Hydrogenated silicene nanosheet functionalized scaffold enables immuno-bone remodeling

An injectable multifunctional nanocomposite hydrogel promotes vascularized bone regeneration by regulating macrophages

The local inflammatory microenvironment, insufficient vascularization, and inadequate bone repair materials are the three key factors that constrain the repair of bone defects. Here, we synthesized a composite nanoparticle, TPQ (TCP-PDA-QK), with a core‒shell structure. The core consists of nanotricalcium phosphate (TCP), and the shell is derived from polydopamine (PDA). The surface of the shell is modified with a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mimic peptide (QK peptide). TPQ was then embedded in porous methacrylate gelatin (GelMA) to form a TPQGel hydrogel. In the inflammatory environment, the TPQGel hydrogel can gradually release drugs through pH responsiveness, promoting M2 macrophage polarization, vascularization and bone regeneration in turn. In addition, reprogrammed M2 macrophages stimulate the generation of anti-inflammatory and pro-healing growth factors, which provide additional support for angiogenesis and bone regeneration. The TPQGel hydrogel can not only accurately fill irregular bone defects but also has excellent biocompatibility, making it highly suitable for the minimally invasive treatment of bone defects. Transcriptomic tests revealed that the TPQGel hydrogel achieved macrophage reprogramming by regulating the PI3K-AKT signalling pathway. Overall, the TPQGel hydrogel can be harnessed for safe and efficient therapeutics that accelerate the repair of bone defects.

Organoids of Musculoskeletal System for Disease Modeling, Drug Screening, and Regeneration

Musculoskeletal diseases have emerged as the leading cause of disability worldwide, with their prevalence increasing annually. In light of this escalating health challenge, organoids, an emerging technology in tissue engineering, offer promising solutions for disease modeling, drug screening, regeneration, and repair processes. The successful development of musculoskeletal organoids represents a significant breakthrough, providing a novel platform for studying musculoskeletal diseases and facilitating the discovery of new treatments. Moreover, organoids serve as valuable complements to traditional 2D culture methods and animal models, offering rich insights into musculoskeletal biology. This review provides an overview of organoid technology, outlining the construction processes of various musculoskeletal organoids and highlighting their similarities and differences. Furthermore, the challenges associated with organoid technology in musculoskeletal systems are discussed and insights into future perspectives are offered.

Integrated Phenotypic and Transcriptomic Analyses of Osteoporosis in Type 2 Diabetic Mice

Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a global metabolic condition associated with complications of multiple organs, including the bone. However, the exact impact of T2D on bone along the disease progression, particularly in the early phase, remains largely unknown. Methods: Four-week and sixteen-week high-fat diet (HFD) feeding-induced T2D mouse models were established, and the glucose metabolic status was examined. Bone mass was evaluated by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), and immunofluorescent (IF) staining was performed for bone histomorphometry with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) determining serum markers. RNA sequencing analysis was performed to examine the transcriptome of bone, and single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis was further applied. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) were isolated and analyzed for functional behaviors. Results: The occurrence of glucose metabolic disorders was confirmed at both four weeks and sixteen weeks of HFD feeding, showing increased blood glucose levels with impaired glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Notably, early T2D osteoporosis symptoms were detected at four weeks, especially in the trabecular bone, demonstrating reduced bone mass and mineral density. Histological analysis confirmed that bone remodeling and immune-related inflammation were also altered in T2D mice, remarkably at the early phase, mainly reflected by suppressed bone formation, stimulated bone resorption, increased macrophages, and elevated tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels. Transcriptomic sequencing further demonstrated significant yet distinct changes in the gene expression profile of bone during T2D progression, which confirmed the histological findings. Notably, overlapping genes with altered expression at four weeks and sixteen weeks of T2D compared to the respective control were identified, and bone marrow scRNA-seq analysis indicated many of them were expressed in BMMSCs, suggesting BMMSCs critically involved in T2D osteoporosis. Dysregulated molecular profiles and functional abnormalities of BMMSCs in T2D mice were validated by ex vivo assays, showing early and persistent occurrence of impaired colony-forming and proliferative capacities with biased differentiation potential. Conclusions: These findings elucidate the bone lesion phenotype in T2D, particularly at the early phase, uncover changes in gene expression profiles of bone during T2D progression, and clarify the functional alterations in bone stem cells, providing a basis for subsequent research and the development of treatment strategies.

