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Ahmad I, Mashwani ZUR, Younas Z, Yousaf T, Raish M, Arif M. Chemometric Modeling Revealed Oleic and Linoleic Acids as Varietal Biomarkers for Six Sesame Varieties-In Vitro and UHPLC Analyses. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:37213-37224. [PMID: 39246474 PMCID: PMC11375699 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c04519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Pakistan once considered self-sufficient for edible oil production now became the major importer with 88.6% imports and producing only the minor portion. Scientific negligence in oil seed crops led to a dramatic decrease in edible oil production depending mainly on only the imports. Sesamum indicum L., "Queen of Oil seeds" with 50-55% oil, is cultivated in various geographical regions of Pakistan, but farmers are not considering this crop because of insufficient knowledge, poor crop management practices, and low yielding varieties. This study was conducted to check the nutritional, biochemical, antioxidant, and yield potentials of six major varieties, i.e., TS-5, TH-6, Til-18, NIAB-Mil, NIAB-Pearl, and NS-16, and to compare the nutritionals, oil quality, and oil yield potential of these varieties. Field experiment was conducted, and various crop growth biomarkers were analyzed. Chlorophyll content and superoxide dismutase activity were found to be highest in NIAB-Mil followed by NIAB-Pearl and comparable to those of Til-18, while APX, Cat, and GPX activity was found to be highest in Til-18 with 25.6 and 5.9 and 6.02 mg/g, respectively. Seed antioxidant parameters showed a mixed response, but NIAB-Mil, NIAB pearl, and Til-18 were found to be highest in all antioxidant parameters. UHPLC analysis of seed oil resulted in a total of 14 triacylglycerols (TAGs), and principal component analysis and OPLS-Da analysis showed seven TAG biomarkers responsible for the separation of sesame varieties. Til-18 was found to be highest in oil content (53.3%) more abundant with oleic acid, while NIAB-Pearl, NIAB-Mil, and NS-16 were found to be abundant with linoleic acid, both considered as potential TAG biomarkers for sesame oil separation. This study concluded that, in general, Til-18 variety is more resistant with high nutritional status, high antioxidant activity, and oil yielding variety, followed by NIAB-Mil and NIAB-Pearl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilyas Ahmad
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab 46300, Pakistan
| | - Zia-Ur-Rehman Mashwani
- Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab 46300, Pakistan
- Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad 44010, Pakistan
| | - Zohaib Younas
- Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab 46300, Pakistan
| | - Tayyaba Yousaf
- Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Punjab 46300, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Raish
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Arif
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
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Zhang J, Urriola PE, Naeve SL, Shurson GC, Chen C. Counteracting Roles of Lipidic Aldehydes and Phenolic Antioxidants on Soy Protein Oxidation Defined by a Chemometric Survey of Solvent and Mechanically Extracted Soybean Meals. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1419. [PMID: 37507956 PMCID: PMC10376880 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean meal (SBM) is a premier source of protein for feeding food-producing animals. However, its nutritional value can be compromised by protein oxidation. In this study, a total of 54 sources of solvent extracted SBM (SSBM) and eight sources of mechanically extracted SBM (MSBM), collected from different commercial producers and geographic locations in the United States during the years 2020 and 2021, were examined by chemometric analysis to determine the extent of protein oxidation and its correlation with soybean oil extraction methods and non-protein components. The results showed substantial differences between SSBM and MSBM in the proximate analysis composition, protein carbonyl content, lipidic aldehydes, and antioxidants, as well as subtle differences between 2020 SSBM and 2021 SSBM samples in protein oxidation and moisture content. Correlation analysis further showed positive correlations between protein carbonyl content and multiple lipid parameters, including the ether extract, p-anisidine value, individual aldehydes, and total aldehydes. Among the antioxidants in SBM, negative correlations with protein carbonyl content were observed for total phenolic content and isoflavone glycoside concentrations, but not for Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), α-tocopherol, and γ-tocopherol. Overall, soybean oil extraction methods, together with other factors such as enzyme treatment and environmental conditions, can significantly affect the proximate analysis composition, the protein and lipid oxidation status, and the antioxidant profile of SBM. Lipidic aldehydes and phenolic antioxidants play counteracting roles in the oxidation of soy protein. The range of protein carbonyl content measured in this study could serve as a reference to evaluate the protein quality of SBM from various sources used in animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Pedro E Urriola
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Seth L Naeve
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Gerald C Shurson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Chi Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Duan S, Wang XY, Feng X, Ma Y, Zheng Z, Ma CM. Identification and bioactivity evaluation of flavan-3-ols in the milk of dairy sheep fed Cynomorium songaricum. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:4783-4790. [PMID: 35450713 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cynomorium songaricum is a traditional medicine and also a food material that is eaten raw or processed as tea or beverages. As a featured plant in semi-desert grasslands, C. songaricum is also eaten by the cattle and sheep in the area. This research study fed dairy sheep C. songaricum to determine the flavan-3-ols in sheep milk. Catechin (Cat), epicatechin (Epi), procyanidin A1 (A1), procyanidin A2 (A2), and procyanidin B1 (B1) were detected in sheep milk with the concentration being Epi > A2 > Cat > B1 > A1 at 24 h after the administration of C. songaricum. Neither A1 nor A2 were detected in the methanol extract of C. songaricum. Cysteine degradation of the plant revealed that in addition to Epi, A2 was the extending unit of the polymeric flavan-3-ols in C. songaricum, indicating that A2 is released digestively from the polymers and enters the milk. Procyanidin B-1 was converted to A1 on incubation in raw but not heated milk, indicating that the A1 in milk is the enzymatically transformed product of B1. Accelerated oxidation showed that the flavan-3-ols, B1, Cat, and Epi significantly protects the unsaturated triacyglycerols in the milk from oxidation. The flavan-3-ol could slow down the oxidation of glutathione and the latter may play an important role in preventing the milk triglycerides from oxidation. Flavan-3-ols are polyphenols with many health benefits. The present research revealed the antioxidant activities of flavan-3-ols that could be absorbed to sheep milk, adding new evidences for the values of these flavan-3-ols and for the milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, PR China 010070; Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, PR China 010070
| | - Xin-Yao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, PR China 010070; Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, PR China 010070
| | - Xu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, PR China 010070; Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, PR China 010070
| | - Yue Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, PR China 010070; Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, PR China 010070
| | - Zhong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, PR China 010070
| | - Chao-Mei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, PR China 010070; Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, PR China 010070.
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