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Ng GYQ, Hande MP. Use of peptide nucleic acid probe to determine telomere dynamics in improving chromosome analysis in genetic toxicology studies. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2024; 897:503773. [PMID: 39054004 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2024.503773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Genetic toxicology, strategically located at the intersection of genetics and toxicology, aims to demystify the complex interplay between exogenous agents and our genetic blueprint. Telomeres, the protective termini of chromosomes, play instrumental roles in cellular longevity and genetic stability. Traditionally karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH), have been indispensable tools for chromosomal analysis following exposure to genotoxic agents. However, their scope in discerning nuanced molecular dynamics is limited. Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNAs) are synthetic entities that embody characteristics of both proteins and nucleic acids and have emerged as potential game-changers. This perspective report comprehensively examines the vast potential of PNAs in genetic toxicology, with a specific emphasis on telomere research. PNAs' superior resolution and precision make them a favourable choice for genetic toxicological assessments. The integration of PNAs in contemporary analytical workflows heralds a promising evolution in genetic toxicology, potentially revolutionizing diagnostics, prognostics, and therapeutic avenues. In this timely review, we attempted to assess the limitations of current PNA-FISH methodology and recommend refinements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Yong Quan Ng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Manoor Prakash Hande
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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2
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Benites-Zapata VA, Ulloque-Badaracco JR, Alarcón-Braga EA, Fernández-Alonso AM, López-Baena MT, Pérez-López FR. Telomerase activity and telomere length in women with breast cancer or without malignancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas 2024; 180:107882. [PMID: 38029511 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2023.107882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess whether telomerase activity and telomere length are associated with breast cancer. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, LILACS, Scielo, Embase, and CNKI databases were searched to obtain relevant articles published through May 10, 2023, following PRISMA guidelines and a registered PROSPERO protocol (CRD42022335402). We included observational studies reporting telomerase activity or telomere length in patients with breast cancer compared with women with benign lesions or normal tissue (control women). The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to evaluate the quality of studies. Data were expressed as odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI). Random effects and inverse variance methods were used to meta-analyze associations. The I2 test was used to assess heterogeneity. RESULTS The meta-analysis of telomerase shows significantly greater activity in patients with breast cancer than in those without malignancies (OR = 23.46, 95 % CI 14.07-39.11, p < 0.00001, I2 = 72 %). There were non-significant differences in relative telomere length (OR = 1.16, 95 % CI = 0.90-1.49, p = 0.26, I2 = 86 %) and leukocyte telomere length (OR = 2.32, 95 % CI = 0.89-6.08, p = 0.09, I2 = 98 %) between women with and without breast cancer. In subgroup analyses by world regions of studies, both telomerase activity and telomere length displayed the same trends as in their respective meta-analyses. In sensitivity analyses, variables showed their respective same trends. CONCLUSION Telomerase activity is higher in patients with breast cancer than in women without malignancies. There were no significant differences in either relative telomere length or leukocyte telomere length in women with and without breast cancer. PROSPERO protocol CRD42022335402.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente A Benites-Zapata
- Unidad de Investigación para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru.
| | | | | | | | | | - Faustino R Pérez-López
- Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud, Zaragoza, Spain; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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3
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Engin AB, Engin A. Obesity-Senescence-Breast Cancer: Clinical Presentation of a Common Unfortunate Cycle. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1460:821-850. [PMID: 39287873 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-63657-8_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
There are few convincing studies establishing the relationship between endogenous factors that cause obesity, cellular aging, and telomere shortening. Without a functional telomerase, a cell undergoing cell division has progressive telomere shortening. While obesity influences health and longevity as well as telomere dynamics, cellular senescence is one of the major drivers of the aging process and of age-related disorders. Oxidative stress induces telomere shortening, while decreasing telomerase activity. When progressive shortening of telomere length reaches a critical point, it triggers cell cycle arrest leading to senescence or apoptotic cell death. Telomerase activity cannot be detected in normal breast tissue. By contrast, maintenance of telomere length as a function of human telomerase is crucial for the survival of breast cancer cells and invasion. Approximately three-quarters of breast cancers in the general population are hormone-dependent and overexpression of estrogen receptors is crucial for their continued growth. In obesity, increasing leptin levels enhance aromatase messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression, aromatase content, and its enzymatic activity on breast cancer cells, simultaneously activating telomerase in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, applied anti-estrogen therapy increases serum leptin levels and thus enhances leptin resistance in obese postmenopausal breast cancer patients. Many studies revealed that shorter telomeres of postmenopausal breast cancer have higher local recurrence rates and higher tumor grade. In this review, interlinked molecular mechanisms are looked over between the telomere length, lipotoxicity/glycolipotoxicity, and cellular senescence in the context of estrogen receptor alpha-positive (ERα+) postmenopausal breast cancers in obese women. Furthermore, the effect of the potential drugs, which are used for direct inhibition of telomerase and the inhibition of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) or human telomerase RNA promoters as well as approved adjuvant endocrine therapies, the selective estrogen receptor modulator and selective estrogen receptor down-regulators are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Basak Engin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Gazi University, Hipodrom, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Atilla Engin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey
- Mustafa Kemal Mah. 2137. Sok. 8/14, 06520, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey
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4
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Castellanos G, Valbuena DS, Pérez E, Villegas VE, Rondón-Lagos M. Chromosomal Instability as Enabling Feature and Central Hallmark of Breast Cancer. BREAST CANCER (DOVE MEDICAL PRESS) 2023; 15:189-211. [PMID: 36923397 PMCID: PMC10010144 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s383759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) has become a topic of great interest in recent years, not only for its implications in cancer diagnosis and prognosis but also for its role as an enabling feature and central hallmark of cancer. CIN describes cell-to-cell variation in the number or structure of chromosomes in a tumor population. Although extensive research in recent decades has identified some associations between CIN with response to therapy, specific associations with other hallmarks of cancer have not been fully evidenced. Such associations place CIN as an enabling feature of the other hallmarks of cancer and highlight the importance of deepening its knowledge to improve the outcome in cancer. In addition, studies conducted to date have shown paradoxical findings about the implications of CIN for therapeutic response, with some studies showing associations between high CIN and better therapeutic response, and others showing the opposite: associations between high CIN and therapeutic resistance. This evidences the complex relationships between CIN with the prognosis and response to treatment in cancer. Considering the above, this review focuses on recent studies on the role of CIN in cancer, the cellular mechanisms leading to CIN, its relationship with other hallmarks of cancer, and the emerging therapeutic approaches that are being developed to target such instability, with a primary focus on breast cancer. Further understanding of the complexity of CIN and its association with other hallmarks of cancer could provide a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in prognosis and response to treatment in cancer and potentially lead to new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanny Castellanos
- Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia.,School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Duván Sebastián Valbuena
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Erika Pérez
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Victoria E Villegas
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Milena Rondón-Lagos
- School of Biological Sciences, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
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5
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Akincilar SC, Chan CHT, Ng QF, Fidan K, Tergaonkar V. Non-canonical roles of canonical telomere binding proteins in cancers. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4235-4257. [PMID: 33599797 PMCID: PMC8164586 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03783-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reactivation of telomerase is a major hallmark observed in 90% of all cancers. Yet paradoxically, enhanced telomerase activity does not correlate with telomere length and cancers often possess short telomeres; suggestive of supplementary non-canonical roles that telomerase might play in the development of cancer. Moreover, studies have shown that aberrant expression of shelterin proteins coupled with their release from shortening telomeres can further promote cancer by mechanisms independent of their telomeric role. While targeting telomerase activity appears to be an attractive therapeutic option, this approach has failed in clinical trials due to undesirable cytotoxic effects on stem cells. To circumvent this concern, an alternative strategy could be to target the molecules involved in the non-canonical functions of telomeric proteins. In this review, we will focus on emerging evidence that has demonstrated the non-canonical roles of telomeric proteins and their impact on tumorigenesis. Furthermore, we aim to address current knowledge gaps in telomeric protein functions and propose future research approaches that can be undertaken to achieve this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semih Can Akincilar
- Division of Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Laboratory of NFκB Signaling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Proteos, 61, Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Claire Hian Tzer Chan
- Division of Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Laboratory of NFκB Signaling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Proteos, 61, Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Qin Feng Ng
- Division of Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Laboratory of NFκB Signaling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Proteos, 61, Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Kerem Fidan
- Division of Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Laboratory of NFκB Signaling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Proteos, 61, Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Vinay Tergaonkar
- Division of Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Laboratory of NFκB Signaling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Proteos, 61, Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore.
