ag NM300K and AgNO3. Results showed that short-term exposure via water to assess impact on cocoons' hatching predicted longer term effects such as survival and reproduction. Moreover, if we extended the exposure from 11 to 17 day this allowed discrimination between hatch delay and impairment. Exposure of juveniles and adults via water showed that juveniles were most sensitive with survival affected. Across materials the following toxic ranking was observed: AgNO3 ≥ Ag NM300K ≫ NC-AgNM ≥ PVP-AgNM. E. crypticus avoided AgNO3 in a dose-response manner, avoiding most during the first 24 h. Avoidance of Ag NM300K and NC-AgNM only occurred during the first 24 h and the PVP coated AgNM were not avoided at all. The up-regulation of the GABA triggering anesthetic effects, indicated the high ecological impact of Ag materials in soil: Ag affects the GABAergic system hence organisms were not able to efficiently avoid and became intoxicated, this caused impacts in terms of survival and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália P Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Janeck J Scott-Fordsmand
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsovej 25, PO BOX 314, DK-8600, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Mónica J B Amorim
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Tortella GR, Rubilar O, Durán N, Diez MC, Martínez M, Parada J, Seabra AB. Silver nanoparticles: Toxicity in model organisms as an overview of its hazard for human health and the environment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 390:121974. [PMID: 32062374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have attracted remarkable attention due to their powerful antimicrobial action as well as their particular physicochemical properties. This has led to their application in a wide variety of products with promising results. However, their interaction with the environment and toxicity in live terrestrial or aquatic organisms is still a matter of intense debate. More detailed knowledge is still required about the toxicity of AgNPs, their possible uptake mechanisms and their adverse effects in live organisms. Several studies have reported the interactions and potential negative effects of AgNPs in different organisms. In this review, we report and discuss the current state of the art and perspectives for the impact of AgNPs on different organisms present in the environment. Recent progress in interpreting uptake, translocation and accumulation mechanisms in different organisms and/or living animals are discussed, as well as the toxicity of AgNPs and possible tolerance mechanisms in live organisms to cope with their deleterious effects. Finally, we discuss the challenges of accurate physicochemical characterization of AgNPs and their ecotoxicity in environmentally realistic conditions such as soil and water media.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Tortella
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente, CIBAMA-BIOREN, Universidad de La Frontera, 54-D, Temuco, Chile.
| | - O Rubilar
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente, CIBAMA-BIOREN, Universidad de La Frontera, 54-D, Temuco, Chile; Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad de La Frontera, PO Box 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - N Durán
- NanoBioss Lab., Chemistry Institute, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - M C Diez
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente, CIBAMA-BIOREN, Universidad de La Frontera, 54-D, Temuco, Chile; Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad de La Frontera, PO Box 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - M Martínez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - J Parada
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente, CIBAMA-BIOREN, Universidad de La Frontera, 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - A B Seabra
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Universidade Federal d ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil.
