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González-Delgado S, Lozano-Bilbao E, Hardisson A, Paz S, Gonález-Weller D, Rubio C, Gutiérrez ÁJ. Metal concentrations in echinoderms: Assessing bioindicator potential and ecological implications. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 205:116619. [PMID: 38909438 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the concentrations of heavy metals and trace elements in five echinoderm species: Holothuria (Platyperona) sanctori, Arbacia lixula, Coscinasterias tenuispina, Ophioderma longicaudum, and Antedon bifida. Given their ecological significance and potential as a food source, understanding the presence and transfer of heavy metals in these species is crucial. Sampling was conducted in 2022 in Canary Islands. Analysis using ICP-OES revealed concentrations of Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Cr, and Fe in mg/kg. The results showed a consistent sequence of metals across all species, with Fe > Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Pb > Cd. Holothurians exhibiting the highest levels, followed by sea urchins. Starfish and brittle stars showed similar, lower concentrations, while crinoids exhibited the lowest levels, consistent with their filter-feeding behavior. The findings highlight the potential of holothurians as bioindicators for environmental pollutants. Understanding the role of these echinoderms as bioindicators is essential for assessing ecosystem health and informing conservation efforts in subtropical marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara González-Delgado
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Lozano-Bilbao
- Grupo Interuniversitario de Toxicología Ambiental y Seguridad de los Alimentos y Medicamentos, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Campus de Ofra, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, 38071, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain..
| | - Arturo Hardisson
- Grupo Interuniversitario de Toxicología Ambiental y Seguridad de los Alimentos y Medicamentos, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Campus de Ofra, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, 38071, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.; Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Área de Toxicología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Soraya Paz
- Grupo Interuniversitario de Toxicología Ambiental y Seguridad de los Alimentos y Medicamentos, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Campus de Ofra, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, 38071, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.; Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Área de Toxicología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Dailos Gonález-Weller
- Servicio Público Canario de Salud, Laboratorio Central, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 38006, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Carmen Rubio
- Grupo Interuniversitario de Toxicología Ambiental y Seguridad de los Alimentos y Medicamentos, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Campus de Ofra, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, 38071, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.; Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Área de Toxicología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ángel J Gutiérrez
- Grupo Interuniversitario de Toxicología Ambiental y Seguridad de los Alimentos y Medicamentos, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Campus de Ofra, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, 38071, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.; Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Área de Toxicología, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
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Bhuyan MS, Bat L, Senapathi V, Kulandaisamy P, Sekar S, Haider SMB, Meraj G, Islam MT, Kunda M, Alam MW, Rabaoui L. A review on sea cucumber (Bengali: Somuddro Sosha) as a bioindicator of heavy metal contamination and toxicity. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 199:115988. [PMID: 38181469 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
This review paper exhibits the underexplored realm of heavy metal contamination and associated risks in sea cucumbers (SCs), which hold significant importance in traditional Asian marine diets and are globally harvested for the Asian market. The assessment focuses on heavy metals (HMs) presence in various SC species, revealing a global trend in HMs concentrations across anatomical parts: Fe > Zn > As > Cu > Hg > Pb > Mn > Cr > Ni > Cd. Specific species, such as Eupentacta fraudatrix, Holothuria mammata, Holothuria polii, Holothuria tubulosa, and Holothuria atra, exhibit heightened arsenic levels, while Stichopus herrmanni raises concerns with mercury levels, notably reaching 3.75 mg/kg in some instances, posing potential risks, particularly for children. The study sheds light on anthropogenic activities such as cultivation, fishing, and shipping, releasing HMs into marine ecosystems and thereby threatening ocean and coastal environments due to the accumulation and toxicity of these elements. In response to these findings, the paper suggests SCs as promising bioindicator species for assessing metal pollution in marine environments. It underscores the adverse effects of human actions on sediment composition and advocates for ongoing monitoring efforts both at sea and along coastlines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Simul Bhuyan
- Bangladesh Oceanographic Research Institute, Cox's Bazar-4730, Bangladesh; Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh.
| | - Levent Bat
- Department of Hydrobiology, Fisheries Faculty, University of Sinop, Turkey
| | | | | | - Selvam Sekar
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambara College, Thoothukudi, India
| | | | - Gowhar Meraj
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan
| | - Md Tarikul Islam
- Bangladesh Oceanographic Research Institute, Cox's Bazar-4730, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Wahidul Alam
- Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Lotfi Rabaoui
- Center for Environment & Marine Studies, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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Vu DT, Falch E, Elvevoll EO, Jensen IJ. Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Orange-Footed Sea Cucumber ( Cucumaria frondosa)-Effect of Different Enzymes on Protein Yield and Bioactivity. Foods 2023; 12:3685. [PMID: 37835338 PMCID: PMC10573069 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
While sea cucumber is a food delicacy in Asia, these food resources are less exploited in Europe. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition and potential food applications of the less exploited orange-footed sea cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa). In particular, the antioxidative capacity and free amino acids associated with the umami flavor released by enzymatic hydrolyses by either Bromelain + Papain (0.36%, 1:1) or Alcalase (0.36%) were studied. Fresh C. frondosa contained approximately 86% water, and low levels of ash (<1%) and lipids (<0.5%). The protein content was 5%, with a high proportion of essential amino acids (43%) and thus comparable to the FAO reference protein. The high concentration of free amino acids associated with umami, sour, sweet, and bitter may contribute to flavor enhancement. Hydrolysis by Bromelain + Papain resulted in the highest protein yield, and the greatest concentration of free amino acids associated with umami and sour taste. All samples showed promising antioxidant capacity measured by FRAP, ABTS, DPPH and ORAC compared to previous reports. The inorganic arsenic concentration of fresh C. frondosa ranged from 2 to 8 mg/kg wet weight and was not affected by processing. This is comparable to other seafood and may exceed regulatory limits of consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dat Trong Vu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU Trondheim, N-7012 Trondheim, Norway; (D.T.V.); (E.F.)
