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Lusci Gemignani A, Papotti R, Bomben R, Gattei V, Pozzi S, Donati V, Bettelli S, Forti E, Mansueto G, Di Napoli A, Cox MC, Flenghi L, Rossi P, Volpe G, Dardanis D, Bono C, Guerrini F, Morganti R, Sacchi S, Galimberti S. A new digital droplet PCR method for looking at epigenetics in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas: The role of BMI1, EZH2, and USP22 genes. Int J Lab Hematol 2024. [PMID: 39255961 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.14363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epigenetics has been shown to be relevant in oncology: BMI1 overexpression has been reported in leukemias, EZH2 mutations have been found in follicular lymphoma, and USP22 seems to stabilize BMI1 protein. In this study, we measured the expression of BMI1, EZH2, and USP22 in lymph nodes from 56 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients. METHODS A new multiplex digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) has been set up to measure the expression of 4 genes (BMI1, EZH2, USP22, and GAPDH) in the same reaction on RNA extracted from paraffin-embedded tissues. RESULTS The specificity of ddPCR was confirmed by a 100% alignment on the BLAST platform and its repeatability demonstrated by duplicates. A strict correlation between expression of BMI1 and EZH2 and BMI1 and USP22 has been found, and high expression of these genes was correlated with extra-nodal lymphomas. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were conditioned by IPI, bone marrow infiltration, and the complete response achievement. High levels of BMI1 and USP22 did not condition the response to therapy, but impaired the PFS, especially for patients defined at "high risk" based on the cell of origin (no germinal center [GCB]), high BCL2 expression, and IPI 3-5. In this subgroup, the probability of relapse/progression was twice higher than that of patients carrying low BMI1 and USP22 levels. CONCLUSION High expression of BMI1 and of USP22 might be a poor prognostic factor in DLBCL, and might represent the target for novel inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robel Papotti
- International PhD School in Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bomben
- Clinical and Experimental Onco-Hematology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Valter Gattei
- Clinical and Experimental Onco-Hematology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Samantha Pozzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche Materno-Infantili e dell'Adulto, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Valentina Donati
- Pathology II, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefania Bettelli
- Patologia Molecolare e Medicina Predittiva, AOU Modena, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche Materno-Infantili e dell'Adulto, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Elisa Forti
- Patologia Molecolare e Medicina Predittiva, AOU Modena, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche Materno-Infantili e dell'Adulto, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanna Mansueto
- IRCCS-CROB, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Arianna Di Napoli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Christina Cox
- Haematology Department, King's College Hospital NHS Trust and UOC Ematologia, AOU Sant'Andrea, Roma, Italy
| | - Leonardo Flenghi
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Azienda Ospedaliera di Perugia, Italy
| | - Pietro Rossi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Guido Volpe
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Dimitri Dardanis
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Clara Bono
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Guerrini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Morganti
- SOD supporto statistico agli studi clinici, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Sacchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche Materno-Infantili e dell'Adulto, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Sara Galimberti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Luo X, Zhang R, Schefczyk S, Liang Y, Lin SS, Liu S, Baba HA, Lange CM, Wedemeyer H, Lu M, Broering R. Nuclear translocation of YAP drives BMI-associated hepatocarcinogenesis in hepatitis B virus infection. Liver Int 2023; 43:2002-2016. [PMID: 37312627 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development and progression. The aim of this study was to mechanistically investigate the involvement of Hippo signalling in HBV surface antigen (HBsAg)-dependent neoplastic transformation. METHODS Liver tissue and hepatocytes from HBsAg-transgenic mice were examined for the Hippo cascade and proliferative events. Functional experiments in mouse hepatoma cells included knockdown, overexpression, luciferase reporter assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation. Results were validated in HBV-related HCC biopsies. RESULTS Hepatic expression signatures in HBsAg-transgenic mice correlated with YAP responses, cell cycle control, DNA damage and spindle events. Polyploidy and aneuploidy occurred in HBsAg-transgenic hepatocytes. Suppression and inactivation of MST1/2 led to the loss of YAP phosphorylation and the induction of BMI1 expression in vivo and in vitro. Increased BMI1 directly mediated cell proliferation associated with decreased level of p16INK4a , p19ARF , p53 and Caspase 3 as well as increased Cyclin D1 and γ-H2AX expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and the analysis of mutated binding sites in dual-luciferase reporter assays confirmed that the YAP/TEAD4 transcription factor complex bound and activated the Bmi1 promoter. In chronic hepatitis B patients, paired liver biopsies of non-tumour and tumour tissue indicated a correlation between YAP expression and the abundance of BMI1. In a proof-of-concept, treatment of HBsAg-transgenic mice with YAP inhibitor verteporfin directly suppressed the BMI1-related cell cycle. CONCLUSION HBV-associated proliferative HCC might be related to the HBsAg-YAP-BMI1 axis and offer a potential target for the development of new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Luo
