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Control Strategies of Clubroot Disease Caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030620. [PMID: 35336194 PMCID: PMC8949847 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The clubroot disease caused by the soil-borne pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae is one of the most important diseases of cruciferous crops worldwide. As with many plant pathogens, the spread is closely related to the cultivation of suitable host plants. In addition, temperature and water availability are crucial determinants for the occurrence and reproduction of clubroot disease. Current global changes are contributing to the widespread incidence of clubroot disease. On the one hand, global trade and high prices are leading to an increase in the cultivation of the host plant rapeseed worldwide. On the other hand, climate change is improving the living conditions of the pathogen P. brassicae in temperate climates and leading to its increased occurrence. Well-known ways to control efficiently this disease include arable farming strategies: growing host plants in wide crop rotations, liming the contaminated soils, and using resistant host plants. Since chemical control of the clubroot disease is not possible or not ecologically compatible, more and more alternative control options are being investigated. In this review, we address the challenges for its control, with a focus on biological control options.
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Li J, Philp J, Li J, Wei Y, Li H, Yang K, Ryder M, Toh R, Zhou Y, Denton MD, Hu J, Wang Y. Trichoderma harzianum Inoculation Reduces the Incidence of Clubroot Disease in Chinese Cabbage by Regulating the Rhizosphere Microbial Community. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091325. [PMID: 32878079 PMCID: PMC7563613 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Clubroot is a disease of cruciferous crops that causes significant economic losses to vegetable production worldwide. We applied high-throughput amplicon sequencing technology to quantify the effect of Trichodermaharzianum LTR-2 inoculation on the rhizosphere community of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis cv. Jiaozhou) in a commercial production area. T. harzianum inoculation of cabbage reduced the incidence of clubroot disease by 45.4% (p < 0.05). The disease control efficacy (PDIDS) was 63%. This reduction in disease incidence and severity coincided with a drastic reduction in both the relative abundance of Plasmodiaphora brassicae, the causative pathogen of cabbage clubroot disease, and its copy number in rhizosphere soil. Pathogenic fungi Alternaria and Fusarium were also negatively associated with Trichoderma inoculation according to co-occurrence network analysis. Inoculation drastically reduced the relative abundance of the dominant bacterial genera Delftia and Pseudomonas, whilst increasing others including Bacillus. Our results demonstrate that T. harzianum LTR-2 is an effective biological control agent for cabbage clubroot, which acts through modulation of the soil and rhizosphere microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Li
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China;
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250013, China; (J.L.); (Y.W.); (H.L.); (K.Y.)
| | - Joshua Philp
- China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250013, China; (J.P.); (M.R.); (R.T.); (Y.Z.); (M.D.D.)
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae 5064, Australia
| | - Jishun Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250013, China; (J.L.); (Y.W.); (H.L.); (K.Y.)
- China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250013, China; (J.P.); (M.R.); (R.T.); (Y.Z.); (M.D.D.)
| | - Yanli Wei
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250013, China; (J.L.); (Y.W.); (H.L.); (K.Y.)
- China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250013, China; (J.P.); (M.R.); (R.T.); (Y.Z.); (M.D.D.)
| | - Hongmei Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250013, China; (J.L.); (Y.W.); (H.L.); (K.Y.)
- China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250013, China; (J.P.); (M.R.); (R.T.); (Y.Z.); (M.D.D.)
| | - Kai Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250013, China; (J.L.); (Y.W.); (H.L.); (K.Y.)
- China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250013, China; (J.P.); (M.R.); (R.T.); (Y.Z.); (M.D.D.)
| | - Maarten Ryder
- China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250013, China; (J.P.); (M.R.); (R.T.); (Y.Z.); (M.D.D.)
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae 5064, Australia
| | - Ruey Toh
- China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250013, China; (J.P.); (M.R.); (R.T.); (Y.Z.); (M.D.D.)
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae 5064, Australia
| | - Yi Zhou
- China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250013, China; (J.P.); (M.R.); (R.T.); (Y.Z.); (M.D.D.)
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae 5064, Australia
| | - Matthew D. Denton
- China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250013, China; (J.P.); (M.R.); (R.T.); (Y.Z.); (M.D.D.)
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae 5064, Australia
| | - Jindong Hu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250013, China; (J.L.); (Y.W.); (H.L.); (K.Y.)
- China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250013, China; (J.P.); (M.R.); (R.T.); (Y.Z.); (M.D.D.)
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China;
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (Y.W.)
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