Oriented Cortical-Bone-Like Silk Protein Lamellae Effectively Repair Large Segmental Bone Defects in Pigs

Assembling natural proteins into large, strong, bone-mimetic scaffolds for repairing bone defects in large-animal load-bearing sites remain elusive. Here this challenge is tackled by assembling pure silk fibroin (SF) into 3D scaffolds with cortical-bone-like lamellae, superior strength, and biodegradability through freeze-casting. The unique lamellae promote the attachment, migration, and proliferation of tissue-regenerative cells (e.g., mesenchymal stem cells [MSCs] and human umbilical vein endothelial cells) around them, and are capable of developing in vitro into cortical-bone organoids with a high number of MSC-derived osteoblasts. High-SF-content lamellar scaffolds, regardless of MSC inoculation, regenerated more bone than non-lamellar or low-SF-content lamellar scaffolds. They accelerated neovascularization by transforming macrophages from M1 to M2 phenotype, promoting bone regeneration to repair large segmental bone defects (LSBD) in minipigs within three months, even without growth factor supplements. The bone regeneration can be further enhanced by controlling the orientation of the lamella to be parallel to the long axis of bone during implantation. This work demonstrates the power of oriented lamellar bone-like protein scaffolds in repairing LSBD in large animal models.

Modulatory effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on bone cell dynamics in osteoporosis

Background

Osteoporosis (OP) is a systemic bone disorder marked by reduced bone mass and disrupted microstructure, leading to higher fracture risk. Epidemiological data from China show a 20.7% prevalence in women and 14.4% in men over 50, underscoring a pressing health issue given the aging population. More drugs to inhibit OP progression should be explored, and their biological mechanisms confirmed in preclinical studies.

Methods

In this study, we utilized Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP), an extract from the traditional Chinese medicine Goji Berry. LBP, known for its range of pharmacological activities, was assessed for its potential therapeutic effects on OP. We specifically investigated its influence on the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and functional differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

Results

LBP significantly promotes osteoblast proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation. Conversely, it inhibits the intrinsic apoptotic response in osteoblasts. For osteoclasts, LBP suppressed their proliferation, migration, and osteoclastic differentiation while enhancing their natural apoptosis. These results were confirmed by classical protein pathway detection experiments.

Conclusion

LBP showcases potential therapeutic properties against OP, particularly in modulating osteoblast/osteoclast activities. While its exact mechanisms through vital signaling pathways remain to be fully elucidated, LBP's prominent effects suggest that it is a promising agent for OP intervention, warranting further in-depth studies.

Golgi-restored vesicular replenishment retards bone aging and empowers aging bone regeneration

Healthy aging is a common goal for humanity and society, and one key to achieving it is the rejuvenation of senescent resident stem cells and empowerment of aging organ regeneration. However, the mechanistic understandings of stem cell senescence and the potential strategies to counteract it remain elusive. Here, we reveal that the aging bone microenvironment impairs the Golgi apparatus thus diminishing mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) function and regeneration. Interestingly, replenishment of cell aggregates-derived extracellular vesicles (CA-EVs) rescues Golgi dysfunction and empowers senescent MSCs through the Golgi regulatory protein Syntaxin 5. Importantly, in vivo administration of CA-EVs significantly enhanced the bone defect repair rate and improved bone mass in aging mice, suggesting their therapeutic value for treating age-related osteoporosis and promoting bone regeneration. Collectively, our findings provide insights into Golgi regulation in stem cell senescence and bone aging, which further highlight CA-EVs as a potential rejuvenative approach for aging bone regeneration.

Hydrolysis of 2D Nanosheets Reverses Rheumatoid Arthritis Through Anti-Inflammation and Osteogenesis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a kind of inflammation homeostasis disorder that dysfunctions the joints. Clinically, medications against RA focus simply on mitigating the focal inflammation, without considering pro-osteogenesis re-modeling of the bone microenvironment. In the present work, 2D layered calcium disilicide nanoparticles (CSNs) are fabricated by facile aqueous exfoliation. The hydrolysis of CSNs produces anti-oxidative H2, alkaline Ca(OH)2, and silica. These moieties play significant roles in anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and pro-osteogenesis resulting in considerably better RA therapeutic consequences than anti-inflammation alone. Hydrogen gas is validated to eliminate excessive hydroxyl radicals and regulate macrophage re-polarization; the generated Ca(OH)2 can neutralize the acidic microenvironment and inhibit the osteoclast activity; and, the dissolved Ca2+ can effectively complex with phosphates to mineralize Ca3(PO4)2, promoting the osteogenesis of the focal joint. The multifunctional performances of CSNs are further confirmed in arthritic mouse and rabbit models, providing an advanced and robust therapeutic strategy against RA with high biocompatibility and clinical transformable promises.