- Institute for Lymphoma Research, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Transplant Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Stefan Schefczyk
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Transplant Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Yaojie Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Transplant Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Shu S Lin
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hideo A Baba
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christian M Lange
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Transplant Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II, LMU University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Transplant Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ruth Broering
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Transplant Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Parreno V, Martinez AM, Cavalli G. Mechanisms of Polycomb group protein function in cancer. Cell Res 2022; 32:231-253. [PMID: 35046519 PMCID: PMC8888700 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-021-00606-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer arises from a multitude of disorders resulting in loss of differentiation and a stem cell-like phenotype characterized by uncontrolled growth. Polycomb Group (PcG) proteins are members of multiprotein complexes that are highly conserved throughout evolution. Historically, they have been described as essential for maintaining epigenetic cellular memory by locking homeotic genes in a transcriptionally repressed state. What was initially thought to be a function restricted to a few target genes, subsequently turned out to be of much broader relevance, since the main role of PcG complexes is to ensure a dynamically choregraphed spatio-temporal regulation of their numerous target genes during development. Their ability to modify chromatin landscapes and refine the expression of master genes controlling major switches in cellular decisions under physiological conditions is often misregulated in tumors. Surprisingly, their functional implication in the initiation and progression of cancer may be either dependent on Polycomb complexes, or specific for a subunit that acts independently of other PcG members. In this review, we describe how misregulated Polycomb proteins play a pleiotropic role in cancer by altering a broad spectrum of biological processes such as the proliferation-differentiation balance, metabolism and the immune response, all of which are crucial in tumor progression. We also illustrate how interfering with PcG functions can provide a powerful strategy to counter tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Parreno
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR 9002, CNRS-University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne-Marie Martinez
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR 9002, CNRS-University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Giacomo Cavalli
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR 9002, CNRS-University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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Farre L, Sanz G, Ruiz-Xivillé N, Castro de Moura M, Martin-Tejera JF, Gonçalves-Ribeiro S, Martinez-Iniesta M, Calaf M, Luis Mosquera J, Martín-Subero JI, Granada I, Esteller M, Domingo-Domenech E, Climent F, Villanueva A, Sureda A. Extramedullary multiple myeloma patient-derived orthotopic xenograft with a highly altered genome: combined molecular and therapeutic studies. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm048223. [PMID: 33988237 PMCID: PMC8325009 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.048223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Extramedullary multiple myeloma (EMM) has an overall survival of 6 months and occurs in 20% of multiple myeloma (MM) patients. Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms involved in EMM and the therapeutic role of new agents for MM are not well established. Besides, well-characterized preclinical models for EMM are not available. Herein, a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) was generated from a patient with an aggressive EMM to study in-depth genetic and epigenetic events, and drug responses related to extramedullary disease. A fresh punch of an extramedullary cutaneous lesion was orthotopically implanted in NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ(NSG) mouse. The PDOX mimicked histologic and phenotypic features of the tumor of the patient. Cytogenetic studies revealed a hyperploid genome with multiple genetic poor-prognosis alterations. Copy number alterations (CNAs) were detected in all chromosomes. The IGH translocation t(14;16)(q32;q23)IGH/MAF was already observed at the medullary stage and a new one, t(10;14)(p?11-12;q32), was observed only with extramedullary disease and could be eventually related to EMM progression in this case. Exome sequencing showed 24 high impact single nucleotide variants and 180 indels. From the genes involved, only TP53 was previously described as a driver in MM. A rather balanced proportion of hyper/hypomethylated sites different to previously reported widespread hypomethylation in MM was also observed. Treatment with lenalidomide, dexamethasone and carfilzomib showed a tumor weight reduction of 90% versus non-treated tumors, whereas treatment with the anti-CD38 antibody daratumumab showed a reduction of 46%. The generation of PDOX from a small EMM biopsy allowed us to investigate in depth the molecular events associated with extramedullary disease in combination with drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Farre
