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Wu F, Liu Z, Wang J, Wang X, Zhang C, Ai S, Li J, Wang X. Research on aquatic microcosm: Bibliometric analysis, toxicity comparison and model prediction. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:134078. [PMID: 38518699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Recently, aquatic microcosms have attracted considerable attention because they can be used to simulate natural aquatic ecosystems. First, to evaluate the development of trends, hotspots, and national cooperation networks in the field, bibliometric analysis was performed based on 1841 articles on aquatic microcosm (1962-2022). The results of the bibliometric analysis can be categorized as follows: (1) Aquatic microcosm research can be summarized in two sections, with the first part focusing on the ecological processes and services of aquatic ecosystems, and the second focusing on the toxicity and degradation of pollutants. (2) The United States (number of publications: 541, proportion: 29.5%) and China (248, 13.5%) are the two most active countries. Second, to determine whether there is a difference between single-species and microcosm tests, that is, to perform different-tier assessments, the recommended aquatic safety thresholds in risk assessment [i.e., the community-level no effect concentration (NOECcommunity), hazardous concentrations for 5% of species (HC5) and predicted no effect concentration (PNEC)] were compared based on these tests. There was a significant difference between the NOECcommunity and HC5 (P < 0.05). Moreover, regression models predicting microcosm toxicity values were constructed to provide a reference for ecological systemic risk assessments based on aquatic microcosms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Zhengtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Xusheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Offshore Environmental Technology & Services Limited, Beijing 100027, PR China
| | - Shunhao Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China; The College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, PR China
| | - Ji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China.
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Glover CN, Klaczek CE, Goss GG, Saari GN. Factors Affecting the Binding of Diltiazem to Rainbow Trout Plasma: Implications for the Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals in Aquatic Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:3125-3133. [PMID: 36177769 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of organic toxicants in fish plasma, and how they partition between the bound and unbound fraction once absorbed, are important metrics in models that seek to predict the risk of such contaminants in aquatic settings. Rapid equilibrium dialysis of diltiazem, an ionizable weak base and important human pharmaceutical contaminant of freshwaters, was conducted with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) plasma. The effect of fed state, fish sex, fish strain/size, and dialysis buffer pH on the binding of radiolabeled diltiazem (9 ng ml-1 ) was assessed. In fed fish, 24.6%-29.5% of diltiazem was free, unbound to plasma proteins. Although starvation of fish resulted in a decrease in plasma protein, the bound fraction of diltiazem remained relatively constant. Consequently, the protein-bound concentration of diltiazem increased with length of starvation. In general, rainbow trout strain was a significant factor affecting plasma binding, although the two strains tested also differed markedly in size. Dialysis buffer pH significantly influenced plasma binding, with a higher unbound diltiazem fraction at pH 6.8 than pH 8.0. These data indicate that empirical measures of plasma binding in fish are important for accurate risk assessment and that the physiological status of a fish is likely to impact its sensitivity to toxicants such as diltiazem. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:3125-3133. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris N Glover
- Faculty of Science and Technology and Athabasca River Basin Research Institute, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chantelle E Klaczek
- Faculty of Science and Technology and Athabasca River Basin Research Institute, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gavin N Saari
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Upper Midwest Environmental Science Center, United States Geological Survey, La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA
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Lari E, Burket SR, Steinkey D, Brooks BW, Pyle GG. Interaction of the Olfactory System of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with Diltiazem. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:544-550. [PMID: 33463738 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Diltiazem is ubiquitously prescribed and has been reported in many effluents and freshwater bodies. Being a calcium channel blocker, diltiazem could disrupt the function of the sensory and central nervous systems. In the present study, using electro-olfactography (EOG), we investigated the interaction of diltiazem with the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) of rainbow trout by looking into the detection threshold and effects of immediate (~5 min) and acute (24 h) exposure to diltiazem at 6.6, 66, and 660 µg/L. We also studied the accumulation of the drug in fish plasma and whole body. Brief exposure to diltiazem impaired the OSN response to a chemosensory stimulus in a concentration-dependent manner at 6.6 µg/L and higher, whereas OSNs exposed for 24 h only displayed an impairment at 660 µg/L. Chemical analysis showed that the accumulation of diltiazem in fish plasma and body correlated with the EOG response because it was 10 times higher in the group that displayed a significant impairment (660 µg/L) compared to the other 2 groups (6.6, 66 µg/L). This correlation suggests that the impact of diltiazem on OSNs might partially be through the accumulated molecules in the fish bloodstream. Fish did not detect diltiazem as a sensory stimulus even at concentrations as high as 660 µg/L; thus, fish could potentially swim toward or fail to escape harmful concentrations of diltiazem. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:554-550. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Lari
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Rebekah Burket
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Dylan Steinkey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Greg G Pyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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Thompson WA, Shvartsburd Z, Vijayan MM. The antidepressant venlafaxine perturbs cardiac development and function in larval zebrafish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 242:106041. [PMID: 34856460 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.106041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Venlafaxine, a selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, is a highly prescribed antidepressant and is detected at µg/L concentrations in waterways receiving municipal wastewater effluents. We previously showed that early-life venlafaxine exposure disrupted the normal development of the nervous system and reduces larval activity in zebrafish (Danio rerio). However, it is unclear whether the reduced swimming activity may be associated with impaired cardiac function. Here we tested the hypothesis that zygotic exposure to venlafaxine impacts the development and function of the larval zebrafish heart. Venlafaxine (0, 1 or 10 ng) was administered by microinjection into freshly fertilized zebrafish embryos (1-4 cell stage) to assess heart development and function during early-life stages. Venlafaxine deposition