Periodic Table of Immunomodulatory Elements and Derived Two-Dimensional Biomaterials

Periodic table of chemical elements serves as the foundation of material chemistry, impacting human health in many different ways. It contributes to the creation, growth, and manipulation of functional metallic, ceramic, metalloid, polymeric, and carbon-based materials on and near an atomic scale. Recent nanotechnology advancements have revolutionized the field of biomedical engineering to tackle longstanding clinical challenges. The use of nano-biomaterials has gained traction in medicine, specifically in the areas of nano-immunoengineering to treat inflammatory and infectious diseases. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have been found to possess high bioactive surface area and compatibility with human and mammalian cells at controlled doses. Furthermore, these biomaterials have intrinsic immunomodulatory properties, which is crucial for their application in immuno-nanomedicine. While significant progress has been made in understanding their bioactivity and biocompatibility, the exact immunomodulatory responses and mechanisms of these materials are still being explored. Current work outlines an innovative "immunomodulatory periodic table of elements" beyond the periodic table of life, medicine, and microbial genomics and comprehensively reviews the role of each element in designing immunoengineered 2D biomaterials in a group-wise manner. It recapitulates the most recent advances in immunomodulatory nanomaterials, paving the way for the development of new mono, hybrid, composite, and hetero-structured biomaterials.

Emodin Enhanced Microwave-Responsive Heterojunction with Powerful Bactericidal Capacity and Immunoregulation for Curing Bacteria-Infected Osteomyelitis

Eradication of osteomyelitis caused by bacterial infections is still a major challenge. Microwave therapy has the inherent advantage of deep penetration in curing deep tissue infections. However, the antibacterial efficiency of sensitizers is limited by the weak energy of microwaves. Here, a hybrid heterojunction system (Fe3O4/CuS/Emo) is designed for curing bacterially infected osteomyelitis. As an enhanced microwave sensitizer, it shows supernormal microwave response ability. Specifically, Fe3O4 acts as a matrix to mediate magnetic loss. After CuS loading, the heterogeneous interface forms induce significant interfacial polarization, which increasing dielectric loss. On the basis of the heterojunction formed by the two semiconductors, emodin is innovatively introduced to modify it. This integration not only accelerates the movement of charge carriers but also enhances polarization loss due to the numerous functional groups present on the surface. This further optimizes the microwave thermal and catalytic response. In addition, the unique anti-inflammatory properties of emodin confer the ability of hybrid heterojunction to regulate the immune microenvironment. In vivo studies reveal that heterojunction modified by emodin programmed elimination of bacteria and regulation of the immune microenvironment. It offers a revolutionary approach to the treatment of bacterial osteomyelitis.

Honeycomb Bionic Graphene Oxide Quantum Dot/Layered Double Hydroxide Composite Nanocoating Promotes Osteoporotic Bone Regeneration via Activating Mitophagy

Abnormal osteogenic and remodeling microenvironment due to osteoblast apoptosis are the primary causes of delayed fracture healing in osteoporotic patients. Magnesium (Mg) alloys exhibit biodegradability and appropriate elastic moduli for bone defects in osteoporosis, but the effect on the local bone remodeling disorder is still insufficient. Inspired by the "honeycomb," layered double hydroxide (LDH) with regular traps with graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs) inlayed is constructed by pulsed electrodeposition to generate GOQD/LDH composite nanocoatings on the surfaces of Mg alloy substrates. The honeycomb bionic multi-layer stereoscopic structure shows good regulation of the degradation of Mg alloy for the support of healing time required for osteoporotic bone defect. Within its lattice, the local microenvironment conducive to osteogenesis is provided by both the rescue effect of GOQD and LDH. The osteoblast apoptosis is rescued due to the activation of mitophagy to clear dysfunctional mitochondria, where the upregulation of BNIP3 phosphorylation played a key role. The osteoporotic rat model of femoral defects confirmed the improvement of bone regeneration and osseointegration of GOQD/LDH coating. In summary, honeycomb bionic composite nanocoatings with controllable degradation and excellent pro-osteogenic performance demonstrated a promising design strategy on Mg alloy implants in the therapy of osteoporotic bone defects.