- Group of Chemoresistance and Predictive Factors, Subprogram Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabriela Sanz
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, 08908 L'Hospitalet del Llobregat Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Ruiz-Xivillé
- Hematological Laboratory, Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, Catalan Institute of Oncology, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Cancer and Leukemia Epigenetics and Biology and Experimental and Clinical Hematology Programs, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Castro de Moura
- Cancer and Leukemia Epigenetics and Biology and Experimental and Clinical Hematology Programs, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco Martin-Tejera
- Group of Chemoresistance and Predictive Factors, Subprogram Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Samuel Gonçalves-Ribeiro
- Group of Chemoresistance and Predictive Factors, Subprogram Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Martinez-Iniesta
- Group of Chemoresistance and Predictive Factors, Subprogram Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica Calaf
- Group of Chemoresistance and Predictive Factors, Subprogram Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Mosquera
- IDIBELL Bioinformatic Unit – Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Martín-Subero
- Biomedical Epigenomics Group, Institut d'investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Granada
- Hematological Laboratory, Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, Catalan Institute of Oncology, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Cancer and Leukemia Epigenetics and Biology and Experimental and Clinical Hematology Programs, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Esteller
- Cancer and Leukemia Epigenetics and Biology and Experimental and Clinical Hematology Programs, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cancer, Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Physiological Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Domingo-Domenech
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, 08908 L'Hospitalet del Llobregat Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fina Climent
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cancer, Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge – Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Villanueva
- Group of Chemoresistance and Predictive Factors, Subprogram Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Xenopat S.L., Business Bioincubator, Bellvitge Health Science Campus, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Sureda
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, 08908 L'Hospitalet del Llobregat Barcelona, Spain
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Drug Resistance in Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062081. [PMID: 32197371 PMCID: PMC7139754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) are lymphoid tumors that arise by a complex process of malignant transformation of mature lymphocytes during various stages of differentiation. The WHO classification of NHL recognizes more than 90 nosological units with peculiar pathophysiology and prognosis. Since the end of the 20th century, our increasing knowledge of the molecular biology of lymphoma subtypes led to the identification of novel druggable targets and subsequent testing and clinical approval of novel anti-lymphoma agents, which translated into significant improvement of patients’ outcome. Despite immense progress, our effort to control or even eradicate malignant lymphoma clones has been frequently hampered by the development of drug resistance with ensuing unmet medical need to cope with relapsed or treatment-refractory disease. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie inherent or acquired drug resistance might lead to the design of more effective front-line treatment algorithms based on reliable predictive markers or personalized salvage therapy, tailored to overcome resistant clones, by targeting weak spots of lymphoma cells resistant to previous line(s) of therapy. This review focuses on the history and recent advances in our understanding of molecular mechanisms of resistance to genotoxic and targeted agents used in clinical practice for the therapy of NHL.
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Wang W, Ma J, Lu J, Fang D, Xiong X, Yang X, Xie T. Circ0043898 acts as a tumor inhibitor and performs regulatory effect on the inhibition of esophageal carcinoma. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 19:1117-1127. [PMID: 30252576 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1480889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The study aimed to investigate candidate circular RNAs (circRNAs) in regulating the pathogenic process of esophageal carcinoma. Methods: Specimens were collected from the patients with esophageal carcinoma. Total RNA was purified and treated with RNase R followed by RNA-seq in the purpose of screening the circRNAs in significant differentially expression. The expression level of the screened circRNAs were further validated using RT-PCR. The circular structure of the circRNA was validated with divergent and convergent primers. Overexpression vector was prepared in the purpose of raising the expression level of circ0043898 in the ECA-109 and Kyse-520 cells. The cell colony assay and MTS assay were conducted to determine the capacity of cell proliferation. Chamber assays were applied to determine the capacity of cell migration and invasion while flowcytometry was applied to determine the cell cycle and cell apoptosis. In vivo animal assay was conducted by injecting the cells to the chest of the mice. RNA-seq was performed followed by GO and KEGG study to further verify the regulation mechanism of circ0043898. Results: circ0043898 was validated that down-regulated expressed in the specimens from the patients with esophageal carcinoma. The cell assays proved that overexpression of circ0043898 can obviously inhibit the cell proliferation, cell migration and invasion and induce cell apoptosis and death in the cancerous cells. The in vivo animal study also suggested that the circ0043898 performed inhibitory functions on oncogenesis. The RNA-seq presented the potential regulation mechanism of circ0043898. Histone H3 and BMI1 were presented significantly differential expression in both ECA-109 and Kyse-520 cells, indicating they might be the targets of circ0043898. Conclusion: circ0043898 is presented as tumor inhibitor and could be a candidate biomarker in the therapeutic target and diagnosis of esophageal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- a Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guang Zhou , China