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He E, Qiu R, Cao X, Song L, Peijnenburg WJGM, Qiu H. Elucidating Toxicodynamic Differences at the Molecular Scale between ZnO Nanoparticles and ZnCl 2 in Enchytraeus crypticus via Nontargeted Metabolomics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:3487-3498. [PMID: 32083472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Much effort has been devoted to clarifying the comparative toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) and Zn ions; however, little is known about their toxicodynamic processes at the metabolic level. Here, we investigated the acute (2d) and chronic (7d) effects to a soil species, Enchytraeus crypticus, of two sublethal doses of ZnO-NPs and ZnCl2 (10 and 30 mg/L Zn) using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight/mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. The metabolomics analysis identified 99, 128, 121, and 183 significantly changed metabolites (SCMs) in E. crypticus exposed to ZnO-NPs for 2d, ZnCl2 for 2d, ZnO-NPs for 7d, and ZnCl2 for 7d, respectively, suggesting that ZnCl2 induced stronger metabolic reprogramming than ZnO-NPs, and a longer exposure time caused greater metabolite changes. Among the SCMs, 67 were shared by ZnO-NPs and ZnCl2 after 2d and 84 after 7d. These metabolites were mainly related to oxidative stress and antioxidant defense, membrane disturbance, and energy expenditure. The targeted analysis on physiological and biochemical responses further proved the metabolic observations. Nevertheless, 32 (33%) and 37 (31%) SCMs were found only in ZnO-NP treatments after 2 and 7d, respectively, suggesting that the toxicity of ZnO-NPs cannot be solely attributed to the released Zn ions. Metabolic pathway analysis revealed significant perturbations of galactose metabolism, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism in all test groups. Based on involvement frequency, glucose-1-phosphate, glycerol 3-phosphate, and phosphorylcholine could serve as universal biomarkers for exposure to different Zn forms. Four pathways perturbed by ZnO-NPs were nanospecific upon acute exposure and three upon chronic exposure. Our findings demonstrated that metabolomics is an effective tool for understanding the molecular toxicity mechanism and highlighted that time-series measurements are essential for discovering and comparing modes of action of metal ions and NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkai He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Rongliang Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xinde Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lan Song
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Willie J G M Peijnenburg
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Center for the Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven 3720 BA, The Netherlands
| | - Hao Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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16
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Zhang L, Belloc da Silva Muccillo V, Van Gestel CAM. A combined toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics approach to investigate delayed lead toxicity in the soil invertebrate Enchytraeus crypticus. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 169:33-39. [PMID: 30412896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, Pb toxicity was found to be delayed compared to Pb bioaccumulation in Enchytraeus crypticus. This study aimed at further investigating the acute and delayed onset of Pb toxicity in E. crypticus by using a combination of toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics approaches. Enchytraeids were exposed to different Pb concentrations (uptake phase) in natural LUFA 2.2 soil for different short-term exposure periods, followed by a 7-d elimination phase in clean soils. Body Pb concentrations and enchytraeid mortality were determined at different time intervals during both the exposure and the elimination phase. Pb uptake kinetics in E. crypticus were well described by a three-stage first-order model with an initial overshoot in body Pb concentrations. At higher exposure concentrations, Pb caused delayed enchytraeid mortality even following short-term exposure. LC50 based on body Pb concentrations appeared no good descriptor of delayed Pb toxicity in E. crypticus. Exposure time had a major impact on Pb bioaccumulation, toxicity and its delayed effects, which argues against relying on ecotoxicity tests for metal toxicity using a fix exposure duration. The presence of delayed toxic effects also suggests that post-exposure observations are necessary to avoid underestimation of metal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Cornelis A M Van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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17
