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Du B, Lao W, Wong CS, McLaughlin K, Schiff K. Scrutinizing surficial sediment along a 600-km-long urban coastal zone: Occurrence and risk assessment of fipronil and its three degradates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:151071. [PMID: 34678359 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Contamination in the coastal zone is closely linked to urbanization and has become a global issue. The coastal aquatic environment is the terminal sink for many chemicals; however, little is known about the occurrence and variation among habitats as well as integrative toxicity for pesticides, i.e., fipronil, and its three major degradates (-desulfinyl, -sulfide, and -sulfone, fiproles hereafter) in sediments in urban coastlines. In the present study, we report results of a random stratified survey for fiproles in surficial sediments in five embayment habitats (strata) along the Southern California Bight (SCB), USA coastline. Fiproles were present in a small areal extent (6.8%) of the SCB embayment, and detected in 14 out of 174 stations with a total concentration of the four analytes ranging from 0.50 to 17.5 μg/kg dry weight. The area-weighted mean concentrations were 3.16 ± 3.37, 0.584 ± 0.558, 0.071 ± 0.103, and 0.005 ± 0.009 μg/kg in brackish estuaries, estuaries, bays, and marinas, respectively, with the results below the detection limits in ports. Fipronil sulfone had the greatest detection frequency (8.05%) and highest mean concentration (3.24 ± 3.36 μg/kg) among the four compounds. A screening-level deterministic risk assessment for invertebrates found that, region-wide, fiproles generally posed an insignificant to low acute risk to the amphipod Eohaustorius estuarius in 7.36% of the SCB embayment area. In addition, high risk to the midge Chironomus dilutus was found in 77.5% of the fiproles-detectable area in the brackish estuary stratum that is a part of the Los Angeles River. Fipronil sulfone was identified as the major contributor of these effects. The results of this study establish a baseline of occurrence and toxicity potential for fiproles in coastal sediments of southern California.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Du
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA.
| | - Wenjian Lao
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
| | - Charles S Wong
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
| | - Karen McLaughlin
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
| | - Kenneth Schiff
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA
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Ramírez-Álvarez N, Rios Mendoza LM, Macías-Zamora JV, Oregel-Vázquez L, Alvarez-Aguilar A, Hernández-Guzmán FA, Sánchez-Osorio JL, Moore CJ, Silva-Jiménez H, Navarro-Olache LF. Microplastics: Sources and distribution in surface waters and sediments of Todos Santos Bay, Mexico. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 703:134838. [PMID: 31731152 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous and a threat to marine and freshwater environments. Effluent waters from secondary wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) into Todos Santos Bay (TSB) were investigated as sources of MPs. MPs were detected in all analyzed matrices and presented variable morphologies. MPs from surface water samples (n = 18) varied from 0.01 to 0.70 plastic particles/m3 (pp/m3). Fragments (47 ± 23%) and fibers (47 ± 23%) were the most abundant particles found in the surface water samples. In sediment samples (n = 11), MPs varied from 85 to 2494 pp/0.1 m2. Sediment samples showed fragments of 70 ± 19%, fibers 28 ± 18% in mean. The range of MP values from WWTP effluents (n = 24) was 81 to 1556 pp/m3, and fibers (65 ± 28%) were the most abundant MP particles. Several synthetic polymers (polypropylene, polyethylene, polyethylene-propylene, polyvinyl chloride, cellophane), and natural fibers (cotton and wood) were identified. The surface currents and the parameters that modulate them, are the main factors that dominate the distribution of MPs in surface waters. While in the sediments the parameters such as bathymetry and grain size distribution have more influence on their distribution in the marine environment, where the effluent waters from WWTPs only contributes MPs to the TSB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Ramírez-Álvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas-UABC, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada 3917, Colonia Playitas, Ensenada, B.C., C.P. 22860, México.
| | | | - José Vinicio Macías-Zamora
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas-UABC, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada 3917, Colonia Playitas, Ensenada, B.C., C.P. 22860, México.
| | - Lucero Oregel-Vázquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Marinas-UABC, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada 3917, Colonia Playitas, Ensenada, B.C., C.P. 22860, México.