| | - Jun Ma
- b Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jianjun Lu
- b Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Danqing Fang
- a Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guang Zhou , China
| | - Xinming Xiong
- a Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guang Zhou , China
| | - Xin Yang
- a Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guang Zhou , China
| | - Tingting Xie
- c Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guang Zhou , China
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Maeda A, Nishida Y, Weetall M, Cao L, Branstrom A, Ishizawa J, Nii T, Schober WD, Abe Y, Matsue K, Yoshimura M, Kimura S, Kojima K. Targeting of BMI-1 expression by the novel small molecule PTC596 in mantle cell lymphoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:28547-28560. [PMID: 29983879 PMCID: PMC6033370 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the development of the novel Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib, mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) remains an incurable B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. BMI-1 is required for the self-renewal and maintenance of MCL-initiating stem cells. Upregulation of BMI-1 has been reported in MCL patients, especially in those with refractory/relapsed disease. We studied the effects of a novel small-molecule selective inhibitor of BMI1 expression, PTC596, in MCL cells. Eight MCL cell lines and patient-derived samples were exposed to PTC596. PTC596 induced mitochondrial apoptosis, as evidenced by loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, caspase-3 cleavage, BAX activation, and phosphatidylserine externalization. There was a positive correlation between baseline BMI-1 protein levels and PTC596-induced apoptosis. p53 status did not affect sensitivity to PTC596. PTC596 effectively decreased BMI-1-expressing and tumor-initiating side population MCL cells (IC50: 138 nM) compared with ibrutinib, which modestly decreased side population cells. Interestingly, PTC596, reported to target cancer stem cells, decreased MCL-1 expression levels and antagonized ibrutinib-induced increase in MCL-1 expression, leading to synergistic apoptosis induction in MCL cells. There are currently no drugs that specifically target cancer stem cell fractions, and a reduction in BMI-1 protein by PTC596 may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Maeda
- Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Yuki Nishida
- Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Jo Ishizawa
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Takenobu Nii
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wendy D Schober
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yoshiaki Abe
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan
| | - Kosei Matsue
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan
| | - Mariko Yoshimura
- Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Shinya Kimura
- Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kojima
- Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
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Wang H, Guo Q, Zhu G, Zhu S, Yang P, Zhang M. microRNA-452 exerts growth-suppressive activity against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Investig Med 2018; 66:773-779. [DOI: 10.1136/jim-2017-000591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive hematological cancer. Although microRNA (miR)-452 serves as a tumor suppressor in multiple solid tumors, its expression and function in hematological cancers including T-ALL is largely unknown. We measured the expression of miR-452 in 38 T-ALL and 22 normal lymph node samples by real-time PCR analysis. The methylation levels in the promoter of miR-452 were determined using MethyLight assay. The effects of miR-452 overexpression on proliferation, cell cycle distribution, and tumorigenesis were explored. It was found that miR-452 expression levels were significantly lower in T-ALL specimens than in normal lymph node biopsies (P=0.0079). T-ALL specimens had a significantly higher methylation level in the promoter of miR-452 than normal lymph node tissues (P=0.0014). Consistently, miR-452 was downregulated in Jurkat and Molt-4 T-ALL cells, whose expression was restored after treatment with a demethylation agent 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine. Ectopic expression of miR-452 inhibited the proliferation of Jurkat and Molt-4 cells and induced a G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Overexpression of miR-452 suppressed the protein expression of BMI1 in T-ALL cells. Rescue experiments revealed that overexpression of BMI1 partially reversed the growth-suppressive effect of miR-452 on T-ALL cells. Xenograft tumor studies confirmed that overexpression of miR-452 suppressed tumor growth in nude mice and reduced the expression of BMI1. Collectively, miR-452 is epigenetically silenced and targets BMI1 to exert a growth suppressive activity in T-ALL. Restoration of miR-452 expression may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for this malignancy.
