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Al-khayyat W, Pirkkanen J, Dougherty J, Laframboise T, Dickinson N, Khaper N, Lees SJ, Mendonca MS, Boreham DR, Tai TC, Thome C, Tharmalingam S. Overexpression of FRA1 ( FOSL1) Leads to Global Transcriptional Perturbations, Reduced Cellular Adhesion and Altered Cell Cycle Progression. Cells 2023; 12:2344. [PMID: 37830558 PMCID: PMC10571788 DOI: 10.3390/cells12192344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
FRA1 (FOSL1) is a transcription factor and a member of the activator protein-1 superfamily. FRA1 is expressed in most tissues at low levels, and its expression is robustly induced in response to extracellular signals, leading to downstream cellular processes. However, abnormal FRA1 overexpression has been reported in various pathological states, including tumor progression and inflammation. To date, the molecular effects of FRA1 overexpression are still not understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the transcriptional and functional effects of FRA1 overexpression using the CGL1 human hybrid cell line. FRA1-overexpressing CGL1 cells were generated using stably integrated CRISPR-mediated transcriptional activation, resulting in a 2-3 fold increase in FRA1 mRNA and protein levels. RNA-sequencing identified 298 differentially expressed genes with FRA1 overexpression. Gene ontology analysis showed numerous molecular networks enriched with FRA1 overexpression, including transcription-factor binding, regulation of the extracellular matrix and adhesion, and a variety of signaling processes, including protein kinase activity and chemokine signaling. In addition, cell functional assays demonstrated reduced cell adherence to fibronectin and collagen with FRA1 overexpression and altered cell cycle progression. Taken together, this study unravels the transcriptional response mediated by FRA1 overexpression and establishes the role of FRA1 in adhesion and cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuroud Al-khayyat
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (W.A.-k.); (N.D.); (D.R.B.); (T.C.T.); (C.T.)
- Medical Sciences Division, NOSM University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (J.P.); (J.D.); (T.L.)
| | - Jake Pirkkanen
- Medical Sciences Division, NOSM University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (J.P.); (J.D.); (T.L.)
| | - Jessica Dougherty
- Medical Sciences Division, NOSM University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (J.P.); (J.D.); (T.L.)
| | - Taylor Laframboise
- Medical Sciences Division, NOSM University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (J.P.); (J.D.); (T.L.)
| | - Noah Dickinson
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (W.A.-k.); (N.D.); (D.R.B.); (T.C.T.); (C.T.)
| | - Neelam Khaper
- Medical Sciences Division, NOSM University, 955 Oliver Rd., Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada; (N.K.); (S.J.L.)
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Simon J. Lees
- Medical Sciences Division, NOSM University, 955 Oliver Rd., Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada; (N.K.); (S.J.L.)
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Marc S. Mendonca
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation and Cancer Biology Laboratories, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Douglas R. Boreham
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (W.A.-k.); (N.D.); (D.R.B.); (T.C.T.); (C.T.)
- Medical Sciences Division, NOSM University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (J.P.); (J.D.); (T.L.)
| | - Tze Chun Tai
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (W.A.-k.); (N.D.); (D.R.B.); (T.C.T.); (C.T.)
- Medical Sciences Division, NOSM University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (J.P.); (J.D.); (T.L.)
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON P3E 2H2, Canada
| | - Christopher Thome
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (W.A.-k.); (N.D.); (D.R.B.); (T.C.T.); (C.T.)
- Medical Sciences Division, NOSM University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (J.P.); (J.D.); (T.L.)
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON P3E 2H2, Canada
| | - Sujeenthar Tharmalingam
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (W.A.-k.); (N.D.); (D.R.B.); (T.C.T.); (C.T.)
- Medical Sciences Division, NOSM University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; (J.P.); (J.D.); (T.L.)
