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Zhao J, Qin C, Shen Y, Xu C, Yao S, Liang C. A comprehensive review of chloropropanol analytical method in the context of food safety. Food Chem 2024; 446:138776. [PMID: 38417283 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Chloropropanols are among the major food contaminants, and quantifying their content in food is a key food-safety issue. In response to the demand for highly sensitive and selective analysis, the scientific community is committed to continuous innovation and optimization of various analytical techniques. This paper comprehensively reviews the latest developments in chloropropanol analysis technologies and systematically compares and analyzes the working principles, application conditions, advantages, and challenges of these methods. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is the preferred choice for chloropropanol analysis in complex sample matrices owing to its high resolution, sensitivity, and accuracy. Electrochemical methods provide strong support for the real-time monitoring of chloropropanols because of their high selectivity and sensitivity towards electrochemically active molecules. Other techniques offer innovative solutions for the rapid and accurate analysis of chloropropanol at different levels. Finally, innovative directions for the development of chloropropanol analysis methods for food safety are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Zhao
- Guangxi University College of Light Industry and Food Engineering; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp and Paper and Pollution Control
| | - Chengrong Qin
- Guangxi University College of Light Industry and Food Engineering; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp and Paper and Pollution Control
| | - Yifan Shen
- Guangxi University College of Light Industry and Food Engineering; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp and Paper and Pollution Control
| | - Cheng Xu
- Guangxi University College of Light Industry and Food Engineering; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp and Paper and Pollution Control
| | - Shuangquan Yao
- Guangxi University College of Light Industry and Food Engineering; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp and Paper and Pollution Control
| | - Chen Liang
- Guangxi University College of Light Industry and Food Engineering; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp and Paper and Pollution Control.
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Li Y, Chen D, Fu W, Yang Y, Chen H, Ni L, Chen H, Jiang D, Zhang S, Gui R. Determination of chloropropanol esters and glycidyl esters in nutritional foods by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry based on acid hydrolysis and solid-phase extraction. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:756-770. [PMID: 38805241 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2353796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
This study presents a method based on acid transesterification and the purification by solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for quantifying 3- and 2-monochloropropanediol esters (3-MCPDE, 2-MCPDE) and glycidyl esters (GE) in nutritional foods. The fat was extracted by liquid-liquid extraction with petroleum ether and diethyl ether after the sample was hydrolysed with ammonia. Then the extract was purified by a SPE cartridge filled with the aminopropyl sorbents. It was demonstrated that the optimal elution volume for 3-MCPDE, 2-MCPDE and GE greatly depended on the sample matrix and varied from 6 to 12 mL for four different kinds of food matrices. All three analytes in the sample solution could be fully collected in the first 10-12 mL of eluate. By this way, monoacylglycerols commonly present in the samples were fully removed. Therefore, the overestimation of GE quantification was effectively eliminated. The modified analytical procedure was fully validated in a single laboratory and has been recommended as a Chinese Food Safety National Standard. In addition, two derivatisation agents, heptafluorobutyrylimidazole and phenylboronic acid, were proved to be equivalent in method accuracy and precision for the quantification of three analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- School of Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Health Inspection and Testing, Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Institute of Health Inspection and Testing, Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
- School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wusheng Fu
- School of Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Health Inspection and Testing, Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
- School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- School of Food Science, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Institute of Health Inspection and Testing, Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huafeng Chen
- Institute of Health Inspection and Testing, Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lei Ni
- Institute of Health Inspection and Testing, Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongjing Chen
- Institute of Health Inspection and Testing, Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dingguo Jiang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Sophia Zhang
- School of Arts and Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rongjuan Gui
- Institute of Health Inspection and Testing, Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
- School of Food Science, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Schneider JF, Becalski A, Zhao T, Chen F, Liao Y, Rawn DFK. Occurrence of 2- and 3-monochloropropanediol esters (MCPDE) in infant formula products on the Canadian market between 2015 and 2019. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1663-1673. [PMID: 35921604 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2104934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
