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Rydel-Ciszek K. DFT Studies of the Activity and Reactivity of Limonene in Comparison with Selected Monoterpenes. Molecules 2024; 29:1579. [PMID: 38611858 PMCID: PMC11013946 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the effective processing of natural monoterpenes that constitute renewable biomass found in post-production waste into products that are starting materials for the synthesis of valuable compounds is a way to ensure independence from non-renewable fossil fuels and can contribute to reducing global carbon dioxide emissions. The presented research aims to determine, based on DFT calculations, the activity and reactivity of limonene, an organic substrate used in previous preparative analyses, in comparison to selected monoterpenes such as cymene, pinene, thymol, and menthol. The influence of the solvent model was also checked, and the bonds most susceptible to reaction were determined in the examined compounds. With regard to EHOMO, it was found that limonene reacts more easily than cymene or menthol but with more difficultly than thymol and pienene. The analysis of the global chemical reactivity descriptors "locates" the reactivity of limonene in the middle of the studied monoterpenes. It was observed that, among the tested compounds, the most reactive compound is thymol, while the least reactive is menthol. The demonstrated results can be a reference point for experimental work carried out using the discussed compounds, to focus research on those with the highest reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Rydel-Ciszek
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, Al. Powstańców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
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2
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Gasiński A, Kawa-Rygielska J. Malting-A method for modifying volatile composition of black, brown and green lentil seeds. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290616. [PMID: 37656753 PMCID: PMC10473530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Technique of malting legume seeds is not currently widespread among scientists as well as industrial maltsters. However, this method of seed modification is successfully used by humankind for millennia to improve technological parameters, as well as change taste and aroma of various food products. Three lentil cultivars (black, brown and green) were malted (steeped, germinated for three various time periods and then kilned) to produce nine lentil malts. Malting had significant influence on the volatile composition of lentil seeds. Total concentration of volatiles in the green lentils increased and decreased in the case of black and brown lentils after malting procedure. However, most importantly, in every lentil cultivar the contribution of various groups of compounds (such as aldehydes, alcohols, terpenes or ketones) to the overall volatilome was changed due to the malting procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Gasiński
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Department of Fermentation and Cereals Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Science, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Kawa-Rygielska
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Department of Fermentation and Cereals Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Science, Wrocław, Poland
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3
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Development and validation of a method for determining d-limonene and its oxidation products in vegetables and soil using GC–MS. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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4
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Karlberg AT, Lepoittevin JP. One hundred years of allergic contact dermatitis due to oxidized terpenes: What we can learn from old research on turpentine allergy. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 85:627-636. [PMID: 34453446 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although in recent years the focus on sensitizing terpene oxidation products has been on oxidized limonene and linalool, the autoxidation of terpenes in relation to allergic contact dermatitis is not new and dates back to the early part of the 20th century with the use of turpentine causing occupational contact dermatitis in painters. This review is written in a way as to allow us to get closer to the work of the scientists in earlier days, to participate in the successes, and also to observe the weak points. The researchers concluded that the main culprit in Scandinavian turpentine was Δ3 -carene hydroperoxides. This explains its high sensitizing effect compared with French turpentine which is of the Iberian type with no or only traces of Δ3 -carene. Historical exposure to turpentine showed that ending the industrial exposure stopped the occupational skin sensitization. Patch test studies demonstrated that monoterpene hydroperoxides, far from being an obsolete source of contact allergy solely related to turpentine, is a common cause of contact allergy in the population. A hundred years of extensive chemical and clinical studies worldwide should be sufficient to meet the evidence requirement regarding allergic contact dermatitis caused by terpenes. HIGHLIGHTS: The autoxidation of terpenes in relation to allergic contact dermatitis is not new and dates back to the early part of the 20th century with the use of turpentine. The main culprit in Scandinavian turpentine was Δ3 -carene hydroperoxides. This explains its high sensitizing effect compared with French turpentine with no or only traces of Δ3 -carene. Recent patch test studies demonstrated that monoterpene hydroperoxides, far from being an obsolete source of contact allergy solely related to turpentine, is a common cause of contact allergy in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Therese Karlberg