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Aguilar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas-UABC, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada 3917, Colonia Playitas, Ensenada, B.C., C.P. 22860, México.
| | - Félix Augusto Hernández-Guzmán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas-UABC, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada 3917, Colonia Playitas, Ensenada, B.C., C.P. 22860, México.
| | - José Luis Sánchez-Osorio
- Instituto de Servicios de Salud Pública del Estado de Baja California, Calle Cuarta 441, Plaza Prosan, local 102. Zona Centro, Ensenada, B.C., C.P. 22800, México.
| | - Charles James Moore
- Algalita Marine Research and Education, U.S.A. 148 N. Marina Drive, Long Beach, CA 90803, USA.
| | - Hortencia Silva-Jiménez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas-UABC, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada 3917, Colonia Playitas, Ensenada, B.C., C.P. 22860, México.
| | - Luis Felipe Navarro-Olache
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas-UABC, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada 3917, Colonia Playitas, Ensenada, B.C., C.P. 22860, México.
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Taylor AR, Li J, Wang J, Schlenk D, Gan J. Occurrence and Probable Sources of Urban-Use Insecticides in Marine Sediments off the Coast of Los Angeles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9584-9593. [PMID: 31366195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Insecticides such as pyrethroids and fipronil are used in large amounts in both agricultural and urban settings and have the potential to elicit toxicity to nontarget aquatic organisms. In California, like in many other regions of the world, urban centers are located along the coast, and it is documented that urban-use insecticides enter the marine environment, where little is known about their occurrence and consequences. In this study, we measured the spatial distribution of pyrethroids and fipronil (and its metabolites) on the Palos Verdes Shelf off the coast of Los Angeles. Total pyrethroid levels ranged from nd to 170 μg/kg (dry weight), and fipronil sulfide levels ranged from 1.8 to 5.6 μg/kg. Two pyrethroids were traced to wastewater effluent discharge, while two others and fipronil sulfide were traced to to surface runoff. Toxicity units (TUs) were estimated for benthic invertebrates, which ranged from no toxicity (nt) to 146 for total pyrethroids, and 0.09 to 1.6 and 4.2 to 75 for fipronil sulfide, depending on the indicator species. Therefore, near-shore deposition of urban-use insecticides due to wastewater discharge and surface runoff poses a significant risk to marine benthic invertebrates and highlights the importance of monitoring near-shore ocean environments and developing mitigation strategies to reduce seaward movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R Taylor
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
- School of Earth Sciences and Resources , China University of Geosciences , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
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Sadaria AM, Labban CW, Steele JC, Maurer MM, Halden RU. Retrospective nationwide occurrence of fipronil and its degradates in U.S. wastewater and sewage sludge from 2001 - 2016. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 155:465-473. [PMID: 30870636 PMCID: PMC6506233 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The insecticide fipronil is under regulatory scrutiny worldwide for its toxicity to pollinators and aquatic invertebrates. We conducted the first U.S. nationwide, longitudinal study of sewage sludges for fiproles, i.e., the sum of fipronil and its major degradates (fipronil sulfone, sulfide, amide, and desulfinyl). Archived sludges (n = 109) collected in three campaigns over 15 years were analyzed by isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, revealing ubiquitous fiprole occurrence (0.2-385.3 μg/kg) since 2001 and a significant increase (2.4 ± 0.3 fold; p < 0.005) both from 2001 to 2006/7 and from 2001 to 2015/6, but not a significant increase from 2006/7 to 2015/6 (p = 0.275). A geospatial analysis showed fiprole levels in municipal sludges to be uncoupled from agricultural use of fipronil on cropland surrounding sampled municipalities, thus pointing to non-agricultural uses (i.e., spot-on treatment and urban pest control) as a major source of fiprole loading to wastewater. Whereas anaerobic digestion was correlated with increases in fipronil sulfide at the expense of parental fipronil (p < 0.001), total fiprole levels in sewage sludges were similar regardless of the solids treatment approach applied (p = 0.519). Treatment plant effluent available from 12 facilities in 2015/6 contained fiproles at 0.3-112.9 ng/L, exceeding the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) aquatic invertebrate life benchmark for chronic fipronil exposure (11 ng/L) in 67% of cases. Whereas the USEPA identified fipronil in sludge only recently (2015), retrospective analyses and modeling conducted here show contaminant ubiquity and nationwide increases of fiprole mass (compared to 2001 levels) in U.S. municipal sludge (1140 ± 230 kg in 2015/6), and treated effluent nationwide (1970 ± 390 kg in 2015/6) over the past 15 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash M Sadaria
- Arizona State University, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Cameron W Labban
- Arizona State University, Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Joshua C Steele
- Arizona State University, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Megan M Maurer
- Arizona State University, Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Rolf U Halden
- Arizona State University, Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Tempe, AZ, USA; Arizona State University, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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