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Wang Y, Wen X, Shen XM, Di L, Sun Y, Li Y, Zhang S, Wen Q, Wang J, Duo J, Huang Y, Lu Y, Xu M, Wang M, Chen H, Zhu W, Da Y. A rare complex structural variant of novel intragenic inversion combined with reciprocal translocation t(X;1)(p21.2;p13.3) in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscul Disord 2024; 39:24-29. [PMID: 38714145 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Structural variants (SVs) are infrequently observed in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a condition mainly marked by deletions and point mutations in the DMD gene. SVs in DMD remain difficult to reliably detect due to the limited SV-detection capacity of conventionally used short-read sequencing technology. Herein, we present a family, a boy and his mother, with clinical signs of muscular dystrophy, elevated creatinine kinase levels, and intellectual disability. A muscle biopsy from the boy showed dystrophin deficiency. Routine molecular techniques failed to detect abnormalities in the DMD gene, however, dystrophin mRNA transcripts analysis revealed an absence of exons 59 to 79. Subsequent long-read whole-genome sequencing identified a rare complex structural variant, a 77 kb novel intragenic inversion, and a balanced translocation t(X;1)(p21.2;p13.3) rearrangement within the DMD gene, expanding the genetic spectrum of dystrophinopathy. Our findings suggested that SVs should be considered in cases where conventional molecular techniques fail to identify pathogenic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaye Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xinmei Wen
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xin-Ming Shen
- Department of Neurology and Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Li Di
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yanan Sun
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Qi Wen
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Jingsi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Jianying Duo
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Hai Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Wenjia Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yuwei Da
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45 Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China.
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Șoldănescu I, Lobiuc A, Covașă M, Dimian M. Detection of Biological Molecules Using Nanopore Sensing Techniques. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1625. [PMID: 37371721 PMCID: PMC10295350 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern biomedical sensing techniques have significantly increased in precision and accuracy due to new technologies that enable speed and that can be tailored to be highly specific for markers of a particular disease. Diagnosing early-stage conditions is paramount to treating serious diseases. Usually, in the early stages of the disease, the number of specific biomarkers is very low and sometimes difficult to detect using classical diagnostic methods. Among detection methods, biosensors are currently attracting significant interest in medicine, for advantages such as easy operation, speed, and portability, with additional benefits of low costs and repeated reliable results. Single-molecule sensors such as nanopores that can detect biomolecules at low concentrations have the potential to become clinically relevant. As such, several applications have been introduced in this field for the detection of blood markers, nucleic acids, or proteins. The use of nanopores has yet to reach maturity for standardization as diagnostic techniques, however, they promise enormous potential, as progress is made into stabilizing nanopore structures, enhancing chemistries, and improving data collection and bioinformatic analysis. This review offers a new perspective on current biomolecule sensing techniques, based on various types of nanopores, challenges, and approaches toward implementation in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliana Șoldănescu
- Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies, Manufacturing and Control Distributed Systems (MANSiD), Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania; (I.Ș.); (M.D.)
| | - Andrei Lobiuc
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania
| | - Mihai Covașă
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania
| | - Mihai Dimian
- Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies, Manufacturing and Control Distributed Systems (MANSiD), Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania; (I.Ș.); (M.D.)
- Department of Computer, Electronics and Automation, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania
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Gilpatrick T, Wang JZ, Weiss D, Norris AL, Eshleman J, Timp W. IVT generation of guideRNAs for Cas9-enrichment Nanopore Sequencing. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.07.527484. [PMID: 36798399 PMCID: PMC9934585 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.07.527484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Generating high-coverage sequencing coverage at select genomic loci has extensive applications in both research science and genetic medicine. Long-read sequencing technologies (e.g. nanopore sequencing) have expanded our ability to generate sequencing data in regions (e.g. repetitive elements) that are difficult to interrogate with short-read sequencing methods. In work presented here, we expand on our previous work using CRISPR/Cas9 for targeted nanopore sequencing by using in vitro transcribed guideRNAs, with 1100 guideRNAs in a single experiment. This approach decreases the cost per guideRNA, increases the number of guideRNAs that can be multiplexed in a single experiment, and provides a way to rapidly screen numerous guideRNAs for cutting efficiency. We apply this strategy in multiple patient-derived pancreatic cancer cell lines, demonstrating its ability to unveil structural variation in "deletion hotspots" around the tumor suppressor genes p16 (CDKN2A), and SMAD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Gilpatrick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - David Weiss
- Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, California, USA
| | - Alexis L Norris
- Departments of Pathology and Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James Eshleman
- Departments of Pathology and Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Winston Timp
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Gilpatrick T, Wang JZ, Weiss D, Norris AL, Eshleman J, Timp W. IVT generation of guideRNAs for Cas9-enrichment Nanopore Sequencing. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.07.527484. [PMID: 36798399 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.07.527484v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Generating high-coverage sequencing coverage at select genomic loci has extensive applications in both research science and genetic medicine. Long-read sequencing technologies (e.g. nanopore sequencing) have expanded our ability to generate sequencing data in regions (e.g. repetitive elements) that are difficult to interrogate with short-read sequencing methods. In work presented here, we expand on our previous work using CRISPR/Cas9 for targeted nanopore sequencing by using in vitro transcribed guideRNAs, with 1100 guideRNAs in a single experiment. This approach decreases the cost per guideRNA, increases the number of guideRNAs that can be multiplexed in a single experiment, and provides a way to rapidly screen numerous guideRNAs for cutting efficiency. We apply this strategy in multiple patient-derived pancreatic cancer cell lines, demonstrating its ability to unveil structural variation in "deletion hotspots" around the tumor suppressor genes p16 ( CDKN2A ), and SMAD4 .