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Hennen J, Silva E Sousa M, Sahli F, Lichter J, Lepoittevin JP, Giménez-Arnau E, Blömeke B. Sensitization potential and potency of terpene hydroperoxides in the cocultured activation test method. Contact Dermatitis 2019; 81:97-103. [PMID: 30963590 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positive patch test reactions to mixtures of oxidized terpenes containing allergenic hydroperoxides are frequently reported. However, human sensitization data for these hydroperoxides are not available. OBJECTIVES To analyse and evaluate the human sensitization potential and potency of hydroperoxides in vitro by using human cells. MATERIALS/METHODS Limonene-1-hydroperoxide, limonene-2-hydroperoxide, citronellol-7-hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide, 1-(1-hydroperoxy-1-methylethyl)cyclohexene and mixtures of citronellol hydroperoxides (isomers at positions 6 and 7) and linalool hydroperoxides (isomers at positions 6 and 7) were studied. All compounds were synthesized except for cumene hydroperoxide, which was commercially available. Their potential and potency to activate dendritic cells (DCs) was evaluated by measuring the upregulation of CD86 and CD54 on THP-1 cells upon exposure in the cocultured activation test (COCAT) consisting of HaCaT cells (human keratinocyte cell line) and THP-1 monocytes (as a surrogate for DCs). RESULTS Hydroperoxides upregulated CD86 and/or CD54 on cocultured THP-1 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The results are comparable with their sensitization potency ranking in predictive animal models. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, the human sensitization potential and potency of several hydroperoxides were determined by the use of human cells and the COCAT method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hennen
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | | | - Fatma Sahli
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry-CNRS UMR 7177, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jutta Lichter
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
| | - Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry-CNRS UMR 7177, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elena Giménez-Arnau
- Dermatochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry-CNRS UMR 7177, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Brunhilde Blömeke
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Trier University, Trier, Germany
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6
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Exposure source for skin sensitizing hydroperoxides of limonene and linalool remains elusive: An analytical market surveillance. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 127:156-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Bennike NH, Palangi L, Christensson JB, Nilsson U, Zachariae C, Johansen JD, Hagvall L. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by hydroperoxides of limonene and dose‐response relationship—A repeated open application test (ROAT) study. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 80:208-216. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.13168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niels H. Bennike
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and AllergyCopenhagen University Hospital Herlev‐Gentofte Hellerup Denmark
| | - Lina Palangi
- Department of Occupational DermatologySahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Johanna Bråred Christensson
- Department of Dermatology and VenereologyInstitute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Dermatochemistry and Skin AllergyUniversity of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Ulrika Nilsson
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental ScienceStockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Claus Zachariae
- Department of Dermatology and AllergyCopenhagen University Hospital Herlev‐Gentofte Hellerup Denmark
| | - Jeanne D. Johansen
- National Allergy Research Centre, Department of Dermatology and AllergyCopenhagen University Hospital Herlev‐Gentofte Hellerup Denmark
| | - Lina Hagvall
- Department of Occupational DermatologySahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Dermatology and VenereologyInstitute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
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Emberger ME, Lin J, Pika J, Christ I, Eigenbrodt B. Automated Solid-Phase Microextraction GC-MS/MS Method for Quantification of Volatile Limonene Oxidation Products in Encapsulated Orange Oil. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianming Lin
- Firmenich Inc., North America R&D; PO Box 5880 Princeton NJ 08543 USA
| | - Jana Pika
- Firmenich Inc., North America R&D; PO Box 5880 Princeton NJ 08543 USA