in the zygote led to precocious development of the embryo heart, including the timing of the first heartbeat, increased heart size, and a higher heart rate at 24- and 48-hours post-fertilization (hpf). Also, waterborne exposure to environmental levels of this antidepressant during early development increased the heart rate at 48 hpf of zebrafish larvae mimicking the zygotic deposition. The venlafaxine-induced higher heart rate in the embryos was abolished in the presence of NAN-190, an antagonist of the 5HT1A receptor. Also, heart rate dropped below control levels in the 10 ng, but not 1 ng venlafaxine group at 72 and 96 hpf. An acute stressor reduced the venlafaxine-induced heart rate at 48 hpf but did not affect the already reduced heart rate at 72 and 96 hpf in the 10 ng venlafaxine group. Our results suggest that the higher heart rate in the venlafaxine group may be due to an enhanced serotonin stimulation of the 5HT1A receptor. Taken together, early-life venlafaxine exposure disrupts cardiac development and has the potential to compromise the cardiovascular performance of larval zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Andrew Thompson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Zachary Shvartsburd
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Mathilakath M Vijayan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4.
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Burket SR, Wright MV, Baker LF, Chambliss CK, King RS, Matson CW, Brooks BW. Periphyton, bivalves and fish differentially accumulate select pharmaceuticals in effluent-dependent stream mesocosms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 745:140882. [PMID: 32726693 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and other ionizable contaminants from municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent can bioaccumulate in fish, particularly in effluent dominated and dependent systems in semi-arid and arid regions. However, invertebrate bioaccumulation of these compounds has been less studied. Using municipal wastewater effluent as source water in outdoor stream mesocosms to simulate effluent-dependent lotic systems, we examined bioaccumulation of several widely-used pharmaceuticals including acetaminophen (nonsteroidal anti-inflamatory), caffeine (stimulant), carbamazepine (anti-epileptic), diltiazem (calcium channel blocker), diphenhydramine (anti-histamine), fluoxetine (anti-depressant), norfluoxetine (anti-depressant metabolite), and sertraline (anti-depressant) in freshwater clams (Corbicula fluminea), periphyton and stoneroller minnows (Campostoma anomalum), a commonly studied grazer in stream ecology, during a replicated outdoor stream mesocosm study at the Baylor Experimental Aquatic Research facility. Target analytes were determined in tissues, source effluent and stream water by isotope dilution LC-MS/MS. After an 8-day uptake period, clams accumulated a number of pharmaceuticals, including acetaminophen, carbamazepine, diltiazem, diphenhydramine, fluoxetine, norfluoxetine and sertraline with maximum concentrations reaching low μg/kg. We observed uptake rates in clams for acetaminophen at 2.8 μg/kg per day, followed by diphenhydramine (1.2 μg/kg per day) and carbamazepine (1.1 μg/kg per day). Caffeine, carbamazepine, diltiazem and diphenhydramine were measured in periphyton. Diphenhydramine was the only compound detected in all matrices, where bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) were elevated in bivalves (1631 ± 589 L/kg), compared to stoneroller minnows (247 ± 84 L/kg) and periphyton (315 ± 116 L/kg). Such BAF variability across multiple biological matrices highlight the need to understand bioaccumulation differences for ionizable contaminants among freshwater biota, including threatened and endangered species (e.g., unionids), commercially important bivalves (e.g., estuarine and marine bivalves), and fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rebekah Burket
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798, United States; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - Moncie V Wright
- Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, TX 76798, United States; Department of Biology, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, TX 76798, United States; Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology (CEINT), Duke University, Durham, NC 27707, United States
| | - Leanne F Baker
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798, United States; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, TX 76798, United States; Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology (CEINT), Duke University, Durham, NC 27707, United States
| | - C Kevin Chambliss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Ryan S King
- Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, TX 76798, United States; Department of Biology, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, TX 76798, United States; Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology (CEINT), Duke University, Durham, NC 27707, United States
| | - Cole W Matson
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798, United States; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, TX 76798, United States; Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology (CEINT), Duke University, Durham, NC 27707, United States; Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798, United States; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97388, Waco, TX 76798, United States; Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798, United States; School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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Siddiqui S, Conkle JL, Sadovski A. Contiguous U.S. surface water availability and short-term trends of wastewater effluent flows in San Antonio, TX. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:115036. [PMID: 32592958 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Surface water is a vital and sometimes stressed resource in the U.S. The quantity of this resource is threatened by population shifts and growth concurrently with climate change intensification. Additionally, growing population centers can impact water quality by discharging treated wastewater effluent, which is typically of lower quality than its receiving surface waters. Depending on baseflow and environmental factors, this could decrease water quality. From a previous model prepared in our lab, this study can improve the understanding of water resource quality and quantity, surface water availability for the contiguous U.S. was estimated for each USGS Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC) during 2015. The Mississippi River generally served as a dividing line for surface water availability, with five of the six regions with very low water availability (<24,000 LD-1Km-2) residing in the west. These same areas also experience more drought as well as more severe droughts than regions in the east. In regions with lower surface water flows, their water quality is more susceptible to the influence of wastewater effluent discharges, especially near large and growing population centers like San Antonio, Texas. A prediction model was established for this city, which found that from 2009 to 2017 wastewater effluent increased by 1.8%. As cities grow, especially in the Southwest and Western U.S. together with intensified climate change, surface water quantity and quality become more crucial to sustainability. This study shows where surface water availability is already an issue and provides a model to estimate, as well as project, wastewater effluent flows into surface water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samreen Siddiqui
- Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, 6300 Ocean Drive, Texas A& M, Corpus Christi, Texas, 78412, USA.