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Tian Y, Zhou J, Qiao J, Liu Z, Gu L, Zhang B, Lu Y, Xing R, Deng D. Detection of somatic copy number deletion of the CDKN2A gene by quantitative multiplex PCR for clinical practice. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1038380. [DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1038380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundA feasible method to detect somatic copy number deletion (SCND) of genes is still absent to date.MethodsInterstitial base-resolution deletion/fusion coordinates for CDKN2A were extracted from published articles and our whole genome sequencing (WGS) datasets. The copy number of the CDKN2A gene was measured with a quantitative multiplex PCR assay P16-Light and confirmed with whole genome sequencing (WGS).ResultsEstimated common deletion regions (CDRs) were observed in many tumor suppressor genes, such as ATM, CDKN2A, FAT1, miR31HG, PTEN, and RB1, in the SNP array-based COSMIC datasets. A 5.1 kb base-resolution CDR could be identified in >90% of cancer samples with CDKN2A deletion by sequencing. The CDKN2A CDR covers exon-2, which is essential for P16INK4A and P14ARF synthesis. Using the true CDKN2A CDR as a PCR target, a quantitative multiplex PCR assay P16-Light was programmed to detect CDKN2A gene copy number. P16-Light was further confirmed with WGS as the gold standard among cancer tissue samples from 139 patients.ConclusionThe 5.1 kb CDKN2A CDR was found in >90% of cancers containing CDKN2A deletion. The CDKN2A CDR was used as a potential target for developing the P16-Light assay to detect CDKN2A SCND and amplification for routine clinical practices.
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Hamid A, Petreaca B, Petreaca R. Frequent homozygous deletions of the CDKN2A locus in somatic cancer tissues. Mutat Res 2019; 815:30-40. [PMID: 31096160 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Here we present and describe data on homozygous deletions (HD) of human CDKN2 A and neighboring regions on the p arm of Chromosome 9 from cancer genome sequences deposited on the online Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) database. Although CDKN2 A HDs have been previously described in many cancers, this is a pan-cancer report of these aberrations with the aim to map the distribution of the breakpoints. We find that HDs of this locus have a median range of 1,255,650bps. When the deletion breakpoints were mapped on both the telomere and centromere proximal sides of CDKN2A, most of the telomere proximal breakpoints concentrate to a narrow region of the chromosome which includes the gene MTAP.. The centromere proximal breakpoints of the deletions are distributed over a wider chromosomal region. Furthermore, gene expression analysis shows that the deletions that include the CDKN2A region also include the MTAP region and this observation is tissue independent. We propose a model that may explain the origin of the telomere proximal CDKN2A breakpoints Finally, we find that HD distributions for at least three other loci, RB1, SMAD4 and PTEN are also not random.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Hamid
- The Ohio State University, MSE110A, 1464 Mount Vernon Ave, Marion, OH 43302, United States
| | - Beniamin Petreaca
- The Ohio State University, MSE110A, 1464 Mount Vernon Ave, Marion, OH 43302, United States
| | - Ruben Petreaca
- The Ohio State University, MSE110A, 1464 Mount Vernon Ave, Marion, OH 43302, United States.
