1
|
Kang MJ, Pegg RB, Kerr WL, Wells ML, Conner PJ, Suh JH. Metabolomic analysis combined with machine learning algorithms enables the evaluation of postharvest pecan color stability. Food Chem 2024; 461:140814. [PMID: 39151343 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Nut kernel color is a crucial quality indicator affecting the consumers first impression of the product. While growing evidence suggests that plant phenolics and their derivatives are linked to nut kernel color, the compounds (biomarkers) responsible for kernel color stability during storage remain elusive. Here, pathway-based metabolomics with machine learning algorithms were employed to identify key metabolites of postharvest pecan color stability. Metabolites in phenylpropanoid, flavonoid, and anthocyanin biosynthetic pathways were analyzed in the testa of nine pecan cultivars using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. With color measurements, different machine learning models were compared to find relevant biomarkers of pecan color phenotypes. Results revealed potential marker compounds that included flavonoid precursors and anthocyanidins as well as anthocyanins (e.g., peonidin, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside). Our findings provide a foundation for future research in the area, and will help select genes/proteins for the breeding of pecans with stable and desirable kernel color.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Jeong Kang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, 100 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ronald B Pegg
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, 100 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - William L Kerr
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, 100 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - M Lenny Wells
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, 2360 Rainwater Road, Tifton, GA 31793, USA
| | - Patrick J Conner
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, 2360 Rainwater Road, Tifton, GA 31793, USA
| | - Joon Hyuk Suh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, 100 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang C, Wang K, Ren H, Chang J, Yao X. Variation in pigments in pecan testa during kernel development and storage. Food Chem 2024; 438:137989. [PMID: 37992607 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
The pecan (Carya illinoinensis) is an important tree nut worldwide. Browning of the testa during storage considerably reduces its quality. However, the pigments that cause browning and their accumulation patterns are poorly understood. We analyzed the color changes in the testa during the five developmental stages of the kernel after storage at room temperature to compare differences in their color and identify the pigments. Samples exhibiting different colors along with their corresponding -80 °C storage samples were selected for metabolomic analysis. A total of 591 phenolic compounds were detected, 52 phenolics showed regulatory effects on testa discoloration, and 59 metabolites were identified as possible precursors of the pigments. This study revealed the most thorough phenolic composition of pecan to date. Further, the findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of testa browning, deepens our understanding of the bioactive value of pecans, and contributes to the breeding of less browning-susceptible varieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengcai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Kailiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Huadong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Jun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Xiaohua Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding of Zhejiang Province, Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Verrone V, Gupta A, Laloo AE, Dubey RK, Hamid NAA, Swarup S. Organic matter stability and lability in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems: A chemical and microbial perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167757. [PMID: 37852479 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems have specific carbon fingerprints and sequestration potential, due to the intrinsic properties of the organic matter (OM), mineral content, environmental conditions, and microbial community composition and functions. A small variation in the OM pool can imbalance the carbon dynamics that ultimately affect the climate and functionality of each ecosystem, at regional and global scales. Here, we review the factors that continuously contribute to carbon stability and lability, with particular attention to the OM formation and nature, as well as the microbial activities that drive OM aggregation, degradation and eventually greenhouse gas emissions. We identified that in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, microbial attributes (i.e., carbon metabolism, carbon use efficiency, necromass, enzymatic activities) play a pivotal role in transforming the carbon stock and yet they are far from being completely characterised and not often included in carbon estimations. Therefore, future research must focus on the integration of microbial components into carbon mapping and models, as well as on translating molecular-scaled studies into practical approaches. These strategies will improve carbon management and restoration across ecosystems and contribute to overcome current climate challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Verrone
- National University of Singapore Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore,117411, Singapore
| | - Abhishek Gupta
- Singapore Centre of Environmental Engineering and Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Andrew Elohim Laloo
- National University of Singapore Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore,117411, Singapore; Singapore Centre of Environmental Engineering and Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rama Kant Dubey
- National University of Singapore Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore,117411, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore; Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281406, India
| | - Nur Ashikin Abdul Hamid
- National University of Singapore Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore,117411, Singapore
| | - Sanjay Swarup
- National University of Singapore Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore,117411, Singapore; Singapore Centre of Environmental Engineering and Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jia X, Tan W, Guo Z, Mo Z, Liu P, Xu M. Targeted metabolomics reveals key phenolic changes in pecan nut quality deterioration under different storage conditions. Food Chem 2023; 424:136377. [PMID: 37267651 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pecan nuts are highly enriched in phenolic compounds, which contribute to the health benefits of pecans. Phenolic compounds represent the main oxidation reaction substrates, thus leading to quality deterioration, namely pellicle browning or a decrease in beneficial effects during pecan storage. Hence, four different storage conditions were performed for 180 d to simulate real production situations. Targeted metabolomics was chosen to identify the specific phenolic compounds involved in quality deterioration under different storage conditions in 0, 90, and 180 d samples. A total of 118 phenolic compounds were detected, nine of which were identified for the first time in pecan. The total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacities initially demonstrated high scores, after which they tended to decrease during the storage process. The significantly modified phenolic compounds during storage were selected as the metabolite markers of pecan quality deterioration, including catechin, procyanidin (PA) trimer, PA tetramer, trigalloyl hexahydroxydiphenoyl (HHDP) glucose, and tetragalloyl hexoside. Fresh pecan kernels resulted in more pronounced changes in hydrolysable tannins (HTs), whereas dry kernels resulted in the most accentuated changes in condensed tannins (CTs). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to study individual phenolic changes during storage of pecan in such massive amounts. The results can offer a valuable theoretical basis for future control of pecan quality deterioration through phenolics during storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210014, China.