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He E, Qiu H, Huang X, Van Gestel CAM, Qiu R. Different dynamic accumulation and toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles and ionic Zn in the soil sentinel organism Enchytraeus crypticus. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:510-518. [PMID: 30458381 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There is still no consensus over the specific effects of metal-based nanoparticles when compared with the conventional metal salts. Here, the accumulation and toxicity of ZnO-NPs and ZnCl2 in Enchytraeus crypticus over time (1-14 d) were investigated using a sand-solution exposure medium and applying a toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics approach. For both Zn forms, body Zn concentration in the organisms was dependent on both the exposure concentration and exposure time, with equilibrium being reached after 7-14 days of exposure. Generally, the uptake and elimination rate constants (Ku and Ke1) were smaller for ZnO-NPs (5.74-12.6 mg kg-1d-1 and 0.17-0.39 d-1) than for ZnCl2 (8.32-40.1 mg kg-1d-1 and 0.31-2.05 d-1), suggesting that ionic Zn was more accessible for E. crypticus than nanoparticulate Zn. Based on external exposure concentrations, LC50s for ZnO-NPs and ZnCl2 decreased with time from 123 to 67 Zn mg L-1 and from 86 to 62 Zn mg L-1, reaching an almost similar ultimate value within 14 d. LC50s based on body Zn concentrations were almost constant over time (except for 1 d) for both ZnO-NPs and ZnCl2, with overall LC50body of Zn being 1720 and 1306 mg kg-1 dry body weight, respectively. Body Zn concentration, which considers all available pathways, was a good predictor of dynamic toxicity of ZnCl2, but not for ZnO-NPs. This may be attributed to the specific internal distribution and detoxification mechanisms of ZnO-NPs. The particles from ZnO-NPs dominated the accumulation (>75%) and toxicity (∼100%). Our results suggest that dynamic aspects should be taken into account when assessing and comparing NPs and metals uptake and consequent patterns of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkai He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Hao Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Xueyin Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Cornelis A M Van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rongliang Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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Patočka J, Krejčová A, Stojarová K, Hrdá K, Pouzar M. The ICP-OES method for determination of zinc in Enchytraeus crypticus and agarose gel from ecotoxicological tests. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-018-0563-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Zhai Y, Hunting ER, Wouterse M, Peijnenburg WJGM, Vijver MG. Importance of exposure dynamics of metal-based nano-ZnO, -Cu and -Pb governing the metabolic potential of soil bacterial communities. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 145:349-358. [PMID: 28759764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Metal-based engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are known to affect bacterial processes and metabolic activities. While testing their negative effects on biological components, studies traditionally rely on initial exposure concentrations and thereby do not take into consideration the dynamic behavior of ENMs that ultimately determines exposure and toxicity (e.g. ion release). Moreover, functional responses of soil microbial communities to ENMs exposure can be caused by both the particulate forms and the ionic forms, yet their relative contributions remain poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the dynamic changes of exposure concentrations of three different types of ENMs (nano-ZnO, -Cu and -Pb) and submicron particles (SMPs) in relation to their impact on the capacity of soil bacterial communities to utilize carbon substrates. The different ENMs were chosen to differ in dissolution potential. The dynamic exposures of ENMs were considered using a time weighted average (TWA) approach. The joint toxicity of the particulate forms and the ionic forms of ENMs was evaluated using a response addition model. Our results showed that the effect concentrations of spherical nano-ZnO, -Cu and SMPs, and Pb-based perovskites expressed as TWA were lower than expressed as initial concentrations. Both particulate forms and ionic forms of spherical 18nm, 43nm nano-ZnO and 50nm, 100nm nano-Cu contribute to the overall response at the EC50 levels. The particulate forms for 150nm, 200nm and 900nm ZnO SMPs and rod-shaped 78nm nano-Cu mainly affected the soil microbial metabolic potential, while the Cu ions released from spherical 25nm nano-Cu, 500nm Cu SMPs and Pb ions released from perovskites mainly described the effects to bacterial communities. Our results indicate that the dynamic exposure of ENMs and relative contributions of particles and ions require consideration in order to pursue a naturally realistic assessment of environmental risks of metal-based ENMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Zhai
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9518, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Ellard R Hunting
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9518, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marja Wouterse
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Willie J G M Peijnenburg
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9518, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands; National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Martina G Vijver