| | - Eva Falch
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU Trondheim, N-7012 Trondheim, Norway; (D.T.V.); (E.F.)
| | - Edel O. Elvevoll
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway;
| | - Ida-Johanne Jensen
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU Trondheim, N-7012 Trondheim, Norway; (D.T.V.); (E.F.)
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Langdal A, Eilertsen KE, Kjellevold M, Heimstad ES, Jensen IJ, Elvevoll EO. Climate Performance, Environmental Toxins and Nutrient Density of the Underutilized Norwegian Orange-Footed Sea Cucumber ( Cucumaria frondosa). Foods 2022; 12:114. [PMID: 36613330 PMCID: PMC9818526 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Low trophic species are often mentioned as additional food sources to achieve broader and more sustainable utilisation of the ocean. The aim of this study was to map the food potential of Norwegian orange-footed sea cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa). C. frondosa contained 7% protein, 1% lipids with a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and a variety of micronutrients. The nutrient density scores (NDS) of C. frondosa were above average compared towards daily recommended intakes (DRI) for men and women (age 31-60) but below when capped at 100% of DRI. The concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and trace elements were in general low, except for inorganic arsenic (iAs) (0.73 mg per kg) which exceeded the limits deemed safe by food authorities. However, the small number of samples analysed for iAs lowers the ability to draw a firm conclusion. The carbon footprint from a value chain with a dredge fishery, processing in Norway and retail in Asia was assessed to 8 kg carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq.) per kg C. frondosa, the fishery causing 90%. Although, C. frondosa has some nutritional benefits, the carbon footprint or possible content of iAs may restrict the consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Langdal
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Karl-Erik Eilertsen
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marian Kjellevold
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Eldbjørg S. Heimstad
- NILU—Norwegian Institute for Air Research, The Fram Centre, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ida-Johanne Jensen
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Edel O. Elvevoll
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Elvevoll EO, James D, Toppe J, Gamarro EG, Jensen IJ. Food Safety Risks Posed by Heavy Metals and Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) related to Consumption of Sea Cucumbers. Foods 2022; 11:3992. [PMID: 36553734 PMCID: PMC9778379 DOI: 10.3390/foods11243992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The global production of sea cucumbers was 245 thousand tons in 2020. Sea cucumbers are important food items in Asian and Pacific cuisines, the highest proportion being consumed in China as "bêche-de-mer" dried, gutted, boiled and salted body wall. However, consumption of sea cucumbers is expanding in China and globally, and the high demand has led to decline in populations of sea cucumbers, due to overexploitation. Aquaculture, together with novel fisheries on new species in new regions is easing the demand. Thus, an assessment of food safety is warranted. A literature search on food hazards was performed. A high proportion of the selected papers concerned heavy metals and metalloid hazards, such as mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As). No specific maximum limits (MLs) have been set for contents of these in sea cucumbers. Thus, the contents were compared with maximum limits set for aquatic animals in general or bivalve molluscs if available. With regard to Hg and Cd levels, none of the samples exceeded limits set by the European Commission or the National Standard of China, while for Pb, samples from highly industrialised areas exceeded the limits. Surprisingly, data on contaminants such as POPs, including dioxins and dl-PCB, PAH and PFAS as well as microbial hazards were scarce. The availability of fresh sea cucumber has increased due to aquaculture. To preserve the original flavour some consumers are reported to prefer to eat raw sea cucumber products, sashimi and sushi, which inevitably causes challenges from the microbial food safety perspective. Altogether, this paper highlights specific needs for knowledge, in particular when harvesting new species of sea cucumbers or in industrialized regions. Systematic monitoring activities, appropriate guidelines and regulations are highly warranted to guide the utilization of sea cucumbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edel Oddny Elvevoll
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsoe, Norway
| | - David James
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Jogeir Toppe
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Esther Garrido Gamarro
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Ida-Johanne Jensen
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsoe, Norway
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Thermal-Induced Autolysis Enzymes Inactivation, Protein Degradation and Physical Properties of Sea Cucumber, Cucumaria frondosa. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10050847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The main objective is to effectively denature the autolysis enzymes of C. frondosa on the premise of avoiding the quality deterioration caused by overheating. The effects of the different thermal treatments (blanching at 40–80 °C for 45 min, boiling and steaming at 100 °C for 15–120 min) on the cooking yield, moisture content, protein degradation, texture, and enzyme inactivation were studied, and the inner relationship was investigated by multivariate analysis. The autolysis enzymes of C. frondosa were thermally stable and cannot be denatured completely by blanching. Boiling and steaming could efficiently inactivate the enzymes but overheating for 60–120 min reduced the cooking yield and texture quality. Boiling at 100 °C for 45 min was suitable for pre-treatment, with cooking yield of 70.3% and protein content of 78.5%. Steaming at 100 °C for at least 30 min was preferable for long-term storage and instant food, in which the relative activity was only 3.2% with better palatability.
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