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Sahasrabuddhe AA. BMI1: A Biomarker of Hematologic Malignancies. BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2016; 8:65-75. [PMID: 27168727 PMCID: PMC4859448 DOI: 10.4137/bic.s33376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BMI1 oncogene is a catalytic member of epigenetic repressor polycomb group proteins. It plays a critical role in the regulation of gene expression pattern and consequently several cellular processes during development, including cell cycle progression, senescence, aging, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and importantly self-renewal of adult stem cells of several lineages. Preponderance of evidences indicates that deregulated expression of PcG protein BMI1 is associated with several human malignancies, cancer stem cell maintenance, and propagation. Importantly, overexpression of BMI1 correlates with therapy failure in cancer patients and tumor relapse. This review discusses the diverse mode of BMI1 regulation at transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational levels as well as at various critical signaling pathways regulated by BMI1 activity. Furthermore, this review highlights the role of BMI1 as a biomarker and therapeutic target for several subtypes of hematologic malignancies and the importance to target this biomarker for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anagh A Sahasrabuddhe
- Department of Biotechnology, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Chhattisgarh, India
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DE BRAEKELEER MARC, TOUS CORINE, GUÉGANIC NADIA, LE BRIS MARIEJOSÉE, BASINKO AUDREY, MOREL FRÉDÉRIC, DOUET-GUILBERT NATHALIE. Immunoglobulin gene translocations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A report of 35 patients and review of the literature. Mol Clin Oncol 2016; 4:682-694. [PMID: 27123263 PMCID: PMC4840758 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2016.793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) represents the most common hematological malignancy in Western countries, with a highly heterogeneous clinical course and prognosis. Translocations involving the immunoglobulin (IG) genes are regularly identified. From 2000 to 2014, we identified an IG gene translocation in 18 of the 396 patients investigated at diagnosis (4.6%) and in 17 of the 275 analyzed during follow-up (6.2%). A total of 4 patients in whom the IG translocation was identified at follow-up did not carry the translocation at diagnosis. The IG heavy locus (IGH) was involved in 27 translocations (77.1%), the IG κ locus (IGK) in 1 (2.9%) and the IG λ locus (IGL) in 7 (20.0%). The chromosome band partners of the IG translocations were 18q21 in 16 cases (45.7%), 11q13 and 19q13 in 4 cases each (11.4% each), 8q24 in 3 cases (8.6%), 7q21 in 2 cases (5.7%), whereas 6 other bands were involved once (2.9% each). At present, 35 partner chromosomal bands have been described, but the partner gene has solely been identified in 10 translocations. CLL associated with IG gene translocations is characterized by atypical cell morphology, including plasmacytoid characteristics, and the propensity of being enriched in prolymphocytes. The IG heavy chain variable region (IGHV) mutational status varies between translocations, those with unmutated IGHV presumably involving cells at an earlier stage of B-cell lineage. All the partner genes thus far identified are involved in the control of cell proliferation and/or apoptosis. The translocated partner gene becomes transcriptionally deregulated as a consequence of its transposition into the IG locus. With the exception of t(14;18)(q32;q21) and its variants, prognosis appears to be poor for the other translocations. Therefore, searching for translocations involving not only IGH, but also IGL and IGK, by banding and molecular cytogenetics is required. Furthermore, it is important to identify the partner gene to ensure the patients receive the optimal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- MARC DE BRAEKELEER
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Brest, Brest, France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM U1078), Brest, France
- Department of Cytogenetics and Reproductive Biology, Morvan Hospital, Regional University Hospital Center of Brest (CHRU), Brest, France
| | - CORINE TOUS
- Department of Cytogenetics and Reproductive Biology, Morvan Hospital, Regional University Hospital Center of Brest (CHRU), Brest, France
| | - NADIA GUÉGANIC
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Brest, Brest, France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM U1078), Brest, France
| | - MARIE-JOSÉE LE BRIS
- Department of Cytogenetics and Reproductive Biology, Morvan Hospital, Regional University Hospital Center of Brest (CHRU), Brest, France
| | - AUDREY BASINKO
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM U1078), Brest, France
- Department of Cytogenetics and Reproductive Biology, Morvan Hospital, Regional University Hospital Center of Brest (CHRU), Brest, France
| | - FRÉDÉRIC MOREL
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Brest, Brest, France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM U1078), Brest, France
- Department of Cytogenetics and Reproductive Biology, Morvan Hospital, Regional University Hospital Center of Brest (CHRU), Brest, France
| | - NATHALIE DOUET-GUILBERT
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Brest, Brest, France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM U1078), Brest, France
- Department of Cytogenetics and Reproductive Biology, Morvan Hospital, Regional University Hospital Center of Brest (CHRU), Brest, France
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The roles of Polycomb group proteins in hematopoietic stem cells and hematological malignancies. Int J Hematol 2016; 103:634-42. [PMID: 27086351 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-016-2011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are epigenetic regulatory factors that maintain the repression of target gene expression through histone modification. PcG proteins control the repression of genes that regulate differentiation and the cell cycle in the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Moreover, abnormalities in expression level and mutations in PcG genes have been reported in various types of cancer, including hematological malignancies. In this review, we present an overview of the roles of PcG proteins in HSC and various types of hematological malignancies.