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9518, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Topuz E, van Gestel CAM. The effect of soil properties on the toxicity and bioaccumulation of Ag nanoparticles and Ag ions in Enchytraeus crypticus. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 144:330-337. [PMID: 28646738 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Standard natural Lufa soils (2.2, 2.3 and 5M) with different organic carbon contents (0.67-1.61%) and pHCaCl2 (5.5-7.3) were spiked with ionic Ag (AgNO3) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (AgNP-PVP) and citrate (AgNP-Cit) coated Ag nanoparticles (NPs). Enchytraeus crypticus were exposed for 21 days to assess effects on survival and reproduction. Soil, pore water and animals were analyzed for Ag. AgNP-Cit had a strong increasing effect on soil pH, leading to high enchytraeid mortality at concentrations higher than 60-100mg Ag/kg dry soil which made it impossible to determine the influence of soil properties on its toxicity. LC50s were lower for AgNO3 than for AgNP-PVP (92-112 and 335-425mg Ag/kg dry soil, respectively) and were not affected by soil properties. AgNO3 and AgNP-PVP had comparable reproductive toxicity with EC50s of 26.9-75.2 and 28.2-92.3mg Ag/kg dry soil, respectively; toxicity linearly increased with decreasing organic carbon content of the soils but did not show a clear effect of soil pH. Ag uptake in the enchytraeids was higher at higher organic carbon content, but could not explain differences in toxicity between soils. This study indicates that the bioavailability of both ionic and nanoparticulate Ag is mainly affected by soil organic carbon, with little effect of soil pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Topuz
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Świątek ZM, van Gestel CAM, Bednarska AJ. Toxicokinetics of zinc-oxide nanoparticles and zinc ions in the earthworm Eisenia andrei. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 143:151-158. [PMID: 28531765 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The toxicokinetics of zinc in the earthworm Eisenia andrei was investigated following exposure for 21 days to ionic zinc (ZnCl2) or zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) in Lufa 2.2 soil, followed by 21 days elimination in clean soil. Two concentrations were tested for both ZnCl2 (250 and 500μg Zn g-1) and ZnO-NPs (500 and 1000μg Zn g-1), corresponding to EC25 and EC50 for effects on reproduction. Based on the measured internal Zn concentrations in the earthworms over time of exposure, the kinetics parameters ka - assimilation rate constant (gsoil g-1body weight day-1) and ke - elimination rate constant (day-1) were estimated using a one-compartment model for either total Zn concentrations in the soil or porewater Zn concentrations. In the ZnCl2 treatments, ka was higher for total Zn concentrations in soil, whereas in the ZnO-NP treatments, ka was higher for porewater Zn concentrations. The value of ke did not differ between the two Zn forms (ZnCl2 vs ZnO-NPs) for either EC50 or EC25 when related to total Zn concentrations in soil, but for EC50, ke related to porewater Zn concentrations was significantly higher for ZnCl2 than for ZnO-NPs. It is concluded that differences in kinetic parameters between treatments were connected with exposure concentrations rather than with the form of Zn. Zinc was efficiently regulated by the earthworms in all treatments: a 2-fold increase in exposure concentration resulted in a less than 2-fold increase in internal concentration, and after transfer to uncontaminated soil the internal Zn concentrations in the earthworms returned to ca 111μgg-1 dw in all treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna M Świątek
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Agnieszka J Bednarska
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Mickiewicza 33, 31-120 Kraków, Poland
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Lujan H, Sayes CM. Cytotoxicological pathways induced after nanoparticle exposure: studies of oxidative stress at the 'nano-bio' interface. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:580-594. [PMID: 30090527 PMCID: PMC6062389 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00119c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology is advancing rapidly; many industries are utilizing nanomaterials because of their remarkable properties. As of 2017, over 1800 "nano-enabled products" (i.e. products that incorporate a nanomaterial feature and alter the product's performance) have been used to revolutionize pharmaceutical, transportation, and agriculture industries, just to name a few. As the number of nano-enabled products continues to increase, the risk of nanoparticle exposure to humans and the surrounding environment also increases. These exposures are usually classified as either intentional or unintentional. The increased rate of potential nanoparticle exposure to humans has required the field of 'nanotoxicology' to rapidly screen for key biological, biochemical, chemical, or physical signals, signatures, or markers associated with specific toxicological pathways of injury within in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo models. One of the common goals of nanotoxicology research is to identify critical perturbed biological pathways that can lead to an adverse outcome. This review focuses on the most common toxicological pathways induced by nanoparticle exposure and provides insights into how these perturbations could aid in the development of nanomaterial specific adverse outcomes, inform nano-enabled product development, ensure safe manufacturing practices, promote intentional product use, and avoid environmental health hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Lujan
- Department of Environmental Science , Baylor University , Waco , TX 76798-7266 , USA . ; ; Tel: +254-710-34769
| | - Christie M Sayes
- Department of Environmental Science , Baylor University , Waco , TX 76798-7266 , USA . ; ; Tel: +254-710-34769
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23