| | - Wenyue Tan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210014, China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Zhongren Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210014, China; State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ürümqi, Xinjiang 830011, China; Yili Botanical Garden, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Xinyuan, Xinjiang 835800, China
| | - Zhenghai Mo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210014, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Mengyang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Del C Reyes-Vázquez N, de la Rosa LA, Morales-Landa JL, García-Fajardo JA, García-Cruz MÁ. Phytochemical content and potential health applications of pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh) K. Koch] nutshell. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:150-167. [PMID: 34986772 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220105104355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pecan nutshell contains phytochemicals with various biological activities that are potentially useful in the prevention or treatment of diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and metabolic imbalances associated with heart diseases. OBJECTIVE To update this topic by means of a literature review and include those that contribute to the knowledge of the chemical composition and biological activities of pecan nutshell, particularly of those related to the therapeutic potential against some chronic degenerative diseases associated with oxidative stress. METHOD Exhaustive and detailed review of the existing literature using electronic databases. CONCLUSION The pecan nutshell is a promising natural product with pharmaceutical uses in various diseases. However, additional research related to the assessment of efficient extraction methods and characterization, particularly the evaluation of the mechanisms of action in new in vivo models, is necessary to confirm these findings and development of new drugs with therapeutic use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nohemí Del C Reyes-Vázquez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A. C. Subsede Noreste. 66629 Apodaca-66629, Nuevo León, México
| | - Laura A de la Rosa
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas. Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas. Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez. Ciudad Juárez-32310, Chihuahua, México
| | - Juan Luis Morales-Landa
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A. C. Subsede Noreste. 66629 Apodaca-66629, Nuevo León, México
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A. C. Subsede Noreste. 66629 Apodaca-66629, Nuevo León, México
| | - Jorge Alberto García-Fajardo
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A. C. Subsede Noreste. 66629 Apodaca-66629, Nuevo León, México
| | - Miguel Ángel García-Cruz
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza-66450, Nuevo León, México
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li Y, Wang J, Wang K, Lyu S, Ren L, Huang C, Pei D, Xing Y, Wang Y, Xu Y, Li P, Xi J, Si X, Ye H, Huang J. Comparison analysis of widely-targeted metabolomics revealed the variation of potential astringent ingredients and their dynamic accumulation in the seed coats of both Carya cathayensis and Carya illinoinensis. Food Chem 2021; 374:131688. [PMID: 34915369 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pecan and hickory nuts are two of consumers' favorite ones. Pecan seeds can be eaten fresh, while hickory ones must remove astringency before eating. Here, we reported that total phenols, flavonoids and condensed tannins of hickory seeds were reduced after de-astringent treatments. They gradually increased with development, showing higher levels in hickory seed coat at mid-late periods than that in pecan's. Widely-targeted metabonomics analysis of developing testa identified 424 kinds of components, including 101, 38, 58, 27 classes of flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids, organic acids and others, showing 16 different changing trends. Notably, most kinds of flavonoids, hydrolysable tannins and phenolic acids at maturity were more than that of pecan's, while oligomeric condensed tannins were opposite. Gene expression analysis provided further explanations for their dynamic accumulation. These results unraveled potential astringent components in hickory testa and preliminary molecular mechanisms of their dynamic changes, offering theoretical basis for the targeted de-astringency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Ketao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, China.