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Yang XX, Sang MX, Zhu SC, Liu ZK, Ma M. Radiosensitization of esophageal carcinoma cells by the silencing of BMI-1. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:3669-78. [PMID: 27108688 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) has been widely used to treat cancer patients, particularly esophageal cancer patients. B-cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site-1 (BMI-1) plays an important role in promoting the growth of cancer cells after exposure to irradiation. The present study aimed to characterize the effects of BMI-1 on the proliferation and invasion of cancer cells, as well as the mechanism involved in the regulation of the growth of esophageal cancer ECA109 and TE13 cells. The expression levels of the BMI-1 gene and protein in esophageal cancer ECA109 and TE13 cells were determined by quantitative PCR and western blotting after transfection. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay was employed to detect the interaction of BMI-1 with r-H2AX and H2AK119ub. We used flow cytometry to analyze the cell cycle distribution and apoptosis of transfected cells after irradiation or not, and examined cellular growth and invasion in vitro by MTS and Transwell assays. The results revealed that shRNA targeting the BMI-1 gene and protein downregulated BMI-1 expression after transfection for 24 h. The proliferation and invasion of tumor cells in the BMI-1‑shRNA group were suppressed after RT. In addition, the interaction of BMI-1, H2AK119ub and r-H2AX was increased after exposure to IR, followed by an increased apoptosis rate and decreased percentage of cells arrested at the G2/M phase after irradiation and silencing of BMI-1 by shRNA. Knockdown of BMI-1 expression decreased the phosphorylation of H2AX, upregulated p16, and induced the radiosensitivity of esophageal cancer ECA109 and TE13 cells in vitro and significantly inhibited the growth and invasion of tumor cells. The mechanisms were found to be abrogation of cell cycle arrest at the G2/M stage and promotion of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Xiao Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Xiang Sang
- Research Centre, Department of Biotherapy, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Chai Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Kun Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Ming Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
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Van Roosbroeck K, Ferreiro JF, Tousseyn T, van der Krogt JA, Michaux L, Pienkowska-Grela B, Theate I, De Paepe P, Dierickx D, Doyen C, Put N, Cools J, Vandenberghe P, Wlodarska I. Genomic alterations of the JAK2 and PDL loci occur in a broad spectrum of lymphoid malignancies. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2016; 55:428-41. [PMID: 26850007 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The recurrent 9p24.1 aberrations in lymphoid malignancies potentially involving four cancer-related and druggable genes (JAK2, CD274/PDL1, PDCD1LG2/PDL2, and KDM4C/JMJD2Cl) are incompletely characterized. To gain more insight into the anatomy of these abnormalities, at first we studied 9p24.1 alterations in 18 leukemia/lymphoma cases using cytogenetic and molecular techniques. The aberrations comprised structural (nine cases) and numerical (nine cases) alterations. The former lesions were heterogeneous but shared a common breakpoint region of 200 kb downstream of JAK2. The rearrangements predominantly targeted the PDL locus. We have identified five potential partner genes of PDL1/2: PHACTR4 (1p34), N4BP2 (4p14), EEF1A1 (6q13), JAK2 (9p24.1), and IGL (22q11). Interestingly, the cryptic JAK2-PDL1 rearrangement was generated by a microdeletion spanning the 3'JAK2-5'PDL1 region. JAK2 was additionally involved in a cytogenetically cryptic IGH-mediated t(9;14)(p24.1;q32) found in two patients. This rare but likely underestimated rearrangement highlights the essential role of JAK2 in B-cell neoplasms. Cases with amplification of 9p24.1 were diagnosed as primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (five cases) and T-cell lymphoma (four cases). The smallest amplified 9p24.1 region was restricted to the JAK2-PDL1/2-RANBP6 interval. In the next step, we screened 200 cases of classical Hodgkin lymphoma by interphase FISH and identified PDL1/2 rearrangement (CIITA- and IGH-negative) in four cases (2%), what is a novel finding. Forty (25%) cases revealed high level amplification of 9p24.1, including four cases with a selective amplification of PDL1/2. Altogether, the majority of 9p24.1 rearrangements occurring in lymphoid malignancies seem to target the programmed death-1 ligands, what potentiates the therapeutic activity of PD-1 blockade in these tumors. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Van Roosbroeck