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON P3E 2H2, Canada
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Pirkkanen J, Tharmalingam S, Thome C, Sinex HC, Benjamin LV, Losch AC, Borgmann AJ, Dhaemers RM, Gordon C, Boreham DR, Mendonca MS. Genomic Loss and Epigenetic Silencing of the FOSL1 Tumor Suppressor Gene in Radiation-induced Neoplastic Transformation of Human CGL1 Cells Alters the Tumorigenic Phenotype In Vitro and In Vivo. Radiat Res 2023; 200:48-64. [PMID: 37141110 PMCID: PMC10409446 DOI: 10.1667/rade-22-00216.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The CGL1 human hybrid cell system has been utilized for many decades as an excellent cellular tool for investigating neoplastic transformation. Substantial work has been done previously implicating genetic factors related to chromosome 11 to the alteration of tumorigenic phenotype in CGL1 cells. This includes candidate tumor suppressor gene FOSL1, a member of the AP-1 transcription factor complex which encodes for protein FRA1. Here we present novel evidence supporting the role of FOSL1 in the suppression of tumorigenicity in segregants of the CGL1 system. Gamma-induced mutant (GIM) and control (CON) cells were isolated from 7 Gy gamma-irradiated CGL1s. Western, Southern and Northern blot analysis were utilized to assess FOSL1/FRA1 expression as well as methylation studies. GIMs were transfected to re-express FRA1 and in vivo tumorigenicity studies were conducted. Global transcriptomic microarray and RT-qPCR analysis were used to further characterize these unique cell segregants. GIMs were found to be tumorigenic in vivo when injected into nude mice whereas CON cells were not. GIMs show loss of Fosl/FRA1 expression as confirmed by Western blot. Southern and Northern blot analysis further reveals that FRA1 reduction in tumorigenic CGL1 segregants is likely due to transcriptional suppression. Results suggest that radiation-induced neoplastic transformation of CGL1 is in part due to silencing of the FOSL1 tumor suppressor gene promoter by methylation. The radiation-induced tumorigenic GIMs transfected to re-express FRA1 resulted in suppression of subcutaneous tumor growth in nude mice in vivo. Global microarray analysis and RT-qPCR validation elucidated several hundred differentially expressed genes. Downstream analysis reveals a significant number of altered pathways and enriched Gene Ontology terms genes related to cellular adhesion, proliferation, and migration. Together these findings provide strong evidence that FRA1 is a tumor suppressor gene deleted and epigenetically silenced after ionizing radiation-induced neoplastic transformation in the CGL1 human hybrid cell system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Pirkkanen
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Sujeenthar Tharmalingam
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada
- Medical Sciences Division, NOSM University, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Christopher Thome
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada
- Medical Sciences Division, NOSM University, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Helen Chin Sinex
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation and Cancer Biology Laboratories, and Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Laura V. Benjamin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation and Cancer Biology Laboratories, and Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Adam C. Losch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation and Cancer Biology Laboratories, and Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Anthony J. Borgmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation and Cancer Biology Laboratories, and Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Ryan M. Dhaemers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation and Cancer Biology Laboratories, and Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Christopher Gordon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation and Cancer Biology Laboratories, and Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Douglas R. Boreham
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation and Cancer Biology Laboratories, and Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
- Bruce Power, PO Box 1540, 177 Tie Rd, R.R. 2, Tiverton, Ontario, N0G 2T0, Canada
- Nuclear Innovation Institute, Port Elgin, Ontario, N0H 2C0, Canada
| | - Marc S. Mendonca
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation and Cancer Biology Laboratories, and Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