| | - Ingo Christ
- Autosampler Guys; P.O. Box 15131 Alexandria VA 22309 USA
| | - Bryan Eigenbrodt
- Villanova University; Department of Chemistry; 800 Lancaster Avenue Villanova PA 19085 USA
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Avonto C, Wang YH, Chittiboyina AG, Vukmanovic S, Khan IA. In chemico assessment of potential sensitizers: Stability and direct peptide reactivity of 24 fragrance ingredients. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 39:398-408. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Avonto
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy; The University of Mississippi; University, MS 38677 USA
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy; The University of Mississippi; University, MS 38677 USA
| | - Amar G. Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy; The University of Mississippi; University, MS 38677 USA
| | - Stanislav Vukmanovic
- Office of Cosmetics and Colors, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; Food and Drug Administration; College Park MD 20740 USA
| | - Ikhlas A. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy; The University of Mississippi; University, MS 38677 USA
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy; The University of Mississippi; University, MS 38677 USA
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10
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Ramzi A, Ahmadi H, Sadiktsis I, Nilsson U. A two-dimensional non-comprehensive reversed/normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry system for determination of limonene and linalool hydroperoxides. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1566:102-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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11
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Natsch A, Kern S, Corbi E, Pérès C, Nägelin M, Leijs H, van Strien M, Calandra MJ, Wang Y. Interlaboratory evaluation of methods to quantify skin-sensitizing hydroperoxides of limonene and linalool (II): Analysis in cosmetic bases. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hans Leijs
- International Flavors & Fragrances; Tilburg the Netherlands
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12
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Natsch A, Günthardt BF, Corbi E, Pérès C, Düsterloh A, Leijs H, van Strien M, Nilsson U, Calandra MJ, Wang Y. Interlaboratory evaluation of methods to quantify skin sensitizing hydroperoxides potentially formed from linalool and limonene in perfumes. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Natsch
- Biosciences; Givaudan Schweiz AG; Ueberlandstrasse 138 CH-8600 Duebendorf Switzerland
| | - Barbara F. Günthardt
- Analytical Chemistry; Givaudan Schweiz AG; Ueberlandstrasse 138 CH-8600 Duebendorf Switzerland
| | - Elise Corbi
- Laboratoire recherche et analyses; CHANEL; avenue Charles de Gaulle 92521 Neuilly-sur-Seine France
| | - Christophe Pérès
- Laboratoire recherche et analyses; CHANEL; avenue Charles de Gaulle 92521 Neuilly-sur-Seine France
| | - André Düsterloh
- DSM Nutritional Products; Wurmisweg 576 4303 Kaiseraugst Switzerland
| | - Hans Leijs
- International Flavors & Fragrances; Zevenheuvelenweg 60 5048 AN Tilburg Netherlands
| | - Michel van Strien
- International Flavors & Fragrances; Zevenheuvelenweg 60 5048 AN Tilburg Netherlands
| | - Ulrika Nilsson
- Dep. of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry; Stockholm University; 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Ying Wang
- Firmenich US; 250 Plainsboro Road, Plainsboro NJ 08536 USA
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13
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Willms T, Kryk H, Hampel U. The gas chromatographic analysis of the reaction products of the partial isobutane oxidation as a two phase process. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1458:126-35. [PMID: 27378248 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The partial oxidation of isobutane to t-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) has been studied analytically for the first time as a two-phase process in a capillary micro reactor. In order to obtain detailed information on products, yields, selectivities and reaction pathways, the products have been investigated by GC/MS. An Rxi-5ms column and a PTV-injector have been used to analyze the liquid products. TBHP, di-t-butyl peroxide (DTBP), t-butanol (TBA), and propanone as main products as well as further by-products e.g. methanal, isopropanol, isobutanol and isobutanal in minor quantities have been identified by MS. The liquid products have been obtained by quenching the reaction and vaporizing the isobutane afterwards by pressure reduction using a mass flow controller allowing a constant mass flow. For all liquid reaction products calibrations, a validation of the method including limits of quantification and detection as well as calculation of uncertainties has been performed. The results have been applied successfully for the investigation of the selectivities of the main products (TBHP, DTBP, TBA, propanone) of the isobutane oxidation. In the frame of the analytical investigation of this reaction a correlation coefficient of r(2)>0.999 for TBHP and DTBP, which is necessary to perform a validation, has been obtained for the first time. The gaseous phase has been analyzed using a GASPRO column, a DEANS switch, a mole sieve column and a TCD detector. Apart from the gaseous reactants, isobutene has been found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Willms