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Thomas Tousseyn
- Department of Pathology UZ Leuven, Translational Cell and Tissue Research, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Barbara Pienkowska-Grela
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostic, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ivan Theate
- Department of Pathology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique De Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Daan Dierickx
- Department of Hematology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chantal Doyen
- Department of Hematology, Mont-Godinne University Hospital, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Natalie Put
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Cools
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
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De Faveri LE, Hurst CD, Roulson JA, Wood H, Sanchez-Carbayo M, Knowles MA, Chapman EJ. Polycomb Repressor Complex 1 Member, BMI1 Contributes to Urothelial Tumorigenesis through p16-Independent Mechanisms. Transl Oncol 2015; 8:387-399. [PMID: 26500029 PMCID: PMC4631094 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma (UC) causes significant morbidity and remains the most expensive cancer to treat because of the need for repeated resections and lifelong monitoring for patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Novel therapeutics and stratification approaches are needed to improve the outlook for both NMIBC and muscle-invasive bladder cancer. We investigated the expression and effects of B Lymphoma Mo-MLV Insertion Region 1 (BMI1) in UC. BMI1 was found to be overexpressed in most UC cell lines and primary tumors by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. In contrast to some previous reports, no association with tumor stage or grade was observed in two independent tumor panels. Furthermore, upregulation of BMI1 was detected in premalignant bladder lesions, suggesting a role early in tumorigenesis. BMI1 is not located within a common region of genomic amplification in UC. The CDKN2A locus (which encodes the p16 tumor suppressor gene) is a transcriptional target of BMI1 in some cellular contexts. In UC cell lines and primary tissues, no correlation between BMI1 and p16 expression was observed. Retroviral-mediated overexpression of BMI1 immortalized normal human urothelial cells (NHUC) in vitro and was associated with induction of telomerase activity, bypass of senescence, and repression of differentiation. The effects of BMI1 on gene expression were identified by expression microarray analysis of NHUC-BMI1. Metacore analysis of the gene expression profile implicated downstream effects of BMI1 on α4/β1 integrin-mediated adhesion, cytoskeleton remodeling, and CREB1-mediated transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia E De Faveri
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS97TF, UK
| | - Carolyn D Hurst
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS97TF, UK
| | - Jo-An Roulson
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS97TF, UK
| | - Henry Wood
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS97TF, UK
| | - Marta Sanchez-Carbayo
- Bladder Cancer Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Margaret A Knowles
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS97TF, UK
| | - Emma J Chapman
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS97TF, UK.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Deregulated proteolysis is increasingly being implicated in pathogenesis of lymphoma. In this review, we highlight the major cellular processes that are affected by deregulated proteolysis of critical substrates that promote lymphoproliferative disorders. RECENT FINDINGS Emerging evidence supports the role of aberrant proteolysis by the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) in lymphoproliferative disorders. Several UPS mediators are identified to be altered in lymphomagenesis. However, the precise role of their alteration and comprehensive knowledge of their target substrate critical for lymphomagenesis is far from complete. SUMMARY Many E3 ligase and deubiquitinases that contribute to regulated proteolysis of substrates critical for major cellular processes are altered in various lineages of lymphoma. Understanding of the proteolytic regulatory mechanisms of these major cellular pathways may offer novel biomarkers and targets for lymphoma therapy.