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Veena MS, Raychaudhuri S, Basak SK, Venkatesan N, Kumar P, Biswas R, Chakrabarti R, Lu J, Su T, Gallagher-Jones M, Morselli M, Fu H, Pellegrini M, Goldstein T, Aladjem MI, Rettig MB, Wilczynski SP, Shin DS, Srivatsan ES. Dysregulation of hsa-miR-34a and hsa-miR-449a leads to overexpression of PACS-1 and loss of DNA damage response (DDR) in cervical cancer. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:17169-17186. [PMID: 33028635 PMCID: PMC7863911 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We have observed overexpression of PACS-1, a cytosolic sorting protein in primary cervical tumors. Absence of exonic mutations and overexpression at the RNA level suggested a transcriptional and/or posttranscriptional regulation. University of California Santa Cruz genome browser analysis of PACS-1 micro RNAs (miR), revealed two 8-base target sequences at the 3' terminus for hsa-miR-34a and hsa-miR-449a. Quantitative RT-PCR and Northern blotting studies showed reduced or loss of expression of the two microRNAs in cervical cancer cell lines and primary tumors, indicating dysregulation of these two microRNAs in cervical cancer. Loss of PACS-1 with siRNA or exogenous expression of hsa-miR-34a or hsa-miR-449a in HeLa and SiHa cervical cancer cell lines resulted in DNA damage response, S-phase cell cycle arrest, and reduction in cell growth. Furthermore, the siRNA studies showed that loss of PACS-1 expression was accompanied by increased nuclear γH2AX expression, Lys382-p53 acetylation, and genomic instability. PACS-1 re-expression through LNA-hsa-anti-miR-34a or -449a or through PACS-1 cDNA transfection led to the reversal of DNA damage response and restoration of cell growth. Release of cells post 24-h serum starvation showed PACS-1 nuclear localization at G1-S phase of the cell cycle. Our results therefore indicate that the loss of hsa-miR-34a and hsa-miR-449a expression in cervical cancer leads to overexpression of PACS-1 and suppression of DNA damage response, resulting in the development of chemo-resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mysore S Veena
- Department of Surgery, VAGLAHS West Los Angeles and David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Santanu Raychaudhuri
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Saroj K Basak
- Department of Surgery, VAGLAHS West Los Angeles and David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Natarajan Venkatesan
- Department of Surgery, VAGLAHS West Los Angeles and David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Parameet Kumar
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Roopa Biswas
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rita Chakrabarti
- Department of Surgery, VAGLAHS West Los Angeles and David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Trent Su
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biology and Department of Biological Chemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Marco Morselli
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Haiqing Fu
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Theodore Goldstein
- Institute of Computational Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mirit I Aladjem
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew B Rettig
- Department of Medicine, VAGLAHS/David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sharon P Wilczynski
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Daniel Sanghoon Shin
- Department of Medicine, VAGLAHS/David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Eri S Srivatsan
- Department of Surgery, VAGLAHS West Los Angeles and David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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4
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Mani C, Tripathi K, Luan S, Clark DW, Andrews JF, Vindigni A, Thomas G, Palle K. The multifunctional protein PACS-1 is required for HDAC2- and HDAC3-dependent chromatin maturation and genomic stability. Oncogene 2020; 39:2583-2596. [PMID: 31988453 PMCID: PMC7085454 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1167-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphofurin acidic cluster sorting protein-1 (PACS-1) is a multifunctional membrane traffic regulator that plays important roles in organ homeostasis and disease. In this study, we elucidate a novel nuclear function for PACS-1 in maintaining chromosomal integrity. PACS-1 progressively accumulates in the nucleus during cell cycle progression, where it interacts with class I histone deacetylases 2 and 3 (HDAC2 and HDAC3) to regulate chromatin dynamics by maintaining the acetylation status of histones. PACS-1 knockdown results in the proteasome-mediated degradation of HDAC2 and HDAC3, compromised chromatin maturation, as indicated by elevated levels of histones H3K9 and H4K16 acetylation, and, consequently, increased replication stress-induced DNA damage and genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinnadurai Mani
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Centre, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA.,Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | - Kaushlendra Tripathi
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | - Shan Luan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15239, USA.,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - David W Clark
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | - Joel F Andrews
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | - Alessandro Vindigni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Gary Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15239, USA.,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Komaraiah Palle
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Centre, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA. .,Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Centre, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA.