Analysis of the CPZ/Wnt4 osteogenic pathway for high-bonding-strength composite-coated magnesium scaffolds through transcriptomics

Magnesium (Mg)-based scaffolds are garnering increasing attention as bone repair materials owing to their biodegradability and mechanical resemblance to natural bone. Their effectiveness can be augmented by incorporating surface coatings to meet clinical needs. However, the limited bonding strength and unclear mechanisms of these coatings have impeded the clinical utility of scaffolds. To address these issues, this study introduces a composite coating of high-bonding-strength polydopamine-microarc oxidation (PDA-MHA) on Mg-based scaffolds. The results showed that the PDA-MHA coating achieved a bonding strength of 40.56 ± 1.426 MPa with the Mg scaffold surface, effectively enhancing hydrophilicity and controlling degradation rates. Furthermore, the scaffold facilitated bone regeneration by influencing osteogenic markers such as RUNX-2, OPN, OCN, and VEGF. Transcriptomic analyses further demonstrated that the PDA-MHA/Mg scaffold upregulated carboxypeptidase Z expression and activated the Wnt-4/β-catenin signaling pathway, thereby promoting bone regeneration. Overall, this study demonstrated that PDA can synergistically enhance bone repair with Mg scaffold, broadening the application scenarios of Mg and PDA in the field of biomaterials. Moreover, this study provides a theoretical underpinning for the application and clinical translation of Mg-based scaffolds in bone tissue engineering endeavors.

Natural Affinity Driven Modification by Silicene to Construct a "Thermal Switch" for Tumorous Bone Loss

Tumorous bone defects present significant challenges for surgical bio-reconstruction due to the dual pathological conditions of residual tumor presence and extensive bone loss following excision surgery. To address this challenge, a "thermal switch" smart bone scaffold based on the silicene nanosheet-modified decalcified bone matrix (SNS@DBM) is developed by leveraging the natural affinity between collagen and silicene, which is elucidated by molecular dynamics simulations. Benefitting from its exceptional photothermal ability, biodegradability, and bioactivity, the SNS@DBM "thermal switch" provides an integrated postoperative sequential thermotherapy for tumorous bone loss by exerting three levels of photothermal stimulation (i.e., strong, moderate, and nonstimulation). During the different phases of postoperative bioconstruction, the SNS@DBM scaffold realizes simultaneous residual tumor ablation, tumor recurrence prevention, and bone tissue regeneration. These biological effects are verified in the tumor-bearing nude mice of patient-derived tissue xenografts and critical cranium defect rats. Mechanism research prompts moderate heat stimulus generated by and coordinating with SNSs can upregulate osteogenic genes, promote macrophages M2 polarization, and intensify angiogenesis of H-type vessels. This study introduces a versatile approach to the management of tumorous bone defects.

Absorbable calcium and phosphorus bioactive membranes promote bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells osteogenic differentiation for bone regeneration

Large segmental bone defects are commonly operated with autologous bone grafting, which has limited bone sources and poses additional surgical risks. In this study, we fabricated poly(lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)/β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) composite membranes by electrostatic spinning and further promoted osteogenesis by regulating the release of β-TCP in the hope of replacing autologous bone grafts in the clinical practice. The addition of β-TCP improved the mechanical strength of PLGA by 2.55 times. Moreover, β-TCP could accelerate the degradation of PLGA and neutralize the negative effects of acidification of the microenvironment caused by PLGA degradation. In vitro experiments revealed that PLGA/TCP10 membranes are biocompatible and the released β-TCP can modulate the activity of osteoblasts by enhancing the calcium ions concentration in the damaged area and regulating the pH of the local microenvironment. Simultaneously, an increase in β-TCP can moderate the lactate content of the local microenvironment, synergistically enhancing osteogenesis by promoting the tube-forming effect of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Therefore, it is potential to utilize PLGA/TCP bioactive membranes to modulate the microenvironment at the site of bone defects to promote bone regeneration.