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Mitra C, Gummadidala PM, Afshinnia K, Merrifield RC, Baalousha M, Lead JR, Chanda A. Citrate-Coated Silver Nanoparticles Growth-Independently Inhibit Aflatoxin Synthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:8085-8093. [PMID: 28618218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Manufactured silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have long been used as antimicrobials. However, little is known about how these NPs affect fungal cell functions. While multiple previous studies reveal that Ag NPs inhibit secondary metabolite syntheses in several mycotoxin producing filamentous fungi, these effects are associated with growth repression and hence need sublethal to lethal NP doses, which besides stopping fungal growth, can potentially accumulate in the environment. Here we demonstrate that citrate-coated Ag NPs of size 20 nm, when applied at a selected nonlethal dose, can result in a >2 fold inhibition of biosynthesis of the carcinogenic mycotoxin and secondary metabolite, aflatoxin B1 in the filamentous fungus and an important plant pathogen, Aspergillus parasiticus, without inhibiting fungal growth. We also show that the observed inhibition was not due to Ag ions, but was specifically associated with the mycelial uptake of Ag NPs. The NP exposure resulted in a significant decrease in transcript levels of five aflatoxin genes and at least two key global regulators of secondary metabolism, laeA and veA, with a concomitant reduction of total reactive oxygen species (ROS). Finally, the depletion of Ag NPs in the growth medium allowed the fungus to regain completely its ability of aflatoxin biosynthesis. Our results therefore demonstrate the feasibility of Ag NPs to inhibit fungal secondary metabolism at nonlethal concentrations, hence providing a novel starting point for discovery of custom designed engineered nanoparticles that can efficiently prevent mycotoxins with minimal risk to health and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrani Mitra
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Phani M Gummadidala
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Kamelia Afshinnia
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Ruth C Merrifield
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Mohammed Baalousha
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Jamie R Lead
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Anindya Chanda
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina, United States
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24
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Zhang L, Van Gestel CAM. Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of lead in the soil invertebrate Enchytraeus crypticus. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 225:534-541. [PMID: 28318791 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to link Pb toxicokinetics to toxicodynamics in Enchytraeus crypticus. The enchytraeids were exposed for 14 d to different Pb concentrations (uptake phase) in natural Lufa 2.2 soil, followed by a 14-d elimination phase in clean soil. Pb accumulation and enchytraeid mortality were determined at different time intervals. At each exposure concentration, internal Pb concentration increased with exposure time and achieved equilibrium in approximately 7 d. Median lethal concentration (LC50) based on total Pb concentration in soil decreased with exposure time, but did not reach a steady-state level. Pb toxicity, therefore, showed a delay compared to accumulation in E. crypticus. LC50s based on internal Pb concentrations in the surviving animals did reach steady state in approx.14 d, suggesting that linking toxicokinetics to toxicodynamics may reduce the effects of time. This study highlighted that exposure time, as an important factor in metal uptake and toxicity, should be taken into account in ecotoxicological tests for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A M Van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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25
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Makama S, Piella J, Undas A, Dimmers WJ, Peters R, Puntes VF, van den Brink NW. Properties of silver nanoparticles influencing their uptake in and toxicity to the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus following exposure in soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:870-878. [PMID: 27524251 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Physicochemical properties of nanoparticles influence their environmental fate and toxicity, and studies investigating this are vital for a holistic approach towards a comprehensive and adequate environmental risk assessment. In this study, we investigated the effects of size, surface coating (charge) of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) - a most commonly-used nanoparticle-type, on the bioaccumulation in, and toxicity (survival, growth, cocoon production) to the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus. AgNPs were synthesized in three sizes: 20, 35 and 50 nm. Surface-coating with bovine serum albumin (AgNP_BSA), chitosan (AgNP_Chit), or polyvinylpyrrolidone (AgNP_PVP) produced negative, positive and neutral particles respectively. In a 28-day sub-chronic reproduction toxicity test, earthworms were exposed to these AgNPs in soil (0-250 mg Ag/kg soil DW). Earthworms were also exposed to AgNO3 at concentrations below known EC50. Total Ag tissue concentration indicated uptake by earthworms was generally highest for the AgNP_BSA especially at the lower exposure concentration ranges, and seems to reach a plateau level between 50 and 100 mg Ag/kg soil DW. Reproduction was impaired at high concentrations of all AgNPs tested, with AgNP_BSA particles being the most toxic. The EC50 for the 20 nm AgNP_BSA was 66.8 mg Ag/kg soil, with exposure to <60 mg Ag/kg soil already showing a decrease in the cocoon production. Thus, based on reproductive toxicity, the particles ranked: AgNP_BSA (negative) > AgNP_PVP (neutral) > Chitosan (positive). Size had an influence on uptake and toxicity of the AgNP_PVP, but not for AgNP_BSA nor AgNP_Chit. This study provides essential information on the role of physicochemical properties of AgNPs in influencing uptake by a terrestrial organism L. rubellus under environmentally relevant conditions. It also provides evidence of the influence of surface coating (charge) and the limited effect of size in the range of 20-50 nm, in driving uptake and toxicity of the AgNPs tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunday Makama