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117593, Singapore.
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6
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Yuan X, Dai M, Xu D. Telomere-related Markers for Cancer. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:410-432. [PMID: 31903880 PMCID: PMC7475940 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200106145340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres are structurally nucleoprotein complexes at termini of linear chromosomes and essential to chromosome stability/integrity. In normal human cells, telomere length erodes progressively with each round of cell divisions, which serves as an important barrier to uncontrolled proliferation and malignant transformation. In sharp contrast, telomere maintenance is a key feature of human malignant cells and required for their infinite proliferation and maintenance of other cancer hallmarks as well. Thus, a telomere-based anti-cancer strategy has long been suggested. However, clinically efficient and specific drugs targeting cancer telomere-maintenance have still been in their infancy thus far. To achieve this goal, it is highly necessary to elucidate how exactly cancer cells maintain functional telomeres. In the last two decades, numerous studies have provided profound mechanistic insights, and the identified mechanisms include the aberrant activation of telomerase or the alternative lengthening of telomere pathway responsible for telomere elongation, dysregulation and mutation of telomere-associated factors, and other telomere homeostasis-related signaling nodes. In the present review, these various strategies employed by malignant cells to regulate their telomere length, structure and function have been summarized, and potential implications of these findings in the rational development of telomere-based cancer therapy and other clinical applications for precision oncology have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Yuan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Mingkai Dai
- Central Research Laboratory, Shandong University Second Hospital, Jinan, 250033, China.,Karolinska Institute Collaborative Laboratory for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Shandong University Second Hospital, Jinan, 250033, China
| | - Dawei Xu
- Karolinska Institute Collaborative Laboratory for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, Shandong University Second Hospital, Jinan, 250033, China.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM) and Bioclinicum, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Solna 171 64, Sweden
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7
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Wu Y, Poulos RC, Reddel RR. Role of POT1 in Human Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102739. [PMID: 32987645 PMCID: PMC7598640 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The segmentation of eukaryotic genomes into discrete linear chromosomes requires processes to solve several major biological problems, including prevention of the chromosome ends being recognized as DNA breaks and compensation for the shortening that occurs when linear DNA is replicated. A specialized set of six proteins, collectively referred to as shelterin, is involved in both of these processes, and mutations in several of these are now known to be involved in cancer. Here, we focus on Protection of Telomeres 1 (POT1), the shelterin protein that appears to be most commonly involved in cancer, and consider the clinical significance of findings about its biological functions and the prevalence of inherited and acquired mutations in the POT1 gene. Abstract Telomere abnormalities facilitate cancer development by contributing to genomic instability and cellular immortalization. The Protection of Telomeres 1 (POT1) protein is an essential subunit of the shelterin telomere binding complex. It directly binds to single-stranded telomeric DNA, protecting chromosomal ends from an inappropriate DNA damage response, and plays a role in telomere length regulation. Alterations of POT1 have been detected in a range of cancers. Here, we review the biological functions of POT1, the prevalence of POT1 germline and somatic mutations across cancer predisposition syndromes and tumor types, and the dysregulation of POT1 expression in cancers. We propose a framework for understanding how POT1 abnormalities may contribute to oncogenesis in different cell types. Finally, we summarize the clinical implications of POT1 alterations in the germline and in cancer, and possible approaches for the development of targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangxiu Wu
- Cancer Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia;
- ProCan® Cancer Data Science Group, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia;
| | - Rebecca C. Poulos
- ProCan® Cancer Data Science Group, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia;
| | - Roger R. Reddel
- Cancer Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-8865-2901
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8
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Koi Y, Tsutani Y, Nishiyama Y, Kanda M, Shiroma Y, Yamamoto Y, Sasada S, Akita T, Masumoto N, Kadoya T, Takahashi RU, Tanaka J, Okada M, Tahara H. Diagnostic performance of peripheral leukocyte telomere G-tail length for detecting breast cancer. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:1856-1861. [PMID: 32249523 PMCID: PMC7226277 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The telomere G‐tail (G‐tail) plays an essential role in maintaining chromosome stability. In this study, we assessed the leukocyte G‐tail length of breast cancer (BC) patients and cancer‐free individuals and evaluated the association between the G‐tail length and the presence of BC. A significant shortening of the median G‐tail length was observed in BC patients compared with cancer‐free individuals and was found in the early phase of BC. Our study indicated that the leukocyte G‐tail length might be a potential biomarker for BC detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Koi
- Surgical Oncology, Division of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Center for Radiation Casualty Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Tsutani
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Center for Radiation Casualty Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukie Nishiyama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kanda
- Collaborative Laboratory of Liquid Biopsy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Shiroma
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamamoto
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Sasada
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Center for Radiation Casualty Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Akita
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Norio Masumoto
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Center for Radiation Casualty Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kadoya
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Center for Radiation Casualty Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ryou-U Takahashi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Junko Tanaka
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Morihito Okada
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Center for Radiation Casualty Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Tahara
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Collaborative Laboratory of Liquid Biopsy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,The Research Center for Drug Development and Biomarker Discovery, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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9
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Sikder S, Kumari S, Mustafi P, Ramdas N, Padhi S, Saha A, Bhaduri U, Banerjee B, Manjithaya R, Kundu TK. Nonhistone human chromatin protein PC4 is critical for genomic integrity and negatively regulates autophagy. FEBS J 2019; 286:4422-4442. [PMID: 31169983 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Multifunctional human transcriptional positive co-activator 4 (PC4) is a bona fide nonhistone component of the chromatin and plays a pivotal role in the process of chromatin compaction and functional genome organization. Knockdown of PC4 expression causes a drastic decompaction which leads to open conformation of the chromatin, and thereby altered nuclear architecture, defects in chromosome segregation and changed epigenetic landscape. Interestingly, these defects do not induce cellular death but result in enhanced cellular proliferation, possibly through enhanced autophagic activity. Moreover, PC4 depletion confers significant resistance to gamma irradiation. Exposure to gamma irradiation further induced autophagy in these cells. Inhibition of autophagy by small molecule inhibitors as well as by silencing of a critical autophagy gene drastically reduces the ability of PC4 knockdown cells to survive. On the contrary, complementation with wild-type PC4 could reverse this phenomenon, confirming the process of autophagy as the key mechanism for radiation resistance in the absence of PC4. These data connect the unexplored role of chromatin architecture in regulating autophagy during stress conditions such as radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Sikder
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Sujata Kumari
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Pallabi Mustafi
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Nisha Ramdas
- Mechanobiology Institute & Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Swatishree Padhi
- Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Arka Saha
- Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Utsa Bhaduri
- Chromatin Biology Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Birendranath Banerjee
- Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ravi Manjithaya
- Autophagy Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Tapas K Kundu
- Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
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10
