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Saini P, Holmes AG, Wei JJ, Parker JB, Chakravarti D. Engineered uterine primary myometrial cells with high-mobility group AT-hook 2 overexpression display a leiomyoma-like transcriptional and epigenomic phenotype. F&S SCIENCE 2024:S2666-335X(24)00043-0. [PMID: 39074663 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfss.2024.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if engineered high-mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) overexpressing uterine primary myometrial cells recapitulate the transcriptional and epigenomic features of HMGA2-subtype leiomyomas. DESIGN Isolated primary, "normal" myometrial cells from three patients were engineered to overexpress HMGA2 to determine how HMGA2 establishes transcriptomic and epigenomic features of HMGA2-overexpressing leiomyoma. SETTING Academic research laboratory. PATIENT(S) Primary myometrial cells were isolated from normal myometrium obtained from three patients undergoing hysterectomy. INTERVENTION(S) Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Determined genome-wide transcriptomic and epigenomic features of engineered HMGA2-overexpressing uterine primary myometrial cells. RESULT(S) Engineered HMGA2-V5-overexpressing primary myometrial cells approximated the HMGA2 expression level observed in HMGA2-overexpression subtype leiomyoma. High-mobility group AT-hook 2-V5 expression resulted in differential expression of 1,612 genes (false discovery rate [FDR] < 0.05) that were found to be enriched in pathways associated with leiomyoma formation, including extracellular matrix organization. Comparative gene expression analysis between HMGA2-V5 engineered primary cells and HMGA2-overexpression subtype leiomyoma revealed significant overlap of differentially expressed genes. Mechanistically, HMGA2-V5 overexpression resulted in 41,323 regions with differential H3K27ac deposition (FDR < 0.05) and 205,605 regions of altered chromatin accessibility (FDR < 0.05). Transcription factor binding site analysis implicated the AP-1 family of transcription factors. CONCLUSION(S) High-mobility group AT-hook 2 overexpression induces leiomyoma-like transcriptomic and epigenomic modulations in myometrial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Saini
- Division of Reproductive Sciences in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Austin G Holmes
- Division of Reproductive Sciences in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jian-Jun Wei
- Division of Reproductive Sciences in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - J Brandon Parker
- Division of Reproductive Sciences in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Debabrata Chakravarti
- Division of Reproductive Sciences in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
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Zhang X, Wang C, Shen D. The use of Clinicopathological, immunohistochemistry and molecular detection in the diagnosis of fumarate hydratase-deficient uterine leiomyomas. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 253:154916. [PMID: 38029712 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fumarate hydratase-deficient uterine leiomyomas (FH-dUL) are rare, accounting for only 0.4-1.6% of uterine leiomyomas. FH germline mutation gene is associated with hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma syndrome (HLRCC). METHODS In this study, we aim to investigate Clinicopathological features and FH mutation in FH-dUL. We performed a retrospective analysis of 300 cases of uterine leiomyoma, diagnosed from January 2017 to December 2021, within the archives of the Department of Pathology at Peking University People's Hospital. In our review of the immunohistochemical(IHC) staining was performed on 300 uSMTs to detect FH deficiency. RESULTS We identified 21cases (21/300,7%) of FH-dUL. Nineteen cases (6.33%) displayed negative FH. Twenty-one cases (7%) displayed 2SC diffuse plasma and nuclear staining. The most common FH-d morphological features included staghorn vasculature ( 100%,21/21), alveolar-pattern oedema (71.43%, 15/21), scattered bizarre nuclei (23.81%, 5/21), eosinophilic cytoplasmic (rhabdoid) inclusions (47.62%, 10/21), significant eosinophilic nucleolus with peri-nucleolus hollowing (23.81%, 5/21), ovoid nuclei sometimes arranged in chains (9.52%, 2/21). DNA sequencing for the 21 cases was performed using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). 6 cases were detected significant variations for the FH gene, 11 cases were detected FH gene mutation forvariants of uncertain significance (VUS), and 2 cases were detected a TP53 gene mutation. No related mutations were detected in the other two cases. CONCLUSIONS FH-dUL is rare. The combination of predictive Clinicopathological evaluation,FH and 2SC IHC test, and molecular test were helpful for the screening of FH-dUL from uSMTs,or even the screening of HLRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, PR China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Pathology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, PR China
| | - Danhua Shen
- Department of Pathology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, PR China.