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jordi Piella
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Campus UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Undas
- RIKILT- Inst. of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim J Dimmers
- Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Peters
- RIKILT- Inst. of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Victor F Puntes
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Campus UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Edificio Mediterránea, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain; Institut Català de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys, 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nico W van den Brink
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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26
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Zhai Y, Hunting ER, Wouters M, Peijnenburg WJGM, Vijver MG. Silver Nanoparticles, Ions, and Shape Governing Soil Microbial Functional Diversity: Nano Shapes Micro. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1123. [PMID: 27504108 PMCID: PMC4959451 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) affect microbial metabolic processes at single cell level or lab-culture strains. However, the impact of different AgNPs properties such as the particle, ion release, and shape on functional responses of natural soil microbial communities remain poorly understood. Therefore, we assessed the relative importance of particles and ions of AgNPs in bacterial toxicity and how the functional diversity of soil microbial communities were impacted by AgNPs shapes (i.e., plates, spheres, and rods) in laboratory incubations. Our results showed that the relative contribution of AgNPs(particle) increased with increasing exposure concentrations (accounted for about 60–68% of the total toxicity at the highest exposure level). In addition, the functional composition of the microbial community differed significantly according to different AgNPs shapes. The various properties of AgNPs thus can significantly and differentially affect the functional composition of microbial communities and associated ecosystem processes depending on the level of environmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Zhai
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ellard R Hunting
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marja Wouters
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Willie J G M Peijnenburg
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden UniversityLeiden, Netherlands; National Institute of Public Health and the EnvironmentBilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Martina G Vijver
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University Leiden, Netherlands
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27
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Topuz E, van Gestel CAM. An approach for environmental risk assessment of engineered nanomaterials using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and fuzzy inference rules. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 92-93:334-347. [PMID: 27131016 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The usage of Engineered Nanoparticles (ENPs) in consumer products is relatively new and there is a need to conduct environmental risk assessment (ERA) to evaluate their impacts on the environment. However, alternative approaches are required for ERA of ENPs because of the huge gap in data and knowledge compared to conventional pollutants and their unique properties that make it difficult to apply existing approaches. This study aims to propose an ERA approach for ENPs by integrating Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and fuzzy inference models which provide a systematic evaluation of risk factors and reducing uncertainty about the data and information, respectively. Risk is assumed to be the combination of occurrence likelihood, exposure potential and toxic effects in the environment. A hierarchy was established to evaluate the sub factors of these components. Evaluation was made with fuzzy numbers to reduce uncertainty and incorporate the expert judgements. Overall score of each component was combined with fuzzy inference rules by using expert judgements. Proposed approach reports the risk class and its membership degree such as Minor (0.7). Therefore, results are precise and helpful to determine the risk management strategies. Moreover, priority weights calculated by comparing the risk factors based on their importance for the risk enable users to understand which factor is effective on the risk. Proposed approach was applied for Ag (two nanoparticles with different coating) and TiO2 nanoparticles for different case studies. Results verified the proposed benefits of the approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Topuz
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
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