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Anuja K, Chowdhury AR, Saha A, Roy S, Rath AK, Kar M, Banerjee B. Radiation-induced DNA damage response and resistance in colorectal cancer stem-like cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:667-679. [PMID: 30753097 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1580401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Radiation therapy is an integral part of current treatment modality for colorectal cancer. Recent studies have revealed the presence of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) population, in different tumors are responsible for therapeutic resistance and disease relapse, including colorectal cancer with poorer survival rate. Hence, characterization of the effect of Ionizing Radiation (IR) in colorectal cancer may serve to explain possible mechanisms. Material and methods: Parental HCT116 and HCT-15 cells and derived colonospheres were irradiated and dose was optimized based on cell survival assay and cell cycle analysis. DNA damage response (DDR) was elucidated by γH2AX foci formation, COMET assay, and ATM, p-ATM, ERCC1 expression post-treatment. The expression level of developmental marker (β-catenin), CSC markers (CD44, KLF4) and telomeric components (TRF2, RAP1, hTERT) were evaluated. Results: We observed cell survival was more in colonospheres post-irradiation and also exhibited decreased γH2AX foci, olive tail moment, increased ERCC1, and p-ATM expression than its parental counterpart which corresponds to efficient DDR. Differential expression of developmental marker, CSC markers, and telomeric components were observed after irradiation. Conclusion: This study highlighted the presence of CSC phenotype in colonospheres having increased DNA repair capacity. Differential expression of developmental marker, CSC markers and telomeric components between parental and colonospheres may contribute in radio-resistance property of CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Anuja
- a Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University , Bhubaneswar , India
| | - Amit Roy Chowdhury
- a Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University , Bhubaneswar , India
| | - Arka Saha
- a Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University , Bhubaneswar , India
| | - Souvick Roy
- a Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University , Bhubaneswar , India
| | | | - Madhabananda Kar
- c Department of Surgical Oncology , All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) , Bhubaneswar , India
| | - Birendranath Banerjee
- a Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University , Bhubaneswar , India
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11
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Wu J, Crowe DL. Molecular and cellular basis of mammary gland fibrosis and cancer risk. Int J Cancer 2018; 144:2239-2253. [PMID: 30450584 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mammary gland luminal cells are maintained by the proliferation of ER- luminal progenitor (LP) cells. Human breast LP cells exhibit telomere DNA damage, which is associated with mammographic density and increased cancer risk. Telomeric repeat factor 2 (TRF2) protects telomeres from DNA damage response. TRF2 expression is reduced in human breast cancers. We deleted TRF2 expression in mammary gland epithelium. Mammary glands lacking TRF2 expression exhibited increased telomere DNA damage response, histopathological and functional degeneration, and prominent ductal fibrosis. TRF2-deficient mammary tumors exhibited rapid onset and increased proliferation. Tumor derived LP cells failed to form tumors after transplantation. The MSC population was highly tumorigenic and maintained telomeres via the ALT mechanism. Telomere DNA damage response in mammary tumors resulted in p53 dependent ER+ cellular differentiation and sensitivity to anti-estrogen therapy. Our results provide a new in vivo model of mammographic density, stem cell differentiation, cancer risk, and therapeutic sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchun Wu
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL
| | - David L Crowe
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL
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12
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Bernal A, Moltó-Abad M, Domínguez D, Tusell L. Acute telomere deprotection prevents ongoing BFB cycles and rampant instability in p16 INK4a-deficient epithelial cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:27151-27170. [PMID: 29930757 PMCID: PMC6007466 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere dysfunction drives chromosome instability through endless breakage-fusion-bridge (BFB) cycles that promote the formation of highly rearranged genomes. However, reactivation of telomerase or ALT-pathway is required for genome stabilisation and full malignant transformation. To allow the unrestricted proliferation of cells at risk of transformation, we have established a conditional system of telomere deprotection in p16INK4a-deficient MCF-10A cells with modified checkpoints. After sustained expression of a dominant negative form of the shelterin protein TRF2 (TRF2ΔBΔM), cells with telomere fusion did progress to anaphase but no signs of ongoing BFB cycles were observed, thus anticipating proliferation defects. Indeed, 96 h TRF2ΔBΔM expression resulted in noticeable growth proliferation defects in the absence of cell cycle disturbances. Further transient periods of 96 h telomere uncapping did not result in cell cycle disturbances either. And reduction of the telomere damage to short acute deprotection periods did not in any case engender cells with a reorganised karyotype. Strikingly, the growth arrest imposed in cells showing dysfunctional telomeres was not accompanied by an activation of the DNA damage response at cellular level, or by the presence of visible markers of senescence or apoptosis. We propose that the deprotection of many telomeres simultaneously, even for a short time, results in a local activation of the cellular stress response which consequently triggers gradual cell withdrawal from cell cycle, restraining the onset of genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Bernal
- Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Marc Moltó-Abad
- Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Current address: Unitat de Malalties Minoritàries, Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Domínguez
- Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Laura Tusell
- Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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13
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TERT promoter status and gene copy number gains: effect on TERT expression and association with prognosis in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:77540-77551. [PMID: 29100407 PMCID: PMC5652798 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Upregulation of the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene in human cancers leads to telomerase activation, which contributes to the growth advantage and survival of tumor cells. Molecular mechanisms of TERT upregulation are complex, tumor-specific and can be clinically relevant. To investigate these mechanisms in breast cancer, we sequenced the TERT promoter, evaluated TERT copy number changes and assessed the expression of the MYC oncogene, a known transcriptional TERT regulator, in two breast cancer cohorts comprising a total of 122 patients. No activating TERT promoter mutations were found, suggesting that this mutational mechanism is not likely to be involved in TERT upregulation in breast cancer. The T349C promoter polymorphism found in up to 50% of cases was not correlated with TERT expression, but T349C carriers had significantly shorter disease-free survival. TERT gains (15-25% of cases) were strongly correlated with increased TERT mRNA expression and worse patient prognosis in terms of disease-free and overall survival. Particularly aggressive breast cancers were characterized by an association of TERT gains with MYC overexpression. These results evidence a significant effect of gene copy number gain on the level of TERT expression and provide a new insight into the clinical significance of TERT and MYC upregulation in breast cancer.
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Padhi SS, Roy S, Kar M, Saha A, Roy S, Adhya A, Baisakh M, Banerjee B. Role of CDKN2A/p16 expression in the prognostication of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2017; 73:27-35. [PMID: 28939073 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CDKN2A/p16 is a known tumor suppressor gene with a homologous deletion in Oral Squamous cell carcinoma. CDKN2A/p16 is found to be inactivated in a broad spectrum of solid tumors and in more than 80% of OSCC. Molecular alteration of CDKN2A/p16 in progression of OSCC can pose an important tool for the prognosis of squamous cell carcinoma. MATERIAL AND METHOD Systematic network analysis was carried out to obtain involvement of CDKN2A/p16 in oral cancer by polysearch and FunDO. In the present study we have screened 104 OSCC patients from eastern region of India for CDKN2A/p16 expression in recurrent and non-recurrent OSCC. The observation was validated by Comparative Genomic Hybridisation and Next generation sequencing in recurrent cases. RESULT Systematic analysis revealed direct involvement of CDKN2A/p16 in oral cancer. There was a consistent downregulated expression of CDKN2A/p16 in the recurrent cases. The gene expression study confirmed a >5-fold downregulation of CDKN2A/p16 in recurrent tumors as compared to non-recurrent ones. Array CGH analysis revealed a copy number deletion in the recurrent case. Furthermore, next generation sequencing validated deletion of CDKN2A/p16 and reported it asa common variant with a nonsense mutation having stop /loss of function of the gene in recurrent cases. Recurrent cases with deleted CDKN2A/p16 expression had poor prognosis and low survival rate. CONCLUSION CDKN2A/p16 frequently alters in oral cancer progression with a deletion/loss of function in the recurrent cases displaying its role in aiding several molecular events for the malignant transformations occurring throughout disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Shree Padhi
- Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Souvick Roy
- Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Madhabananda Kar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751016, India
| | - Arka Saha
- Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Shomereeta Roy
- Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Amit Adhya
- Department of Pathology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Manas Baisakh
- Department of Pathology, Apollo Hospitals, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751004, India
| | - Birendranath Banerjee
- Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India.