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Kuznetsova MV, Tonoyan NM, Trubnikova EV, Zelensky DV, Svirepova KA, Adamyan LV, Trofimov DY, Sukhikh GT. Novel Approaches to Possible Targeted Therapies and Prophylaxis of Uterine Fibroids. Diseases 2023; 11:156. [PMID: 37987267 PMCID: PMC10660464 DOI: 10.3390/diseases11040156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Uterine leiomyomas are the most common benign tumors in women of childbearing age. They may lead to problems of conception or complications during the gestational period. The methods of treatment include surgical (myomectomy and hysterectomy, embolization of arteries) and therapeutic treatment (ulipristal acetate, leuprolide acetate, cetrorelix, goserelin, mifepristone). Both approaches are efficient but incompatible with pregnancy planning. Therefore, there is a call for medical practice to develop therapeutical means of preventing leiomyoma onset in patients planning on becoming pregnant. Based on the analysis of GWAS data on the search for mononucleotide polymorphisms associated with the risk of leiomyoma, in meta-transcriptomic and meta-methylomic studies, target proteins have been proposed. Prospective therapeutic treatments of leiomyoma may be based on chemical compounds, humanized recombinant antibodies, vaccines based on markers of the uterine leiomyoma cells that are absent in the adult organism, or DNA and RNA preparations. Three different nosological forms of the disease associated with driver mutations in the MED12, HMGA2, and FH genes should be considered when developing or prescribing drugs. For example, synthetic inhibitors and vaccines based on matrix metalloproteinases MMP11 and MMP16 are expected to be effective only for the prevention of the occurrence of MED12-dependent nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V. Kuznetsova
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.K.); (N.M.T.); (K.A.S.); (L.V.A.); (D.Y.T.); (G.T.S.)
| | - Narine M. Tonoyan
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.K.); (N.M.T.); (K.A.S.); (L.V.A.); (D.Y.T.); (G.T.S.)
| | | | | | - Ksenia A. Svirepova
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.K.); (N.M.T.); (K.A.S.); (L.V.A.); (D.Y.T.); (G.T.S.)
| | - Leila V. Adamyan
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.K.); (N.M.T.); (K.A.S.); (L.V.A.); (D.Y.T.); (G.T.S.)
| | - Dmitry Y. Trofimov
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.K.); (N.M.T.); (K.A.S.); (L.V.A.); (D.Y.T.); (G.T.S.)
| | - Gennady T. Sukhikh
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.K.); (N.M.T.); (K.A.S.); (L.V.A.); (D.Y.T.); (G.T.S.)
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A View on Uterine Leiomyoma Genesis through the Prism of Genetic, Epigenetic and Cellular Heterogeneity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065752. [PMID: 36982825 PMCID: PMC10056617 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Uterine leiomyomas (ULs), frequent benign tumours of the female reproductive tract, are associated with a range of symptoms and significant morbidity. Despite extensive research, there is no consensus on essential points of UL initiation and development. The main reason for this is a pronounced inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity resulting from diverse and complicated mechanisms underlying UL pathobiology. In this review, we comprehensively analyse risk and protective factors for UL development, UL cellular composition, hormonal and paracrine signalling, epigenetic regulation and genetic abnormalities. We conclude the need to carefully update the concept of UL genesis in light of the current data. Staying within the framework of the existing hypotheses, we introduce a possible timeline for UL development and the associated key events—from potential prerequisites to the beginning of UL formation and the onset of driver and passenger changes.