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Debeljak M, Mocci E, Morrison MC, Pallavajjalla A, Beierl K, Amiel M, Noë M, Wood LD, Lin MT, Gocke CD, Klein AP, Fuchs EJ, Jones RJ, Eshleman JR. Haplotype Counting for Sensitive Chimerism Testing: Potential for Early Leukemia Relapse Detection. J Mol Diagn 2018; 19:427-436. [PMID: 28433078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fields of forensics, transplantation, and paternity rely on human identity testing. Currently, this is accomplished through amplification of microsatellites followed by capillary electrophoresis. An alternative and theoretically better approach uses multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms located within a small region of DNA, a method we initially developed using HLA-A and called haplotype counting. Herein, we validated seven additional polymorphic loci, sequenced a total of 45 individuals from three of the 1000 Genomes populations (15 from each), and determined the number of haplotypes, heterozygosity, and polymorphic information content for each locus. In addition, we developed a multiplex PCR that amplifies five of these loci simultaneously. Using this strategy with a small cohort of leukemic patients who underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, we first attempted to define a threshold (0.26% recipient) by examining seven patients who tested all donor and did not relapse. Although this initial threshold will need to be confirmed in a larger cohort, we detected increased recipient DNA above this threshold 90 to 145 days earlier than microsatellite positivity, and 127 to 142 days before clinical relapse in four of eight patients (50%). Haplotype counting using these novel loci may be useful for ultrasensitive detection in fields such as bone marrow transplantation, solid organ transplant rejection, patient identification, and forensics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Debeljak
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Evelina Mocci
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Max C Morrison
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Aparna Pallavajjalla
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Katie Beierl
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marie Amiel
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michaël Noë
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Laura D Wood
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ming-Tseh Lin
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christopher D Gocke
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alison P Klein
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ephraim J Fuchs
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard J Jones
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James R Eshleman
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Vu T, Davidson SL, Borgesi J, Maksudul M, Jeon TJ, Shim J. Piecing together the puzzle: nanopore technology in detection and quantification of cancer biomarkers. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08063h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This mini-review paper is a comprehensive outline of nanopore technology applications in the detection and study of various cancer causal factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang Vu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Henry M. Rowan College of Engineering
- Rowan University
- Glassboro
- USA
| | - Shanna-Leigh Davidson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Henry M. Rowan College of Engineering
- Rowan University
- Glassboro
- USA
| | - Julia Borgesi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Henry M. Rowan College of Engineering
- Rowan University
- Glassboro
- USA
| | - Mowla Maksudul
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Henry M. Rowan College of Engineering
- Rowan University
- Glassboro
- USA
| | - Tae-Joon Jeon
- Department of Biological Engineering
- Inha University
- Incheon 22212
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwook Shim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Henry M. Rowan College of Engineering
- Rowan University
- Glassboro
- USA
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Multiplexed pancreatic genome engineering and cancer induction by transfection-based CRISPR/Cas9 delivery in mice. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10770. [PMID: 26916719 PMCID: PMC4773438 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse transgenesis has provided fundamental insights into pancreatic cancer, but is limited by the long duration of allele/model generation. Here we show transfection-based multiplexed delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 to the pancreas of adult mice, allowing simultaneous editing of multiple gene sets in individual cells. We use the method to induce pancreatic cancer and exploit CRISPR/Cas9 mutational signatures for phylogenetic tracking of metastatic disease. Our results demonstrate that CRISPR/Cas9-multiplexing enables key applications, such as combinatorial gene-network analysis, in vivo synthetic lethality screening and chromosome engineering. Negative-selection screening in the pancreas using multiplexed-CRISPR/Cas9 confirms the vulnerability of pancreatic cells to Brca2-inactivation in a Kras-mutant context. We also demonstrate modelling of chromosomal deletions and targeted somatic engineering of inter-chromosomal translocations, offering multifaceted opportunities to study complex structural variation, a hallmark of pancreatic cancer. The low-frequency mosaic pattern of transfection-based CRISPR/Cas9 delivery faithfully recapitulates the stochastic nature of human tumorigenesis, supporting wide applicability for biological/preclinical research. CRISPR/Cas9 technology has been used for genome engineering in vivo. Here, the authors use a transfection technique to deliver multiple guide RNAs to the pancreas of adult mice, allowing genetic screening and chromosome engineering in pancreatic cancer.
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Norris AL, Workman RE, Fan Y, Eshleman JR, Timp W. Nanopore sequencing detects structural variants in cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2016; 17:246-53. [PMID: 26787508 PMCID: PMC4848001 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2016.1139236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in sequencing, structural variants (SVs) remain difficult to reliably detect due to the short read length (<300 bp) of 2nd generation sequencing. Not only do the reads (or paired-end reads) need to straddle a breakpoint, but repetitive elements often lead to ambiguities in the alignment of short reads. We propose to use the long-reads (up to 20 kb) possible with 3rd generation sequencing, specifically nanopore sequencing on the MinION. Nanopore sequencing relies on a similar concept to a Coulter counter, reading the DNA sequence from the change in electrical current resulting from a DNA strand being forced through a nanometer-sized pore embedded in a membrane. Though nanopore sequencing currently has a relatively high mismatch rate that precludes base substitution and small frameshift mutation detection, its accuracy is sufficient for SV detection because of its long reads. In fact, long reads in some cases may improve SV detection efficiency. We have tested nanopore sequencing to detect a series of well-characterized SVs, including large deletions, inversions, and translocations that inactivate the CDKN2A/p16 and SMAD4/DPC4 tumor suppressor genes in pancreatic cancer. Using PCR amplicon mixes, we have demonstrated that nanopore sequencing can detect large deletions, translocations and inversions at dilutions as low as 1:100, with as few as 500 reads per sample. Given the speed, small footprint, and low capital cost, nanopore sequencing could become the ideal tool for the low-level detection of cancer-associated SVs needed for molecular relapse, early detection, or therapeutic monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis L. Norris
- Departments of Pathology and Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rachael E. Workman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yunfan Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James R. Eshleman
- Departments of Pathology and Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Winston Timp
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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