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5
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Pirkkanen J, Tharmalingam S, Morais IH, Lam-Sidun D, Thome C, Zarnke AM, Benjamin LV, Losch AC, Borgmann AJ, Sinex HC, Mendonca MS, Boreham DR. Transcriptomic profiling of gamma ray induced mutants from the CGL1 human hybrid cell system reveals novel insights into the mechanisms of radiation-induced carcinogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 145:300-311. [PMID: 31580949 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatic cell hybrid systems generated by combining cancerous with non-cancerous cells provide useful model systems to study neoplastic transformation. Combined with recent advances in omics-based technologies, novel molecular signatures that drive radiation-induced carcinogenesis can be analyzed at an exceptional global level. METHODS Here, we present a complete whole-transcriptome analysis of gamma-induced mutants (GIM) and gamma irradiated control (CON) segregants isolated from the CGL1 (HeLa x normal fibroblast) human hybrid cell-system exposed to high doses of radiation. Using the Human Transcriptome Array 2.0 microarray technology and conservative discrimination parameters, we have elucidated 1067 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic cells. RESULTS Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that tumorigenic cells demonstrated shifts in extracellular matrix (ECM) and cellular adhesion profiles, dysregulation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling, and alterations in nutrient transport and cellular energetics. Furthermore, putative upstream master regulator analysis demonstrated that loss of TGFβ1 signaling due to reduced SMAD3 expression is involved in radiation-induced carcinogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, this study presents novel insights into specific gene expression and pathway level differences that contribute to radiation-induced carcinogenesis in a human cell-based model. This global transcriptomic analysis and our published tumor suppressor gene deletion loci analyses will allow us to identify and functionally test candidate nexus upstream tumor suppressor genes that are deleted or silenced after exposure to radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Pirkkanen
- Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada.
| | | | - Igor H Morais
- Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada.
| | - Daniel Lam-Sidun
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada.
| | - Christopher Thome
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada.
| | - Andrew M Zarnke
- Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada.
| | - Laura V Benjamin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation and Cancer Biology Laboratories, Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Adam C Losch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation and Cancer Biology Laboratories, Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Anthony J Borgmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation and Cancer Biology Laboratories, Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Helen Chin Sinex
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation and Cancer Biology Laboratories, Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Marc S Mendonca
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation and Cancer Biology Laboratories, Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Douglas R Boreham
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd, Sudbury, Ontario, P3E 2C6, Canada; Bruce Power, PO Box 1540, 177 Tie Rd, R.R. 2, Tiverton, Ontario, N0G 2T0, Canada.
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Najafi M, Motevaseli E, Shirazi A, Geraily G, Rezaeyan A, Norouzi F, Rezapoor S, Abdollahi H. Mechanisms of inflammatory responses to radiation and normal tissues toxicity: clinical implications. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:335-356. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1440092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Elahe Motevaseli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Shirazi
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazale Geraily
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolhasan Rezaeyan
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Norouzi
- Science and Research Branch, Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Rezapoor
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Abdollahi