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15
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Ennour-Idrissi K, Maunsell E, Diorio C. Telomere Length and Breast Cancer Prognosis: A Systematic Review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016; 26:3-10. [PMID: 27677729 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-16-0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomeres ensure genome integrity during replication. Loss of telomeric function leads to cell immortalization and accumulation of genetic alterations. The association of telomere length (TL) with breast cancer prognosis is examined through a systematic review. Electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL), from inception to December 2015, and relevant reviews were searched. Studies that evaluated TL (blood and/or tumor) in association with breast cancer survival or prognostic factor were included. Thirty-six studies met inclusion criteria. Overall risk of bias was critical. Eight studies reported survival outcomes. Overall, there was a trend toward an association of longer telomeres with better outcomes (tumor, not blood). Of the 33 studies reporting associations with prognostic factors, nine adjusted for potential confounders. Among the latter, shorter telomeres were associated with older age (blood, not tumor), higher local recurrence rates (normal tissue), higher tumor grade (tumor), and lower physical activity (blood), which were reported in one study each. TL was not associated with molecular subtype (blood, one study), family history (tumor, one study), chemotherapy (blood, three of four studies), and stress reduction interventions (blood, two of two studies). Although major methodologic differences preclude from drawing conclusive results, TL could be a valuable breast cancer prognostic marker. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(1); 3-10. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoutar Ennour-Idrissi
- Axe Oncologie, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Département de Médecine Sociale et Préventive, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Maunsell
- Axe Oncologie, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Département de Médecine Sociale et Préventive, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec, Canada
| | - Caroline Diorio
- Axe Oncologie, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Canada. .,Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Département de Médecine Sociale et Préventive, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.,Centre des Maladies du Sein Deschênes-Fabia, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec, Canada
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16
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Anuja K, Roy S, Ghosh C, Gupta P, Bhattacharjee S, Banerjee B. Prolonged inflammatory microenvironment is crucial for pro-neoplastic growth and genome instability: a detailed review. Inflamm Res 2016; 66:119-128. [PMID: 27653961 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-0985-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic inflammation can affect the normal cell homeostasis and metabolism by rendering the cells susceptible to genomic instability that may lead to uncontrolled cellular growth and proliferation ensuing tumorigenesis. The causal agents for inflammation may be pathogenic infections like microbial agents ranging from viruses to bacteria. These infections lead to DNA damage or disruption of normal cell metabolism and alter the genome integrity. FINDINGS In this review, we have highlighted the role of recurrent infections in tumor microenvironment can lead to recruitment of pro-inflammatory cells, cytokines and growth factors to the site of inflammation. This makes the environment rich in cytokines, chemokines, DNA-damaging agents (ROS, RNS) and growth factors which activate DNA damage response pathway and help in sustained proliferation of the tumor cells. In any inflammatory response, the production of cytokines and related signaling molecules is self-regulating and limiting. But in case of neoplastic risk, deregulation of these factors may lead to abnormalities and related pathogenesis. CONCLUSION The scope of the present review is to explore the probable mechanistic link and factors responsible for chronic inflammation. The relation between chronic inflammation and DNA damage response was further elucidated to understand the mechanism by which it makes the cells susceptible to carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Anuja
- Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Souvick Roy
- Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Chinmoy Ghosh
- Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Priya Gupta
- Department of Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar, Agartala, Tripura, 799022, India
| | - Surajit Bhattacharjee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar, Agartala, Tripura, 799022, India.
| | - Birendranath Banerjee
- Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha, 751024, India.
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Wu X, Tanaka H. Aberrant reduction of telomere repetitive sequences in plasma cell-free DNA for early breast cancer detection. Oncotarget 2016; 6:29795-807. [PMID: 26356673 PMCID: PMC4745763 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive telomere shortening is observed in breast cancer lesions when compared to adjacent non-cancerous tissues, suggesting that telomere length may represent a key biomarker for early cancer detection. Because tumor-derived, cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is often released from cancer cells and circulates in the bloodstream, we hypothesized that breast cancer development is associated with changes in the amount of telomeric cfDNA that can be detected in the plasma. To test this hypothesis, we devised a novel, highly sensitive and specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay, termed telomeric cfDNA qPCR, to quantify plasma telomeric cfDNA levels. Indeed, the internal reference primers of our design correctly reflected input cfDNA amount (R2 = 0.910, P = 7.82 × 10−52), implying accuracy of this assay. We found that plasma telomeric cfDNA levels decreased with age in healthy individuals (n = 42, R2 = 0.094, P = 0.048), suggesting that cfDNA is likely derived from somatic cells in which telomere length shortens with increasing age. Our results also showed a significant decrease in telomeric cfDNA level from breast cancer patients with no prior treatment (n = 47), compared to control individuals (n = 42) (P = 4.06 × 10−8). The sensitivity and specificity for the telomeric cfDNA qPCR assay was 91.49% and 76.19%, respectively. Furthermore, the telomeric cfDNA level distinguished even the Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) group (n = 7) from the healthy group (n = 42) (P = 1.51 × 10−3). Taken together, decreasing plasma telomeric cfDNA levels could be an informative genetic biomarker for early breast cancer detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Hiromi Tanaka
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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18
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Gay-Bellile M, Romero P, Cayre A, Véronèse L, Privat M, Singh S, Combes P, Kwiatkowski F, Abrial C, Bignon YJ, Vago P, Penault-Llorca F, Tchirkov A. ERCC1 and telomere status in breast tumours treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and their association with patient prognosis. JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY CLINICAL RESEARCH 2016; 2:234-246. [PMID: 27785368 PMCID: PMC5068194 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctional telomeres and DNA damage repair (DDR) play important roles in cancer progression. Studies have reported correlations between these factors and tumour aggressiveness and clinical outcome in breast cancer. We studied the characteristics of telomeres and expression of ERCC1, a protein involved in a number of DNA repair pathways and in telomere homeostasis, to assess their prognostic value, alone or in combination, in 90 residual breast tumours after treatment with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT). ERCC1 status was investigated at different molecular levels (protein and gene expression and gene copy‐number variations) by immunohistochemistry, qRT‐PCR and quantitative multiplex fluorescent‐PCR (QMF‐PCR). A comprehensive analysis of telomere characteristics was performed using qPCR for telomere length and qRT‐PCR for telomerase (hTERT), tankyrase 1 (TNKS) and shelterin complex (TRF1, TRF2, POT1, TPP1, RAP1 and TIN2) gene expression. Short telomeres, high hTERT and TNKS expression and low ERCC1 protein expression were independently associated with worse survival outcome. Interestingly, ERCC1 gains and losses correlated with worse disease‐free (p = 0.026) and overall (p = 0.043) survival as compared to survival of patients with normal gene copy‐numbers. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of all ERCC1 and telomere parameters identified four subgroups with distinct prognosis. In particular, a cluster combining low ERCC1, ERCC1 gene alterations, dysfunctional telomeres and high hTERT and a cluster with high TNKS and shelterin expression correlated with poor disease‐free (HR= 5.41, p= 0.0044) and overall survival (HR= 6.01, p= 0.0023) irrespective of tumour stage and grade. This comprehensive study demonstrates that telomere dysfunction and DDR can contribute synergistically to tumour progression and chemoresistance. These parameters are predictors of clinical outcome in breast cancer patients treated with NCT and could be useful clinically as prognostic biomarkers to tailor adjuvant chemotherapy post‐NCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Gay-Bellile