| | - Jeremy L Conkle
- Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, 6300 Ocean Drive, Texas A& M, Corpus Christi, Texas, 78412, USA
| | - Alexey Sadovski
- Department of Mathematics, 6300 Ocean Drive, Texas A& M, Corpus Christi, Texas, 78412, USA
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Zhang K, Zhao Y, Fent K. Cardiovascular drugs and lipid regulating agents in surface waters at global scale: Occurrence, ecotoxicity and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 729:138770. [PMID: 32361434 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular drugs and lipid regulating agents have emerged as major groups of environmental contaminants over the past decades. However, knowledge about their occurrence in freshwaters and their ecotoxicity is still limited. Here, we critically summarize the presence of 82 cardiovascular drugs and lipid regulating agents at a global-scale and represent their effects on aquatic organisms. Only about 71% of these pharmaceuticals in use have been analyzed for their residues in aquatic ecosystems and only about 24% for their effects. When detected in surface waters, they occurred at concentrations of dozens to hundreds of ng/L. In wastewaters, they reached up to several μg/L. Effects of cardiovascular drugs and lipid regulating agents have been extensively studied in fish and a few in invertebrates, such as Daphnia magna and mussels. These pharmaceuticals affect cardiac physiology, lipid metabolism, growth and reproduction. Besides, effects on spermatogenesis and neurobehavior are observed. Environmental risks are associated with beta-blockers propranolol, metoprolol, and lipid lowering agents bezafibrate and atorvastatin, where adverse effects (biochemical and transcriptional) occurred partially at surface water concentrations. In some cases, reproductive effects occurred at environmentally relevant concentrations. This review summarizes the state of the art on the occurrence of cardiovascular drugs and lipid regulating agents at a global-scale and highlights their risks to fish. Further research is needed to include more subtle changes on heart function and to explore non-investigated drugs. Their occurrence in freshwaters and impact on a diverse array of aquatic organisms are particularly needed to fully assess their environmental hazards and risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yanbin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Karl Fent
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Hofackerstrasse 30, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
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Saari GN, Haddad SP, Mole RM, Hill BN, Steele WB, Lovin LM, Chambliss CK, Brooks BW. Low dissolved oxygen increases uptake of a model calcium channel blocker and alters its effects on adult Pimephales promelas. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 231:108719. [PMID: 31987992 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human population growth accompanied with urbanization is urbanizing the water cycle in many regions. Urban watersheds, particularly with limited upstream dilution of effluent discharges, represent worst case scenarios for exposure to multiple environmental stressors, including down the drain chemicals (e.g., pharmaceuticals) and other stressors (e.g., dissolved oxygen (DO)). We recently identified the calcium channel blocker diltiazem (DZM) to accumulate in fish plasma exceeding human therapeutic doses (e.g., Cmin) in coastal estuaries impaired due to nonattainment of DO water quality standards. Thus, we examined whether DO influences DZM uptake by fish, and if changes in DO-dependent upatke alter fish physiological and biochemical responses. Low DO (3.0 mg DO/L) approximately doubled diltiazem uptake in adult fathead minnows relative to normoxic (8.2 mg DO/L) conditions and were associated with significant (p < 0.05) increases in fish ventilation rate at low DO levels. Decreased burst swim performance (Uburst) of adult fathead minnows were significantly (p < 0.05) altered by low versus normal DO levels. DO × DZM studies reduced Uburst by 13-31% from controls, though not significantly (p = 0.06). Physiological responses in fish exposed to DZM alone were minimal; however, in co-exposure with low DO, decreasing trends in Uburst appeared inversely related to plasma lactate levels. Such physiological responses to multiple stressors, when paired with internal tissue concentrations, identify the utility of employing biological read across approaches to identify adverse outcomes of heart medications and potentially other cardiotoxicants impacting fish cardiovascular function across DO gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin N Saari
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Samuel P Haddad
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Rachel M Mole
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Bridgett N Hill
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - W Baylor Steele
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Lea M Lovin
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - C Kevin Chambliss
- Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; Department of Chemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA; School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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