Synergistic Interaction between Metal Single-Atoms and Defective WO3- x Nanosheets for Enhanced Sonodynamic Cancer Therapy

Although metal single-atom (SA)-based nanomaterials are explored as sonosensitizers for sonodynamic therapy (SDT), they normally exhibit poor activities and need to combine with other therapeutic strategies. Herein, the deposition of metal SAs on oxygen vacancy (OV)-rich WO3- x nanosheets to generate a synergistic effect for efficient SDT is reported. Crystalline WO3 and OV-rich WO3- x nanosheets are first prepared by simple calcination of the WO3 ·H2 O nanosheets under an air and N2 atmosphere, respectively. Pt, Cu, Fe, Co, and Ni metal SAs are then deposited on WO3- x nanosheets to obtain metal SA-decorated WO3- x nanocomposites (M-WO3- x ). Importantly, the Cu-WO3- x sonosensitizer exhibits a much higher activity for ultrasound (US)-induced production of reactive oxygen species than that of the WO3- x and Cu SA-decorated WO3 , which is also higher than other M-WO3- x nanosheets. Both the experimental and theoretical results suggest that the excellent SDT performance of the Cu-WO3- x nanosheets should be attributed to the synergistic effect between Cu SAs and WO3- x OVs. Therefore, after polyethylene glycol modification, the Cu-WO3- x can quickly kill cancer cells in vitro and effectively eradicate tumors in vivo under US irradiation. Transcriptome sequencing analysis and further molecular validation suggest that the Cu-WO3- x -mediated SDT-activated apoptosis and TNF signaling pathways are potential drivers of tumor apoptosis induction.

Silicon-containing nanomedicine and biomaterials: materials chemistry, multi-dimensional design, and biomedical application

The invention of silica-based bioactive glass in the late 1960s has sparked significant interest in exploring a wide range of silicon-containing biomaterials from the macroscale to the nanoscale. Over the past few decades, these biomaterials have been extensively explored for their potential in diverse biomedical applications, considering their remarkable bioactivity, excellent biocompatibility, facile surface functionalization, controllable synthesis, etc. However, to expedite the clinical translation and the unexpected utilization of silicon-composed nanomedicine and biomaterials, it is highly desirable to achieve a thorough comprehension of their characteristics and biological effects from an overall perspective. In this review, we provide a comprehensive discussion on the state-of-the-art progress of silicon-composed biomaterials, including their classification, characteristics, fabrication methods, and versatile biomedical applications. Additionally, we highlight the multi-dimensional design of both pure and hybrid silicon-composed nanomedicine and biomaterials and their intrinsic biological effects and interactions with biological systems. Their extensive biomedical applications span from drug delivery and bioimaging to therapeutic interventions and regenerative medicine, showcasing the significance of their rational design and fabrication to meet specific requirements and optimize their theranostic performance. Additionally, we offer insights into the future prospects and potential challenges regarding silicon-composed nanomedicine and biomaterials. By shedding light on these exciting research advances, we aspire to foster further progress in the biomedical field and drive the development of innovative silicon-composed nanomedicine and biomaterials with transformative applications in biomedicine.

A Sonoresponsive and NIR-II-Photoresponsive Nanozyme for Heterojunction-Enhanced "Three-in-One" Multimodal Oncotherapy

Although low-cost nanozymes with excellent stability have demonstrated the potential to be highly beneficial for nanocatalytic therapy (NCT), their unsatisfactory catalytic activity accompanied by intricate tumor microenvironment (TME) significantly hinders the therapeutic effect of NCT. Herein, for the first time, a heterojunction (HJ)-fabricated sonoresponsive and NIR-II-photoresponsive nanozyme is reported by assembling carbon dots (CDs) onto TiCN nanosheets. The narrow bandgap and mixed valences of Ti3+ and Ti4+ endow TiCN with the capability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) when exposed to ultrasound (US), as well as the dual enzyme-like activities of peroxidase and glutathione peroxidase. Moreover, the catalytic activities and sonodynamic properties of the TiCN nanosheets are boosted by the formation of HJs owing to the increased speed of carrier transfer and the enhanced electron-hole separation. More importantly, the introduction of CDs with excellent NIR-II photothermal properties could achieve mild hyperthermia (43 °C) and thereby further improve the NCT and sonodynamic therapy (SDT) performances of CD/TiCN. The synergetic therapeutic efficacy of CD/TiCN through mild hyperthermia-amplified NCT and SDT could realize "three-in-one" multimodal oncotherapy to completely eliminate tumors without recurrence. This study opens a new avenue for exploring sonoresponsive and NIR-II-photoresponsive nanozymes for efficient tumor therapy based on semiconductor HJs.