- ERTICA EA4677 Research Team, University of Auvergne, Faculty of Medecine28 place Henri DunantF-63001Clermont-FerrandFrance; Department of Medical CytogeneticsCHU Estaing1 place Lucie et Raymond AubracF-63003Clermont-FerrandFrance
| | - Pierre Romero
- ERTICA EA4677 Research Team, University of Auvergne, Faculty of Medecine28 place Henri DunantF-63001Clermont-FerrandFrance; Department of PathologyJean Perrin Comprehensive Cancer Center 58 rue MontalembertF-63011Clermont-FerrandFrance
| | - Anne Cayre
- ERTICA EA4677 Research Team, University of Auvergne, Faculty of Medecine28 place Henri DunantF-63001Clermont-FerrandFrance; Department of PathologyJean Perrin Comprehensive Cancer Center 58 rue MontalembertF-63011Clermont-FerrandFrance
| | - Lauren Véronèse
- ERTICA EA4677 Research Team, University of Auvergne, Faculty of Medecine28 place Henri DunantF-63001Clermont-FerrandFrance; Department of Medical CytogeneticsCHU Estaing1 place Lucie et Raymond AubracF-63003Clermont-FerrandFrance
| | - Maud Privat
- ERTICA EA4677 Research Team, University of Auvergne, Faculty of Medecine28 place Henri DunantF-63001Clermont-FerrandFrance; Department of OncogeneticsJean Perrin Comprehensive Cancer Center58 rue MontalembertF-63011Clermont-FerrandFrance
| | - Shalini Singh
- Medical and Scientific Affairs Office of Pathology, Ventana Medical Systems, Inc, Roche Group 1910 E Innovation Park Drive Tucson AZ 85755 USA
| | - Patricia Combes
- ERTICA EA4677 Research Team, University of Auvergne, Faculty of Medecine28 place Henri DunantF-63001Clermont-FerrandFrance; Department of Medical CytogeneticsCHU Estaing1 place Lucie et Raymond AubracF-63003Clermont-FerrandFrance
| | - Fabrice Kwiatkowski
- ERTICA EA4677 Research Team, University of Auvergne, Faculty of Medecine28 place Henri DunantF-63001Clermont-FerrandFrance; Clinical and Translational Research DivisionJean Perrin Comprehensive Cancer Center 58 rue MontalembertF-63011Clermont-FerrandFrance
| | - Catherine Abrial
- ERTICA EA4677 Research Team, University of Auvergne, Faculty of Medecine28 place Henri DunantF-63001Clermont-FerrandFrance; Clinical and Translational Research DivisionJean Perrin Comprehensive Cancer Center 58 rue MontalembertF-63011Clermont-FerrandFrance
| | - Yves-Jean Bignon
- ERTICA EA4677 Research Team, University of Auvergne, Faculty of Medecine28 place Henri DunantF-63001Clermont-FerrandFrance; Department of OncogeneticsJean Perrin Comprehensive Cancer Center58 rue MontalembertF-63011Clermont-FerrandFrance; Biological Resource Center BB-0033-00075, Jean Perrin Comprehensive Cancer Center 58 rue MontalembertF-63011Clermont-FerrandFrance
| | - Philippe Vago
- ERTICA EA4677 Research Team, University of Auvergne, Faculty of Medecine28 place Henri DunantF-63001Clermont-FerrandFrance; Department of Medical CytogeneticsCHU Estaing1 place Lucie et Raymond AubracF-63003Clermont-FerrandFrance
| | - Frédérique Penault-Llorca
- ERTICA EA4677 Research Team, University of Auvergne, Faculty of Medecine28 place Henri DunantF-63001Clermont-FerrandFrance; Department of PathologyJean Perrin Comprehensive Cancer Center 58 rue MontalembertF-63011Clermont-FerrandFrance
| | - Andreï Tchirkov
- ERTICA EA4677 Research Team, University of Auvergne, Faculty of Medecine28 place Henri DunantF-63001Clermont-FerrandFrance; Department of Medical CytogeneticsCHU Estaing1 place Lucie et Raymond AubracF-63003Clermont-FerrandFrance
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Qian Y, Ding T, Wei L, Cao S, Yang L. Shorter telomere length of T-cells in peripheral blood of patients with lung cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:2675-82. [PMID: 27226730 PMCID: PMC4863689 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s98488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Telomere shortening occurs in tumor tissues and peripheral blood lymphocytes of many common human malignancies, including lung cancer, but its variation in T-cells has never been investigated. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess telomere length in T-cells and its correlation with the clinical characteristics of patients with lung cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 40 patients with lung cancer but without prior cancer history and 25 healthy individuals were selected. T-cells were isolated and their telomere lengths were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction methods. RESULTS Telomere length in T-cells was significantly shorter in patients with lung cancer than in controls (P<0.001). Shorter telomere length was significantly associated with increased clinical stage (P=0.008) and distant metastasis (P=0.028). Naïve T-cells from patients with lung cancer had significantly decreased telomere length when compared with those from controls (P=0.012). CONCLUSION The shortened telomere length in T-cells occurred in naïve T-cells and might be related to lung cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Qian
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Ding
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Wei
- National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shui Cao
- National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Pal D, Sharma U, Khajuria R, Singh SK, Kakkar N, Prasad R. Augmented telomerase activity, reduced telomere length and the presence of alternative lengthening of telomere in renal cell carcinoma: plausible predictive and diagnostic markers. Gene 2015; 562:145-51. [PMID: 25769384 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.02.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed 100 cases of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) for telomerase activity, telomere length and alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) using the TRAP assay, TeloTTAGGG assay kit and immunohistochemical analysis of ALT associated promyelocytic leukemia (PML) bodies respectively. A significantly higher (P=0.000) telomerase activity was observed in 81 cases of RCC which was correlated with clinicopathological features of tumor for instance, stage (P=0.008) and grades (P=0.000) but not with the subtypes of RCC (P = 0.355). Notwithstanding, no correlation was found between telomerase activity and subtypes of RCC. Strikingly, the telomere length was found to be significantly shorter in RCC (P=0.000) to that of corresponding normal renal tissues and it is well correlated with grades (P=0.016) but not with stages (P=0.202) and subtypes (P=0.669) of RCC. In this study, telomere length was also negatively correlated with the age of patients (r(2)=0.528; P=0.000) which supports the notion that it could be used as a marker for biological aging. ALT associated PML bodies containing PML protein was found in telomerase negative cases of RCC. It suggests the presence of an ALT pathway mechanism to maintain the telomere length in telomerase negative RCC tissues which was associated with high stages of RCC, suggesting a prevalent mechanism for telomere maintenance in high stages. In conclusion, the telomerase activity and telomere length can be used as a diagnostic as well as a predictive marker in RCC. The prevalence of ALT mechanism in high stages of RCC is warranted for the development of anti-ALT inhibitors along with telomerase inhibitor against RCC as a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Pal
- Department of Biochemistry, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
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21
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Padhi S, Saha A, Kar M, Ghosh C, Adhya A, Baisakh M, Mohapatra N, Venkatesan S, Hande MP, Banerjee B. Clinico-Pathological Correlation of β-Catenin and Telomere Dysfunction in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients. J Cancer 2015; 6:192-202. [PMID: 25653721 PMCID: PMC4314668 DOI: 10.7150/jca.9558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumorigenesis is a complex process of accumulated alteration in function of multiple genes and pathways. Wnt signalling pathway is involved in various differentiation events during embryonic development and is conserved in various species. OBJECTIVE A multicentre collaborative initiative is undertaken to study the occurrence, prognosis and molecular mechanism of HNSCC (Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma) which is highly prevalent in eastern parts of India. From a large cohort of HNSCC tissue repository, 67 cases were selected for multi-parametric investigation. RESULTS 67 cases showed stable β-catenin expression. We have seen correlation, if any, of the transcription factor - β-catenin, telomere maintenance and shelterin complex proteins - TRF2, Rap1 and hTert with respect to tumor differentiation and telomere dysfunction. Immunohistochemistry of β-catenin protein showed stable and high expression in tumor when compared to stroma. MDSCC (Moderately Differentiated Squamous cell carcinoma) cases expressed nuclear expression of β-catenin in invasive fronts and showed increased genomic instability. Higher frequency of Anaphase bridges was observed ranging from <3% in normal cut margin to 13% in WDSCC (Well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma) and 18% in MDSCC (Moderately differentiated Squamous cell carcinoma). There was significant decrease in telomere length in MDSCC (<4) when compared to the normal cut margin samples (<7). Quantitative Real Time-PCR confirmed a significant correlationship between stable β-catenin expression and poor clinical and pathological outcome. CONCLUSION The Stabilisation and accumulation of β-catenin was significant and correlated well with de-differentiation process as well as prognosis and therapy outcome of the patients in the cohort. Expression status of molecular markers such as β-catenin, hTert, TRF2 and RAP1 correlate significantly with the process of tumorigenesis and prognosis and may play a role in therapeutic management of Head and neck patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swatishree Padhi