2- and 3-monochloropropanediol esters (MCPDEs) are most commonly formed as process-induced contaminants during the refinement of vegetable oils used for food production. 'In vivo' hydrolysis of 3-MCPDEs releases the potential carcinogen 3-monochloropropanediol (3-MCPD). Levels of MCPDEs in infant formula are of particular concern, as refined oils are commonly used as main fat ingredients. For this study, infant formula samples (powders, liquid concentrates and ready-to-feed infant formula samples) from the Canadian market were purchased and analysed in 2015 (35 samples) and 2019 (33 samples). MCPDE concentrations (expressed as free MCPD equivalents) were examined through an indirect analytical approach, applying acid-catalysed ester cleavage and using cyclohexanone as derivatising agent. Labelled diesters were used as internal standards. 2015 Survey data were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in selected ion monitoring mode (SIM). 2019 Survey data were analysed with an updated method using GC-MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring modes (MRM). In 2015, levels in reconstituted formula ranging from 3.7 ng/g to 111 ng/g for 3-MCPD and 2.2 ng/g to 56.2 ng/g for 2-MCPD were found. In 2019, levels ranging from 3.9 ng/g to 74.8 ng/g for 3-MCPD and 1.0 ng/g to 33.9 ng/g for 2-MCPD were found. A significantly reduced mean of combined MCPDEs was observed between 2015 and 2019 data (64.5 ng/g, standard deviation (SD) 8.6 ng/g in 2015 to 31.8 ng/g, SD 5.6 ng/g in 2019, p-value = 0.024). For the majority of manufacturers, the data comparison among brand products over time shows decreased levels of MCPDEs. Occurrence data of MCPDEs, including data from previously published surveys (2012/2013), were also compared and a temporal trend was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob F Schneider
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Tony Zhao
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fuqi Chen
- Biostatistics and Modelling Division, Bureau of Food Surveillance and Science Integration, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yifu Liao
- Biostatistics and Modelling Division, Bureau of Food Surveillance and Science Integration, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dorothea F K Rawn
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Becalski A, Zhao T, Granvogl M, Arbuckle T. An investigation of presence of 2- and 3-monochloropropanediol fatty acid esters in Canadian human milk samples. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1881-1889. [PMID: 30118400 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1506163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Occurrence of 2- and 3-monochloropropanediol fatty acid esters (MCPDEs) in 199 human milk samples collected from Canadian women was examined in this study. MCPDEs were determined via indirect analytical approach by using acidic hydrolysis/transesterification and derivatization with cyclohexanone using a fluorinated sulfonic acid resin as a catalyst followed by GC-MS analysis. Analyses were done by a stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA) using 3-monochloropropanediol-d5 dipalmitate and 2-monochloropropanediol-d5 distearate as internal standards. In all samples 2-MCPD esters were not detected, at LOD = 1 ng/g for 2-MCPD equivalent. 3-MCPD esters were not detected, at LOD = 2 ng/g for 3-MCPD equivalent, in 193 samples. Six samples had the apparent concentration of 3-MCPD equivalent in the range of 2.0-5.1 ng/g, which was likely caused by accidental contamination during processing of samples. For selected samples, these findings were confirmed by direct analysis via LC-MS/MS analysis based on SIDA for 3-MCPD dipalmitate and 2-MCPD distearate. To our best knowledge, this is the first study to analyze human milk samples for 2-MCPD esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Becalski
- a Food Research Division , Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Tony Zhao
- a Food Research Division , Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada , Ottawa , Canada
| | - Michael Granvogl
- b Department of Chemistry,Chair for Food Chemistry , Technical University of Munich , Freising , Germany
| | - Tye Arbuckle
- c Population Studies Division , Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada , Ottawa , Canada
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Becalski A, Zhao T, Breton F, Kuhlmann J. 2- and 3-Monochloropropanediols in paper products and their transfer to foods. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1499-508. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1223353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Becalski
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Tony Zhao
- Food Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Francois Breton
- Analytical and Forensic Services Division, Canada Border Services Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Risks for human health related to the presence of 3‐ and 2‐monochloropropanediol (MCPD), and their fatty acid esters, and glycidyl fatty acid esters in food. EFSA J 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Jędrkiewicz R, Orłowski A, Namieśnik J, Tobiszewski M. Green analytical chemistry introduction to chloropropanols determination at no economic and analytical performance costs? Talanta 2016; 147:282-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Becalski A, Zhao T, Feng S, Lau BY. A pilot survey of 2- and 3-monochloropropanediol and glycidol fatty acid esters in baby formula on the Canadian market 2012–2013. J Food Compost Anal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Becalski A, Feng S, Lau BPY, Zhao T. A pilot survey of 2- and 3-monochloropropanediol and glycidol fatty acid esters in foods on the Canadian market 2011–2013. J Food Compost Anal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lee BQ, Khor SM. 3-Chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) in Soy Sauce: A Review on the Formation, Reduction, and Detection of This Potential Carcinogen. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014; 14:48-66. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bai Qin Lee
- Dept. of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Univ. of Malaya; 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Sook Mei Khor
- Dept. of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Univ. of Malaya; 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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Ermacora A, Hrnčiřík K. Development of an analytical method for the simultaneous analysis of MCPD esters and glycidyl esters in oil-based foodstuffs. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:985-94. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.905712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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