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Pirkkanen JS, Boreham DR, Mendonca MS. The CGL1 (HeLa × Normal Skin Fibroblast) Human Hybrid Cell Line: A History of Ionizing Radiation Induced Effects on Neoplastic Transformation and Novel Future Directions in SNOLAB. Radiat Res 2017; 188:512-524. [PMID: 28873027 DOI: 10.1667/rr14911.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cellular transformation assays have been utilized for many years as powerful in vitro methods for examining neoplastic transformation potential/frequency and mechanisms of carcinogenesis for both chemical and radiological carcinogens. These mouse and human cell based assays are labor intensive but do provide quantitative information on the numbers of neoplastically transformed foci produced after carcinogenic exposure and potential molecular mechanisms involved. Several mouse and human cell systems have been generated to undertake these studies, and they vary in experimental length and endpoint assessment. The CGL1 human cell hybrid neoplastic model is a non-tumorigenic pre-neoplastic cell that was derived from the fusion of HeLa cervical cancer cells and a normal human skin fibroblast. It has been utilized for the several decades to study the carcinogenic/neoplastic transformation potential of a variety of ionizing radiation doses, dose rates and radiation types, including UV, X ray, gamma ray, neutrons, protons and alpha particles. It is unique in that the CGL1 assay has a relatively short assay time of 18-21 days, and rather than relying on morphological endpoints to detect neoplastic transformation utilizes a simple staining method that detects the tumorigenic marker alkaline phosphatase on the neoplastically transformed cells cell surface. In addition to being of human origin, the CGL1 assay is able to detect and quantify the carcinogenic potential of very low doses of ionizing radiation (in the mGy range), and utilizes a neoplastic endpoint (re-expression of alkaline phosphatase) that can be detected on both viable and paraformaldehyde fixed cells. In this article, we review the history of the CGL1 neoplastic transformation model system from its initial development through the wide variety of studies examining the effects of all types of ionizing radiation on neoplastic transformation. In addition, we discuss the potential of the CGL1 model system to investigate the effects of near zero background radiation levels available within the radiation biology lab we have established in SNOLAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake S Pirkkanen
- a Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, P3E 2C6
| | - Douglas R Boreham
- a Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, P3E 2C6.,b Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, P3E 2C6.,c Bruce Power, Tiverton, Ontario, Canada, N0G 2T0
| | - Marc S Mendonca
- d Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation and Cancer Biology Laboratories, and Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
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8
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Zainabadi K, Jain AV, Donovan FX, Elashoff D, Rao NP, Murty VV, Chandrasekharappa SC, Srivatsan ES. One in four individuals of African-American ancestry harbors a 5.5kb deletion at chromosome 11q13.1. Genomics 2014; 103:276-87. [PMID: 24412158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cloning and sequencing of 5.5 kb deletion at chromosome 11q13.1 from the HeLa cells, tumorigenic hybrids and two fibroblast cell lines have revealed homologous recombination between AluSx and AluY resulting in the deletion of intervening sequences. Long-range PCR of the 5.5 kb sequence in 494 normal lymphocyte samples showed heterozygous deletion in 28.3% of African-American ancestry samples but only in 4.8% of Caucasian samples (p<0.0001). This observation is strengthened by the copy number variation (CNV) data of the HapMap samples which showed that this deletion occurs in 27% of YRI (Yoruba--West African) population but none in non-African populations. The HapMap analysis further identified strong linkage disequilibrium between 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms and the 5.5 kb deletion in people of African ancestry. Computational analysis of 175 kb sequence surrounding the deletion site revealed enhanced flexibility, low thermodynamic stability, high repetitiveness, and stable stem-loop/hairpin secondary structures that are hallmarks of common fragile sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayvan Zainabadi
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, VAGLAHS West Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Anuja V Jain
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, VAGLAHS West Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Frank X Donovan
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David Elashoff
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
| | - Nagesh P Rao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
| | - Vundavalli V Murty
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Settara C Chandrasekharappa
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eri S Srivatsan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, VAGLAHS West Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA.