Hydrogel and Nanomedicine-Based Multimodal Therapeutic Strategies for Spinal Cord Injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe neurodegenerative disease caused by mechanical and biological factors, manifesting as a loss of motor and sensory functions. Inhibition of injury expansion and even reversal of injury in the acute damage stage of SCI are important strategies for treating this disease. Hydrogels and nanoparticle (NP)-based drugs are the most effective, widely studied, and clinically valuable therapeutic strategies in the field of repair and regeneration. Hydrogels are 3D flow structures that fill the pathological gaps in SCI and provide a microenvironment similar to that of the spinal cord extracellular matrix for nerve cell regeneration. NP-based drugs can easily penetrate the blood-spinal cord barrier, target SCI lesions, and are noninvasive. Hydrogels and NPs as drug carriers can be loaded with various drugs and biological therapeutic factors for slow release in SCI lesions. They help drugs function more efficiently by exerting anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and nerve regeneration effects to promote the recovery of neurological function. In this review, the use of hydrogels and NPs as drug carriers and the role of both in the repair of SCI are discussed to provide a multimodal strategic reference for nerve repair and regeneration after SCI.

MXene and Xene: promising frontier beyond graphene in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine

The emergence of 2D nanomaterials (2D NMs), which was initiated by the isolation of graphene (G) in 2004, revolutionized various biomedical applications, including bioimaging and -sensing, drug delivery, and tissue engineering, owing to their unique physicochemical and biological properties. Building on the success of G, a novel class of monoelemental 2D NMs, known as Xenes, has recently emerged, offering distinct advantages in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In this review, we focus on the comparison of G and Xene materials for use in fabricating tissue engineering scaffolds. After a brief introduction to the basic physicochemical properties of these materials, recent representative studies are classified in terms of the engineered tissue, i.e., bone, cartilage, neural, muscle, and skin tissues. We analyze several methods of improving the clinical potential of Xene-laden scaffolds using state-of-the-art fabrication technologies and innovative biomaterials. Despite the considerable advantages of Xene materials, critical concerns, such as biocompatibility, biodistribution and regulatory challenges, should be considered. This review and collaborative efforts should advance the field of Xene-based tissue engineering and enable innovative, effective solutions for use in future tissue regeneration.

Subtractive Nanopore Engineered MXene Photonic Nanomedicine with Enhanced Capability of Photothermia and Drug Delivery for Synergistic Treatment of Osteosarcoma

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials as drug carriers and photosensitizers have emerged as a promising antitumor strategy. However, our understanding of 2D antitumor nanomaterials is limited to intrinsic properties or additive modification of different materials. Subtractive structural engineering of 2D nanomaterials for better antitumor efficacy is largely overlooked. Here, subtractively engineered 2D MXenes with uniformly distributed nanopores are synthesized. The nanoporous defects endowed MXene with enhanced surface plasmon resonance effect for better optical absorbance performance and strong exciton-phonon coupling for higher photothermal conversion efficiency. In addition, porous structure improves the binding ability between drug and unsaturated bonds, thus promoting drug-loading capacity and reducing uncontrolled drug release. Furthermore, the porous structure provides adhesion sites for filopodia, thereby promoting the cellular internalization of the drug. Clinically, osteosarcoma is the most common bone malignancy routinely treated with doxorubicin-based chemotherapy. There have been no significant treatment advances in the past decade. As a proof-of-concept, nanoporous MXene loaded with doxorubicin is developed for treating human osteosarcoma cells. The porous MXene platform results in a higher amount of doxorubicin-loading, faster near-infrared (NIR)-controlled doxorubicin release, higher photothermal efficacy under NIR irradiation, and increased cell adhesion and internalization. This facile method pioneers a new paradigm for enhancing 2D material functions and is attractive for tumor treatment.