| | - Shiheng Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Liying Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Chunying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Dong Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yulin Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Yige Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Yifan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Peipei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Jianwei Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Xiaolin Si
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Hongyu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Jianqin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Zhejiang 311300, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fel B, Baudouin A, Fache F, Czarnes S, Lebot V, Legendre L. Caryatin and 3’-O-methylcaryatin contents in edible yams (Dioscorea spp.). J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
8
|
Żurek N, Karatsai O, Rędowicz MJ, Kapusta IT. Polyphenolic Compounds of Crataegus Berry, Leaf, and Flower Extracts Affect Viability and Invasive Potential of Human Glioblastoma Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092656. [PMID: 34062758 PMCID: PMC8124274 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Crataegus contains numerous health-promoting compounds that are also proposed to have anti-cancer properties. Herein, we aimed at a contemporaneous evaluation of the effects of polyphenol-rich extracts of berries, leaves, and flowers of six Crataegus species on the viability and invasive potential on the highly aggressive human glioblastoma U87MG cell line. The treatment with the extracts evoked cytotoxic effects, with the strongest in the berry extracts. All extracts not only promoted the apoptosis-related cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) but also substantially inhibited the activity of pro-survival kinases, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and protein kinase B (PKB; also known as Akt), thus indicating the suppression of proliferative and invasive potentials of the examined glioblastoma cells. The qualitative and quantitative characterization of the extracts’ content was also performed and revealed that amongst 37 polyphenolic compounds identified in the examined Crataegus extracts, the majority (29) was detected in berries; the leaf and flower extracts, exerting milder cytotoxic effects, contained only 14 and 13 compounds, respectively. The highest polyphenol content was found in the berries of C. laevigata x rhipidophylla x monogyna, in which flavan-3-ols and phenolic acids predominated. Our results demonstrated that a high content of polyphenolic compounds correlated with the extract cytotoxicity, and especially berries were a valuable source of compounds with anti-cancer potential. This might be a promising option for the development of an effective therapeutic strategy against highly malignant glioblastomas in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Żurek
- Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, 4 Zelwerowicza St., 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland; (N.Ż.); (M.J.R.)
| | - Olena Karatsai
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Maria Jolanta Rędowicz
- Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, 4 Zelwerowicza St., 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland; (N.Ż.); (M.J.R.)
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Ireneusz Tomasz Kapusta
- Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, 4 Zelwerowicza St., 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland; (N.Ż.); (M.J.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-17-785-5238
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang J, Wang K, Lyu S, Huang J, Huang C, Xing Y, Wang Y, Xu Y, Li P, Hong J, Xi J, Si X, Ye H, Li Y. Genome-Wide Identification of Tannase Genes and Their Function of Wound Response and Astringent Substances Accumulation in Juglandaceae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:664470. [PMID: 34079571 PMCID: PMC8165273 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.664470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Tannins are important polyphenol compounds with different component proportions in different plant species. The plants in the Juglandaceae are rich in tannins, including condensed tannins and hydrolyzable tannins. In this study, we identified seven tannase genes (TAs) responsible for the tannin metabolism from walnut, pecan, and Chinese hickory, and three nut tree species in the Juglandaceae, which were divided into two groups. The phylogenetic and sequence analysis showed that TA genes and neighboring clade genes (TA-like genes) had similar sequences compared with other carboxylesterase genes, which may be the origin of TA genes produced by tandem repeat. TA genes also indicated higher expressions in leaf than other tissues and were quickly up-regulated at 3 h after leaf injury. During the development of the seed coat, the expression of the synthesis-related gene GGTs and the hydrolase gene TAs was continuously decreased, resulting in the decrease of tannin content in the dry sample of the seed coat of Chinese hickory. However, due to the reduction in water content during the ripening process, the tannin content in fresh sample increased, so the astringent taste was obvious at the mature stage. In addition, the CcGGTs' expression was higher than CiGGTs in the initiation of development, but CcTAs continued to be down-regulated while CiTA2a and CiTA2b were up-regulated, which may bring about the significant differences in tannin content and astringent taste between Chinese hickory and pecan. These results suggested the crucial role of TAs in wound stress of leaves and astringent ingredient accumulation in seed coats of two nut tree species in the Juglandaceae.
Collapse
|