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Huang JM, Hornyak TJ. Polycomb group proteins--epigenetic repressors with emerging roles in melanocytes and melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:330-9. [PMID: 25475071 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Melanocytes undergo rapid and significant changes in their gene expression programs at regular intervals during development and the hair follicle cycle. In melanoma, the gene expression pattern found in normal melanocytes is disrupted. These gene expression patterns are regulated in part by post-translational histone modifications catalyzed by Polycomb group (PcG) proteins, which play a major role in many developmental processes and are often altered in cancer. In this review, we discuss the role of the PcG proteins in stem cell and cancer biology, in general, as well as in melanocyte development and melanomagenesis. Highlights include the discussion of newly identified treatments that target the activity of PcG proteins as well as new developments in the understanding of the role that these proteins play in melanocyte biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Abstract
Posttranslational modifications of histone proteins represent a fundamental means to define distinctive epigenetic states and regulate gene expression during development and differentiation. Aberrations in various chromatin-modulation pathways are commonly used by tumors to initiate and maintain oncogenesis, including lymphomagenesis. Recently, increasing evidence has demonstrated that polycomb group (PcG) proteins, a subset of histone-modifying enzymes known to be crucial for B-cell maturation and differentiation, play a central role in malignant transformation of B cells. PcG hyperactivity in B-cell lymphomas is caused by overexpression or recurrent mutations of PcG genes and deregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) or transcription factors such as c-MYC, which regulate PcG expression. Interplays of PcG and miRNA deregulations often establish a vicious signal-amplification loop in lymphoma associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Importantly, aberrant enzymatic activities associated with polycomb deregulation, notably those caused by EZH2 gain-of-function mutations, have provided a rationale for developing small-molecule inhibitors as novel therapies. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of PcG-mediated gene silencing, interplays of PcG with other epigenetic regulators such as miRNAs during B-cell differentiation and lymphomagenesis, and recent advancements in targeted strategies against PcG as promising therapeutics for B-cell malignancies.
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Woroniecka R, Rymkiewicz G, Grygalewicz B, Błachnio K, Rygier J, Jarmuż-Szymczak M, Ratajczak B, Pieńkowska-Grela B. Cytogenetic and flow cytometry evaluation of Richter syndrome reveals MYC, CDKN2A, IGH alterations with loss of CD52, CD62L and increase of CD71 antigen expression as the most frequent recurrent abnormalities. Am J Clin Pathol 2015; 143:25-35. [PMID: 25511139 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpatrqwanw2o3n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Richter syndrome (RS) is a transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) into high-grade lymphoma. There are only limited data on flow cytometry (FCM) and cytogenetics in RS. METHODS In this study, FCM, classic cytogenetics (CC), and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were performed in eight RS cases. RESULTS Most cases of RS were characterized by a loss/decrease of CD52 and CD62L and increased CD71 expression. CC identified complex karyotypes, with losses of 9/9p and 17/17p as the most frequent in four of seven cases. Seven RS cases demonstrated MYC abnormalities. Disruptions of CDKN2A and IGH were identified in five of seven and four of seven RS cases, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Newly diagnosed RS is an oncologic emergency, and a quick diagnostic decision is crucial in clinical practice. Therefore, in patients with CLL/SLL and rapidly enlarging asymmetric lymphadenopathy and/or extranodal tumors, we strongly advise FCM of fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) material, including CD62L, CD52, and CD71 analysis as well as assessment of karyotype and at least MYC abnormalities by FISH of the same FNAB material. Loss of CD52 expression in RS most likely predicts resistance to alemtuzumab therapy, which is frequently used in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Woroniecka
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory of the Pathology Department and Laboratory Diagnostics, the Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Institute and Cancer Centre, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Rymkiewicz
- Flow Cytometry Laboratory of the Pathology Department and Laboratory Diagnostics, the Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Institute and Cancer Centre, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Beata Grygalewicz
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory of the Pathology Department and Laboratory Diagnostics, the Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Institute and Cancer Centre, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Błachnio
- Flow Cytometry Laboratory of the Pathology Department and Laboratory Diagnostics, the Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Institute and Cancer Centre, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Jolanta Rygier
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory of the Pathology Department and Laboratory Diagnostics, the Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Institute and Cancer Centre, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Jarmuż-Szymczak
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Błażej Ratajczak
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Barbara Pieńkowska-Grela
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory of the Pathology Department and Laboratory Diagnostics, the Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Institute and Cancer Centre, Warszawa, Poland
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