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Kehrmann A, Truong H, Repenning A, Boger R, Klein-Hitpass L, Pascheberg U, Beckmann A, Opalka B, Kleine-Lowinski K. Complementation of non-tumorigenicity of HPV18-positive cervical carcinoma cells involves differential mRNA expression of cellular genes including potential tumor suppressor genes on chromosome 11q13. Cancer Genet 2013; 206:279-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Elmore E, Lao XY, Kapadia R, Swete M, Redpath JL. Neoplastic transformation in vitro by mixed beams of high-energy iron ions and protons. Radiat Res 2011; 176:291-302. [PMID: 21732791 DOI: 10.1667/rr2646.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The radiation environment in space is complex in terms of both the variety of charged particles and their dose rates. Simulation of such an environment for experimental studies is technically very difficult. However, with the variety of beams available at the National Space Research Laboratory (NSRL) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) it is possible to ask questions about potential interactions of these radiations. In this study, the end point examined was transformation in vitro from a preneoplastic to a neoplastic phenotype. The effects of 1 GeV/n iron ions and 1 GeV/n protons alone provided strong evidence for suppression of transformation at doses ≤5 cGy. These ions were also studied in combination in so-called mixed-beam experiments. The specific protocols were a low dose (10 cGy) of protons followed after either 5-15 min (immediate) or 16-24 h (delayed) by 1 Gy of iron ions and a low dose (10 cGy) of iron ions followed after either 5-15 min or 16-24 h by 1 Gy of protons. Within experimental error the results indicated an additive interaction under all conditions with no evidence of an adaptive response, with the one possible exception of 10 cGy iron ions followed immediately by 1 Gy protons. A similar challenge dose protocol was also used in single-beam studies to test for adaptive responses induced by 232 MeV/n protons and (137)Cs γ radiation and, contrary to expectations, none were observed. However, subsequent tests of 10 cGy of (137)Cs γ radiation followed after either 5-15 min or 8 h by 1 Gy of (137)Cs γ radiation did demonstrate an adaptive response at 8 h, pointing out the importance of the interval between adapting and challenge dose. Furthermore, the dose-response data for each ion alone indicate that the initial adapting dose of 10 cGy used in the mixed-beam setting may have been too high to see any potential adaptive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Elmore
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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11
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Elmore E, Lao XY, Kapadia R, Redpath JL. Threshold-Type Dose Response for Induction of Neoplastic Transformation by 1 GeV/nucleon Iron Ions. Radiat Res 2009; 171:764-70. [DOI: 10.1667/rr1673.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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12
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Veena MS, Lee G, Keppler D, Mendonca MS, Redpath JL, Stanbridge EJ, Wilczynski SP, Srivatsan ES. Inactivation of the cystatin E/M tumor suppressor gene in cervical cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2008; 47:740-54. [PMID: 18506750 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously localized a cervical cancer tumor suppressor gene to a 300 kb interval of 11q13. Analysis of candidate genes revealed loss of expression of cystatin E/M, a lysosomal cysteine protease inhibitor, in 6 cervical cancer cell lines and 9 of 11 primary cervical tumors. Examination of the three exons in four cervical cancer cell lines, 19 primary tumors, and 21 normal controls revealed homozygous deletion of exon 1 sequences in one tumor. Point mutations were observed in six other tumors. Two tumors contained mutations at the consensus binding sites for cathepsin L, a lysosomal protease overexpressed in cervical cancer. Introduction of these two point mutations using site directed mutagenesis resulted in reduced binding of mutated cystatin E/M to cathepsin L. Although mutations were not observed in any cell lines, four cell lines and 12 of 18 tumors contained promoter hypermethylation. Reexpression of cystatin E/M was observed after 5'aza 2-deoxycytidiene and/or Trichostatin A treatment of cervical cancer cell lines, HeLa and SiHa, confirming promoter hypermethylation. Ectopic expression of cystatin E/M in these two cell lines resulted in growth suppression. There was also suppression of soft agar colony formation by HeLa cells expressing the cystatin E/M gene. Reexpression of cystatin E/M resulted in decreased intracellular and extracellular expression of cathepsin L. Overexpression of cathepsin L resulted in increased cell growth which was inhibited by the reintroduction of cystatin E/M. We conclude, therefore, that cystatin E/M is a cervical cancer suppressor gene and that the gene is inactivated by somatic mutations and promoter hypermethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mysore S Veena
- Department of Surgery, VAGLAHS/David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles 90073, CA
