1
|
Brefeld D, Di Mauro V, Kellermann MY, Nietzer S, Moeller M, Lütjens LH, Pawlowski S, Petersen-Thiery M, Schupp PJ. Acute Toxicity Assays with Adult Coral Fragments: A Method for Standardization. TOXICS 2023; 12:1. [PMID: 38276714 PMCID: PMC10818607 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Coral reefs are globally declining due to various anthropogenic stressors. Amongst those, chemical pollutants, such as pesticides from agricultural runoff, sewage or an overabundance of personal care products in coastal waters due to intense tourism, may be considered as a local stressor for reef-building corals. The extent to which such chemicals exhibit toxic effects towards corals at environmentally relevant concentrations is currently controversially discussed and existing studies are often based on varying and sometimes deficient test methods. To address this uncertainty, we adapted available methods into a reliable and comprehensive acute coral toxicity test method for the reef-building coral Montipora digitata. The toxicities of the four substances benzophenone-3 (BP-3), Diuron (DCMU), copper (Cu2+ as CuCl2, positive control) and dimethylformamide (DMF, solvent) were assessed in a 96 h semi-static test design. Endpoints such as maximum quantum yield, bleaching, tissue loss and mortality were evaluated with respect to their suitability for regulatory purposes. Overall, the endpoints bleaching and mortality yielded sensitive and robust results for the four tested substances. As the test method follows the principles of internationally standardized testing methods (ISO, OECD), it can be considered suitable for further validation and standardization. Once validated, a standardized test method will help to obtain reproducible toxicity results useful for marine hazard and risk assessment and regulatory decision making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Brefeld
- Environmental Biochemistry Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), School of Mathematics and Science, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany; (V.D.M.)
| | - Valentina Di Mauro
- Environmental Biochemistry Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), School of Mathematics and Science, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany; (V.D.M.)
| | - Matthias Y. Kellermann
- Environmental Biochemistry Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), School of Mathematics and Science, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany; (V.D.M.)
| | - Samuel Nietzer
- Environmental Biochemistry Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), School of Mathematics and Science, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany; (V.D.M.)
| | - Mareen Moeller
- Environmental Biochemistry Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), School of Mathematics and Science, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany; (V.D.M.)
| | - Laura H. Lütjens
- Department of Product Safety, Regulatory Ecotoxicology, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Sascha Pawlowski
- Department of Product Safety, Regulatory Ecotoxicology, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Mechtild Petersen-Thiery
- Product Stewardship and EHS Data Management, BASF Personal Care and Nutrition GmbH, Rheinpromenade 1, 40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Peter J. Schupp
- Environmental Biochemistry Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), School of Mathematics and Science, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany; (V.D.M.)
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB), University of Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Golding LA, Binet MT, Adams MS, Hochen J, Humphrey CA, Price GAV, Reichelt-Brushett AJ, Salmon M, Stauber JL. Acute and chronic toxicity of manganese to tropical adult coral (Acropora millepora) to support the derivation of marine manganese water quality guideline values. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 194:115242. [PMID: 37453169 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Adult corals are among the most sensitive marine organisms to dissolved manganese and experience tissue sloughing without bleaching (i.e., no loss of Symbiodinium spp.) but there are no chronic toxicity data for this sensitive endpoint. We exposed adult Acropora millepora to manganese in 2-d acute and 14-d chronic experiments using tissue sloughing as the toxicity endpoint. The acute tissue sloughing median effect concentration (EC50) was 2560 μg Mn/L. There was no chronic toxicity to A. millepora at concentrations up to and including the highest concentration of 1090 μg Mn/L i.e., the chronic no observed effect concentration (NOEC). A coral-specific acute-to-chronic ratio (ACR) (EC50/NOEC) of 2.3 was derived. These data were combined with chronic toxicity data for other marine organisms in a species sensitivity distribution (SSD). Marine manganese guidelines were 190, 300, 390 and 570 μg Mn/L to provide long-term protection of 99, 95, 90, and 80 % of marine species, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Golding
- CSIRO, Environment, Tharawal Country, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, New South Wales 2234, Australia.
| | - Monique T Binet
- CSIRO, Environment, Tharawal Country, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - Merrin S Adams
- CSIRO, Environment, Tharawal Country, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - Justin Hochen
- National Sea Simulator, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia
| | - Craig A Humphrey
- National Sea Simulator, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia
| | - Gwilym A V Price
- CSIRO, Environment, Tharawal Country, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, New South Wales 2234, Australia; Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | | | - Matthew Salmon
- National Sea Simulator, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland 4810, Australia
| | - Jenny L Stauber
- CSIRO, Environment, Tharawal Country, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, New South Wales 2234, Australia; La Trobe University, Wodonga, Victoria 3690, Australia
| |
Collapse
|