- 1. Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751024, India
| | - Arka Saha
- 1. Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751024, India
| | - Madhabananda Kar
- 2. Department of Surgical Oncology, Kalinga Institute of Medical sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751024, India. ; 5. Department of Surgical Oncology, Apollo Hospitals, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751004, India
| | - Chinmoy Ghosh
- 1. Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751024, India
| | - Amit Adhya
- 3. Department of Pathology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, odisha-751024, India
| | - Manas Baisakh
- 4. Department of Pathology, Apollo Hospitals, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751004, India
| | - Nachiketa Mohapatra
- 4. Department of Pathology, Apollo Hospitals, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751004, India
| | - Shriram Venkatesan
- 6. Genome Stability Laboratory, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Manoor Prakash Hande
- 6. Genome Stability Laboratory, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Birendranath Banerjee
- 1. Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751024, India
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Tian X, Hou W, Bai S, Fan J, Tong H, Bai Y. XAV939 promotes apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line via telomere shortening. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:1999-2006. [PMID: 25190315 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres, telomerase and tankyrase (TNKS) have an extremely important and special association with human cell aging and cancer. Telomerase activity is abnormally high in cancer cells and is accompanied by the overexpression of tankyrase 1 (TNKS1). TNKS1 is a positive regulator of telomerase activation and telomere extension in the human body, indicating that TNKS1 may be a possible therapeutic target for cancer. XAV939 is a small-molecule inhibitor of TNKS1. The objective of the present study was to investigate the apoptotic effect of XAV939 on the neuroblastoma (NB) SH-SY5Y cell line, as well as the change in telomere length and telomerase activity and elucidate the mechanism from this perspective. In the present study, we initially treated SH-SY5Y cells with XAV939 and RNA interference (RNAi)-TNKS1, and subsequently chose the optimal sequence for RNAi-TNKS1. We then measured the telomere length using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay, detected the telomerase activity using the ELISA kit, observed apoptotic morphology by transmission electron microscopy, and detected the percentages of apoptotic cells using flow cytometry and Hoechst 33342 staining. We also determined the invasive ability by a cell invasion assay. The results showed that short hairpin RNA-2 (shRNA-2) was the optimal sequence for RNAi-TNKS1. Treatment with both XAV939 and RNAi-TNKS1 shortened the telomere length, promoted apoptosis and reduced the invasive ability of the SH-SY5Y cells, yet had no effect on telomerase activity. XAV939 promoted apoptosis and reduced the invasiveness of SH-SY5Y cells dependent on telomere shortening, and further research should be conducted to clarify the exact mechanisms. This research may contribute to the cure of malignant NB using multi-targeted therapy with small-molecule agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Tian
- Department of Tissue Engineering, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Weijian Hou
- Department of Tissue Engineering, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Shuling Bai
- Department of Tissue Engineering, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Tissue Engineering, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Hao Tong
- Department of Tissue Engineering, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yu Bai
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
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23
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Short telomeres are frequent in hereditary breast tumors and are associated with high tumor grade. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 141:231-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2696-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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24
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Lehtiö L, Chi NW, Krauss S. Tankyrases as drug targets. FEBS J 2013; 280:3576-93. [PMID: 23648170 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tankyrase 1 and tankyrase 2 are poly(ADP-ribosyl)ases that are distinguishable from other members of the enzyme family by the structural features of the catalytic domain, and the presence of a sterile α-motif multimerization domain and an ankyrin repeat protein-interaction domain. Tankyrases are implicated in a multitude of cellular functions, including telomere homeostasis, mitotic spindle formation, vesicle transport linked to glucose metabolism, Wnt-β-catenin signaling, and viral replication. In these processes, tankyrases interact with target proteins, catalyze poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, and regulate protein interactions and stability. The proposed roles of tankyrases in disease-relevant cellular processes have made them attractive drug targets. Recently, several inhibitors have been identified. The selectivity and potency of these small molecules can be rationalized by how they fit within the NAD(+)-binding groove of the catalytic domain. Some molecules bind to the nicotinamide subsite, such as generic diphtheria toxin-like ADP-ribosyltransferase inhibitors, whereas others bind to a distinct adenosine subsite that diverges from other diphtheria toxin-like ADP-ribosyltransferases and confers specificity. A highly potent dual-site inhibitor is also available. Within the last few years, tankyrase inhibitors have proved to be useful chemical probes and potential lead compounds, especially for specific cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lari Lehtiö
- Biocenter Oulu and Department of Biochemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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25
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Butler KS, Hines WC, Heaphy CM, Griffith JK. Coordinate regulation between expression levels of telomere-binding proteins and telomere length in breast carcinomas. Cancer Med 2012; 1:165-75. [PMID: 23342266 PMCID: PMC3544452 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomere dysregulation occurs in both the in situ and invasive stages of many carcinomas, including breast. Knockout experiments have identified several telomere-associated proteins required for proper telomere function and maintenance, including telomere repeat-binding factor 1 and 2 (TRF1 and TRF2), protection of telomeres (POT1), and TRF1-interacting nuclear factor 2 (TIN2). Using telomere content assays and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we examined the relationship between telomere length and the mRNA levels of telomere-associated proteins in breast tumors. The levels of TRF2, TRF1, TIN2, and POT1 mRNA, but not telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) RNA, are inversely correlated with telomere content in breast tumors. Significant associations were identified between the mRNA levels of TRF1, TIN2, and POT1; however, there were no significant associations with the mRNA levels of TRF2 or TERT. These associations suggest that a complex transcriptional program coordinately regulates the expression of these mRNAs. We examined the promoter regions of the telomere-associated proteins to identify transcription factors consistent with the observed patterns of presumed coordinate expression. We demonstrated in human breast cancer cell lines that expressions of TRF1, TIN2, and POT1 are upregulated by dexamethasone, suggesting activation of the glucocorticoid receptor, whereas TERT, TRF2, TRF1, TIN2, and POT1 are upregulated by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), suggesting activation of the nuclear factor kappa B transcription factor. These findings link telomere content in breast tumors to the coordinate expression of several telomere-associated proteins previously shown to be negative regulators of telomere length in cell lines. The results further suggest a possible link between the expressions of the telomere-associated proteins and mediators of stress and inflammation. Telomere content assays and quantitative RT-PCR demonstrate that the levels of TRF2, TRF1, TIN2, and POT1 mRNA, but not telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) RNA, are inversely correlated with telomere content in breast tumors. Within human breast cancer cell lines, expressions of TRF1, TIN2, and POT1 are upregulated by dexamethasone, suggesting activation of the glucocorticoid receptor, whereas TERT, TRF2, TRF1, TIN2, and POT1 are upregulated by TNF-α, suggesting activation of the NFκB transcription factor. These findings link telomere content in breast tumors to the expression of several telomere-associated proteins previously shown to be negative regulators of telomere length in cell lines and suggest a link between the expressions of the telomere-associated proteins and mediators of stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly S Butler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