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Mendonca MS, Mayhugh BM, McDowell B, Chin-Sinex H, Smith ML, Dynlacht JR, Spandau DF, Lewis DA. A Radiation-Induced Acute Apoptosis Involving TP53 and BAX Precedes the Delayed Apoptosis and Neoplastic Transformation of CGL1 Human Hybrid Cells. Radiat Res 2005; 163:614-22. [PMID: 15913393 DOI: 10.1667/rr3387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Exposing CGL1 (HeLa x fibroblast) hybrid cells to 7 Gy of X rays results in the onset of a delayed apoptosis in the progeny of the cells 10 to 12 cell divisions postirradiation that correlates with the emergence of neoplastically transformed foci. The delayed apoptosis begins around day 8 postirradiation and lasts for 11 days. We now demonstrate that the delayed apoptosis is also characterized by the appearance of approximately 50-kb apoptotic DNA fragments and caspase 3 activation postirradiation. In addition, we confirm that stabilization of TP53 and transactivation of pro-apoptosis BAX also occurs during the delayed apoptosis and show that anti-apoptosis BCL-X(L) is down-regulated. To test whether the delayed apoptosis was due to a nonfunctional acute TP53 damage response in CGL1 cells, studies of acute apoptosis were completed. After irradiation, CGL1 cells underwent an acute wave of apoptosis that involves TP53 stabilization, transactivation of BAX gene expression, and a rapid caspase activation that ends by 96 h postirradiation. In addition, the acute onset of apoptosis correlates with transactivation of a standard wild-type TP53-responsive reporter (pG13-CAT) in CGL1 cells after radiation exposure. We propose that the onset of the delayed apoptosis is not the result of a nonfunctional acute TP53 damage response pathway but rather is a consequence of X-ray-induced genomic instability arising in the distant progeny of the irradiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc S Mendonca
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Zainabadi K, Benyamini P, Chakrabarti R, Veena MS, Chandrasekharappa SC, Gatti RA, Srivatsan ES. A 700-kb physical and transcription map of the cervical cancer tumor suppressor gene locus on chromosome 11q13. Genomics 2005; 85:704-14. [PMID: 15885497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2005.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2004] [Revised: 02/11/2005] [Accepted: 02/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nonrandom deletion of chromosome 11q13 sequences is a significant event in a number of human tumors. We have recently identified a 300-kb minimal area of deletion in primary cervical tumors that overlaps with deletions observed in endocrine and nasopharyngeal tumors. We have also observed a 5.7-kb homozygous deletion within this interval in HeLa cells (a cervical cancer cell line), HeLa cell-derived tumorigenic hybrids, and a primary cervical tumor, suggesting the presence of a tumor suppressor gene in this region. In the present investigation, we have constructed a 700-kb contig map encompassing the 300-kb deletion using the human genome sequence database and confirmed the map using various STS markers from the region. Our map also shows the overlap of a previously published rare, heritable fragile site, FRA11A, with the cervical cancer deletion locus. The mapped region contains highly repetitive GC-poor sequences. We have identified and characterized eight different polymorphic microsatellite markers from the sequences within and surrounding the deletion. Further, expression studies performed with 18 different ESTs localized adjacent to the homozygous deletion showed the presence of a transcript for only one of the ESTs, AA282789. This EST mapping within the homozygous deletion is also expressed in HeLa cells, thereby excluding the EST as the putative tumor suppressor gene. Additionally, analysis of four candidate genes (SF3B2, BRMS1, RIN1, and RAB1B) from the region showed expression of the expected size message in both the nontumorigenic and the tumorigenic HeLa cell hybrids, thereby excluding them as the putative tumor suppressor gene(s). However, Northern blot analysis with a fifth candidate gene, PACS1 (phosphofurin acidic cluster sorting protein), mapped to the deletion/FRA11A overlap region showed the expression of an 8-kb transcript in HeLa and five other tumor cell lines in addition to the expected 4.5-kb transcript. Since the gene shows abundant expression in normal tissues and an altered transcript is observed in tumor cell lines, we hypothesize that this gene could represent sequences of the putative tumor suppressor gene. Finally, we have observed a perfect 48-bp CAG/CCG repeat 99 kb proximal to D11S913, the marker linked to the neurodegenerative disorder spinocerebellar ataxia 5. The physical and transcription maps and the microsatellite markers of the 700-kb region of chromosome 11q13 should be helpful in the cloning of the cervical cancer tumor suppressor gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayvan Zainabadi
- Department of Surgery 10H2, VAGLAHS West Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Building 304, Room E2-218, 11301 Wiltshire Boulevard, West Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
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