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Holger Kryk
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Uwe Hampel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
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14
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Fragrance Allergens, Overview with a Focus on Recent Developments and Understanding of Abiotic and Biotic Activation. COSMETICS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics3020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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15
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Leocata S, Frank S, Wang Y, Calandra MJ, Chaintreau A. Quantification of hydroperoxides by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection and predicted response factors. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Leocata
- Firmenich SA; Corporate R&D Division; Route des Jeunes 1 CH-1211 Geneva 8
| | - Sandy Frank
- Firmenich SA; Corporate R&D Division; Route des Jeunes 1 CH-1211 Geneva 8
| | - Ying Wang
- Firmenich, Inc.; 250 Plainsboro Road Plainsboro NJ 08536 USA
| | | | - Alain Chaintreau
- Firmenich SA; Corporate R&D Division; Route des Jeunes 1 CH-1211 Geneva 8
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16
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Natsch A, Emter R, Badertscher R, Brunner G, Granier T, Kern S, Ellis G. Response to the Letter to the Editor Regarding Our Article (Natsch et al., 2015). Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:2082-4. [PMID: 26496065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Natsch
- Biosciences, Analytical Chemistry and Process Research Chemistry, Givaudan Schweiz AG , Ueberlandstrasse 138, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Roger Emter
- Biosciences, Analytical Chemistry and Process Research Chemistry, Givaudan Schweiz AG , Ueberlandstrasse 138, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Remo Badertscher
- Biosciences, Analytical Chemistry and Process Research Chemistry, Givaudan Schweiz AG , Ueberlandstrasse 138, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Brunner
- Biosciences, Analytical Chemistry and Process Research Chemistry, Givaudan Schweiz AG , Ueberlandstrasse 138, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Granier
- Biosciences, Analytical Chemistry and Process Research Chemistry, Givaudan Schweiz AG , Ueberlandstrasse 138, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Kern
- Biosciences, Analytical Chemistry and Process Research Chemistry, Givaudan Schweiz AG , Ueberlandstrasse 138, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Graham Ellis
- RAPS Fragrance Toxicology, Givaudan International SA , 5 Chemin de la Parfumerie, CH-1214 Vernier, Switzerland
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17
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Natsch A, Emter R, Badertscher RP, Brunner G, Granier T, Kern S, Ellis G. Oxidative Tryptophan Modification by Terpene- and Squalene-Hydroperoxides and a Possible Link to Cross-Reactions in Diagnostic Tests. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1205-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Natsch
- Biosciences,
Analytical Chemistry and Process Research Chemistry, Givaudan Schweiz AG, Ueberlandstrasse 138, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Roger Emter
- Biosciences,
Analytical Chemistry and Process Research Chemistry, Givaudan Schweiz AG, Ueberlandstrasse 138, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Remo P. Badertscher
- Biosciences,
Analytical Chemistry and Process Research Chemistry, Givaudan Schweiz AG, Ueberlandstrasse 138, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Brunner
- Biosciences,
Analytical Chemistry and Process Research Chemistry, Givaudan Schweiz AG, Ueberlandstrasse 138, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Granier
- Biosciences,
Analytical Chemistry and Process Research Chemistry, Givaudan Schweiz AG, Ueberlandstrasse 138, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Kern
- Biosciences,
Analytical Chemistry and Process Research Chemistry, Givaudan Schweiz AG, Ueberlandstrasse 138, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Graham Ellis
- RAPS
Fragrance Toxicology, Givaudan International SA, 5 Chemin de la Parfumerie, CH-1214 Vernier, Switzerland
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18
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Schnuch A, Uter W, Lessmann H, Geier J. Risk of sensitization to fragrances estimated on the basis of patch test data and exposure, according to volume used and a sample of 5451 cosmetic products. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Schnuch
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology; Georg-August University; 37075 Göttingen Germany
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; University of Erlangen/Nürnberg; 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Holger Lessmann
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology; Georg-August University; 37075 Göttingen Germany
| | - Johannes Geier
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology; Georg-August University; 37075 Göttingen Germany
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