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26
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Xanthatin induces cell cycle arrest at G2/M checkpoint and apoptosis via disrupting NF-κB pathway in A549 non-small-cell lung cancer cells. Molecules 2012; 17:3736-50. [PMID: 22450683 PMCID: PMC6268665 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17043736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthatin, a natural sesquiterpene lactone, has significant antitumor activity against a variety of cancer cells, yet little is known about its anticancer mechanism. In this study, we demonstrated that xanthatin had obvious dose-/time-dependent cytotoxicity against the human non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line A549. Flow cytometry analysis showed xanthatin induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase. Xanthatin also had pro-apoptotic effects on A549 cells as evidenced by Hoechst 33258 staining and annexin V-FITC staining. Mechanistic data revealed that xanthatin downregulated Chk1, Chk2, and phosphorylation of CDC2, which contributed to the cell cycle arrest. Xathatin also increased total p53 protein levels, decreased Bcl-2/Bax ratio and expression of the downstream factors procaspase-9 and procaspase-3, which triggered the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Furthermore, xanthatin blocked phosphorylation of NF-κB (p65) and IκBα, which might also contribute to its pro-apoptotic effects on A549 cells. Xanthatin also inhibited TNFα induced NF-κB (p65) translocation. We conclude that xanthatin displays significant antitumor effects through cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction in A549 cells. These effects were associated with intrinsic apoptosis pathway and disrupted NF-κB signaling. These results suggested that xanthatin may have therapeutic potential against NSCLC.
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27
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Wiechec E. Implications of genomic instability in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2011; 11:445-53. [PMID: 21545260 DOI: 10.1586/erm.11.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Tumorigenesis is a multistep process resulting from DNA mutations observed at the DNA sequence and chromosome level as well as epigenetic changes, which affect expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Breast cancer is a very heterogeneous disease that manifests in various histological and clinical types. Defects in the biological action of the genome driven by various alterations, such as point mutations and chromosomal rearrangements, lead to the collapse of genome integrity, uncontrolled cell proliferation and failure in apoptotic cell death. Detailed profiling of breast cancer-associated genomic alterations is indispensable for the design of individualized anticancer therapy, by suggesting diagnostic and prognostic criteria as well as the outcome of applied treatment. Among various directions of cancer research, identification of genomic alterations in breast cancer and their translation into clinical applications is at the forefront.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Wiechec
- Otto-von-Guericke University, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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28
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Joshua AM, Shen E, Yoshimoto M, Marrano P, Zielenska M, Evans AJ, Van der Kwast T, Squire JA. Topographical analysis of telomere length and correlation with genomic instability in whole mount prostatectomies. Prostate 2011; 71:778-90. [PMID: 21031437 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many critical events in prostatic carcinogenesis appear to relate to the emergence of genomic instability. Characteristic genomic abnormalities such as 8p loss, 8q gain, trisomy 7, and PTEN microdeletions may provide selective advantages to increase neoplastic transformation. Evidence suggests that telomere dysfunction is a plausible mechanism for some of these abnormalities on the basis of the break-fusion-bridge cycle that can lead to manifestations of genomic instability. METHODS In this study, we correlate telomere length measured by quantitative FISH in various prostatic histologies with markers of genomic instability and immunohistochemical measures of proliferation and oxidative stress. RESULTS We find that telomere shortening is correlated with abnormalities on chromosome 8, but not with trisomy 7 or abnormalities of the PTEN locus. There are associations with C-MYC aberrations in stroma with greater proximity to cancer and a correlation between telomere length in a number of prostatic histologies and the adjacent stroma, suggesting the importance of microenvironmental effects on telomere maintenance in the prostate. This finding was also supported by the finding of the correlation between telomere attrition and the levels of oxidative stress as measured by malondialdehyde staining in HPIN lesions close to cancer. CONCLUSIONS Telomere attrition in the prostate gland is associated with particular genomic aberrations that contribute to the genomic instability characteristic of prostatic carcinogenesis. Correlations between various histologies and adjacent stroma telomere length suggest it is also may reveal microenvironmental effects within the prostate gland. Oxidative stress may contribute to telomere attrition in HPIN close to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Joshua
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Experimental research of tankyrase 1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides on the proliferation of lung cancer cell nodules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11805-010-0515-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Diehl MC, Idowu MO, Kimmelshue KN, York TP, Jackson-Cook CK, Turner KC, Holt SE, Elmore LW. Elevated TRF2 in advanced breast cancers with short telomeres. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 127:623-30. [PMID: 20625812 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-0988-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Telomere repeat binding factor 2 (TRF2) binds directly to telomeres and preserves the structural integrity of chromosome ends. In vitro models suggest that expression of TRF2 protein increases during mammary cancer progression. However, a recent study has reported that TRF2 mRNA levels tend to be lower in clinical specimens of malignant breast tissue. Here, we conduct the first large-scale investigation to assess the levels and cellular localization of the TRF2 protein in normal, pre-malignant and malignant breast tissues. Breast tissue arrays, containing normal, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive carcinoma specimens, were used to assess the expression and localization of TRF2 protein. Telomere lengths were semi-quantitatively measured using a pantelomeric peptide nucleic acid probe. A mixed effects modeling approach was used to assess the relationship between TRF2 expression and telomeric signal scores across disease states or clinical staging. We demonstrate that TRF2 is exclusively nuclear with a trend toward lower expression with increased malignancy. More case-to-case variability of TRF2 immunostaining intensity was noted amongst the invasive carcinomas than the other disease groups. Invasive carcinomas also displayed variable telomere lengths while telomeres in normal mammary epithelium were generally longer. Statistical analyses revealed that increased TRF2 immunostaining intensity in invasive carcinomas is associated with shorter telomeres and shorter telomeres correlate with a higher TNM stage. All immortalized and cancer cell lines within the array displayed strong, nuclear TRF2 expression. Our data indicate that elevated expression of TRF2 is not a frequent occurrence during the transformation of breast cancer cells in vivo, but higher levels of this telomere-binding protein may be important for protecting advanced cancer cells with critically short telomeres. Our findings also reinforce the concept that serially propagated cancer cells, although tumor-derived, may not model all types of authentic tumors especially those demonstrating genetic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malissa C Diehl
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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31
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Fong CY, Subramanian A, Biswas A, Gauthaman K, Srikanth P, Hande MP, Bongso A. Derivation efficiency, cell proliferation, freeze-thaw survival, stem-cell properties and differentiation of human Wharton's jelly stem cells. Reprod Biomed Online 2010; 21:391-401. [PMID: 20638335 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are non-controversial multipotent stem cells. Their presence in umbilical cord blood (UCB) has been debated in some studies and others report low counts per cord blood unit and poor proliferation rates. On the other hand, Wharton's jelly of human umbilical cords appears to be a rich source of human MSC. This study derived 13 human Wharton's jelly stem cell (WJSC) lines from 13 human umbilical cords (100%) and recovered 4.7 +/- 0.2 x 10(6) live WJSC/cm of cord before culture. Complex culture medium produced greater proliferation rates of the WJSC in culture compared with simple medium. The mean population doubling times were 24.47 +/- 0.33 to 26.25 +/- 0.50 h in complex medium. The stem-cell markers of the WJSC were retained for at least 10 passages in both media. After programmed machine freezing, the thaw-survival rates of WJSC were 85-90% and they could be differentiated into neurons. Given the high derivation efficiency, availability of large numbers of fresh live cells, high expansion capabilities, prolonged maintenance of stem-cell properties and differentiation potential, it is proposed that human WJSC may be frozen at the same time as UCB in cord blood banks for regenerative medicine purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chui-Yee Fong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge 119074, Singapore
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Whelan SA, Lu M, He J, Yan W, Saxton RE, Faull KF, Whitelegge JP, Chang HR. Mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) site-mapping of N-glycosylated membrane proteins for breast cancer biomarkers. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:4151-60. [PMID: 19522481 DOI: 10.1021/pr900322g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cell membrane proteins are released into the plasma/serum by exterior protein cleavage, membrane sloughing, cellular secretion or cell lysis, and represent promising candidates for interrogation. Because many known disease biomarkers are both glycoproteins and membrane bound, we chose the hydrazide method to specifically target, enrich, and identify glycosylated proteins from breast cancer cell membrane fractions using the LTQ Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Our initial goal was to select membrane proteins from breast cancer cell lines and then to use the hydrazide method to identify the N-linked proteome as a prelude to evaluation of plasma/serum proteins from cancer patients. A combination of steps facilitated identification of the glycopeptides and also defined the glycosylation sites. In MCF-7, MDA-MB-453 and MDA-MB-468 cell membrane fractions, use of the hydrazide method facilitated an initial enrichment and site mapping of 27 N-linked glycosylation sites in 25 different proteins. However, only three N-linked glycosylated proteins, galectin-3 binding protein, lysosome associated membrane glycoprotein 1, and oxygen regulated protein, were identified in all three breast cancer cell lines. In addition, MCF-7 cells shared an additional 3 proteins with MDA-MB-453. Interestingly, the hydrazide method isolated a number of other N-linked glycoproteins also known to be involved in breast cancer, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), CD44, and the breast cancer 1, and early onset isoform 1 (BRCA1) biomarker. Analyzing the N-glycoproteins from membranes of breast cancer cell lines highlights the usefulness of the procedure for generating a practical set of potential biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Whelan
- Revlon/UCLA Breast Center, Department of Surgery, Neuropsychiatric Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Zhang J, Liu X, Datta A, Govindarajan K, Tam WL, Han J, George J, Wong C, Ramnarayanan K, Phua TY, Leong WY, Chan YS, Palanisamy N, Liu ETB, Karuturi KM, Lim B, Miller LD. RCP is a human breast cancer-promoting gene with Ras-activating function. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:2171-83. [PMID: 19620787 DOI: 10.1172/jci37622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggressive forms of cancer are often defined by recurrent chromosomal alterations, yet in most cases, the causal or contributing genetic components remain poorly understood. Here, we utilized microarray informatics to identify candidate oncogenes potentially contributing to aggressive breast cancer behavior. We identified the Rab-coupling protein RCP (also known as RAB11FIP1), which is located at a chromosomal region frequently amplified in breast cancer (8p11-12) as a potential candidate. Overexpression of RCP in MCF10A normal human mammary epithelial cells resulted in acquisition of tumorigenic properties such as loss of contact inhibition, growth-factor independence, and anchorage-independent growth. Conversely, knockdown of RCP in human breast cancer cell lines inhibited colony formation, invasion, and migration in vitro and markedly reduced tumor formation and metastasis in mouse xenograft models. Overexpression of RCP enhanced ERK phosphorylation and increased Ras activation in vitro. As these results indicate that RCP is a multifunctional gene frequently amplified in breast cancer that encodes a protein with Ras-activating function, we suggest it has potential importance as a therapeutic target. Furthermore, these studies provide new insight into the emerging role of the Rab family of small G proteins and their interacting partners in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiu Zhang
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology Program, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
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Zheng YL, Loffredo CA, Shields PG, Selim SM. Chromosome 9 arm-specific telomere length and breast cancer risk. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:1380-6. [PMID: 19535548 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telomere dysfunction is involved in the development of breast cancer and very short telomeres are frequent genetic alterations in breast tumors. However, the influence of telomere lengths of specific chromosomal arms on the breast cancer risk is unknown. METHODS We conducted a case-control study of breast cancer to examine the associations of the telomere length on chromosome 9 short arms (9p) and long arms (9q) with risk of breast cancer. Chromosome 9 arm-specific telomere lengths were measured by quantitative fluorescent in situ hybridization using cultured blood lymphocytes. RESULTS Telomere length on chromosome 9p was significantly shorter in breast cancer patients than in control subjects (P < 0.001). Using the 50th percentile value in controls as a cut point, women who have short 9p telomeres had an increased risk of breast cancer [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 2.6; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.5-4.3]. When the 9p telomere length was divided into quartiles, a significant inverse dose-response relationship between 9p telomere length and breast cancer risk was observed (P(trend) < 0.001), with a quartile ORs of 3.0 (95% CI = 1.2-7.5), 3.9 (95% CI = 1.6-9.5) and 6.6 (95% CI = 2.8-15.9) for third, second and first quartile, respectively, when compared with women in the fourth quartile. CONCLUSIONS Short telomere length on chromosome 9p is strongly associated with the risk of breast cancer. If confirmed by future studies, chromosome 9p telomere length has the potential to be incorporated into the current prediction models to significantly enhance breast cancer risk prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ling Zheng
- Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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35
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How age affects the biology of breast cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2008; 21:81-5. [PMID: 19071000 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2008.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer incidence increases with age, but there are important age-related differences with respect to the frequency of different tumour subtypes with respect to hormone receptor status and pathological grade. In general, younger patients show a higher frequency of oestrogen receptor-negative, higher-grade tumours, whereas in older patients there is a higher frequency of oestrogen receptor-positive, low-grade tumours. This accounts for the fact that, in general, elderly patients are thought to have a less aggressive form of the disease. However, this does not mean that all elderly patients with breast cancer necessarily have a good prognosis. An increased understanding of the mechanisms of tissue ageing and how these affect the molecular biological phenotype of breast cancers in cohorts of different ages will aid the oncologist's confidence in tailoring treatment more appropriately to the likely prognosis, and the development of novel, hopefully less toxic, treatments for specific subtypes of breast cancer in the elderly population.
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