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Xu X, Shen HR, Zhang JR, Li XL. The role of insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding proteins in female reproductive pathophysiology. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2022; 20:89. [PMID: 35706003 PMCID: PMC9199150 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-022-00960-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) mRNA binding proteins (IMPs) family belongs to a highly conserved family of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and is responsible for regulating RNA processing including localization, translation and stability. Mammalian IMPs (IMP1-3) take part in development, metabolism and tumorigenesis, where they are believed to play a major role in cell growth, metabolism, migration and invasion. IMPs have been identified that are expressed in ovary, placenta and embryo. The up-to-date evidence suggest that IMPs are involved in folliculogenesis, oocyte maturation, embryogenesis, implantation, and placentation. The dysregulation of IMPs not only contributes to carcinogenesis but also disturbs the female reproduction, and may participate in the pathogenesis of reproductive diseases and obstetric syndromes, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), pre-eclampsia (PE), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and gynecological tumors. In this review, we summarize the role of IMPs in female reproductive pathophysiology, and hope to provide new insights into the identification of potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao-Ran Shen
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Rong Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xue-Lian Li
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, People's Republic of China.
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HMGA2 Is a Useful Marker of Vulvovaginal Aggressive Angiomyxoma But May Be Positive in Other Mesenchymal Lesions at This Site. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2021; 40:185-189. [PMID: 32897956 DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0000000000000689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Aggressive angiomyxoma (AA) is a rare mesenchymal neoplasm occurring almost exclusively in the vulvovaginal region and which has a wide differential diagnosis. It has previously been suggested that the nuclear transcription factor HMGA2 is a useful marker of AA, although the number of studies is limited. We investigated HMGA2 immunoreactivity in a large series (n=284) of vulvovaginal mesenchymal lesions. HMGA2 nuclear staining was classified as diffuse (≥50%), focal (<50%), or negative. Of 38 cases of AA, 26 (68%) were positive; 77% (n=20) of these exhibited diffuse staining. Of the 41 smooth muscle tumors, 18 (44%) were positive with 16 (89%) exhibiting diffuse staining. 80 fibroepithelial stromal polyps were included and 15 (19%) were positive (8 diffuse; 7 focal). Most of the fibroepithelial stromal polyps that exhibited diffuse HMGA2 immunoreactivity were large and edematous. Occasional cases of a variety of other lesions were positive, including 1 of 30 superficial myofibroblastomas and 1 of 16 angiomyofibroblastomas. Cellular angiofibromas (n=12) and superficial angiomyxomas (n=6) were always negative. Our results confirm that HMGA2 is a useful marker of AA but a significant minority of cases are negative. The marker also lacks specificity, since a high percentage of smooth muscle tumors are positive, although these typically do not bear a close morphologic resemblance to AA. A novel observation in our study is positive staining of some fibroepithelial stromal polyps, particularly when large and edematous; these are particularly likely to be confused morphologically with AA and positive staining with HMGA2 represents a significant diagnostic pitfall.
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El Sabeh M, Saha SK, Afrin S, Islam MS, Borahay MA. Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in uterine leiomyoma: role in tumor biology and targeting opportunities. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:3513-3536. [PMID: 33999334 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Uterine leiomyoma is the most common tumor of the female reproductive system and originates from a single transformed myometrial smooth muscle cell. Despite the immense medical, psychosocial, and financial impact, the exact underlying mechanisms of leiomyoma pathobiology are poorly understood. Alterations of signaling pathways are thought to be instrumental in leiomyoma biology. Wnt/β-catenin pathway appears to be involved in several aspects of the genesis of leiomyomas. For example, Wnt5b is overexpressed in leiomyoma, and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway appears to mediate the role of MED12 mutations, the most common mutations in leiomyoma, in tumorigenesis. Moreover, Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays a paracrine role where estrogen/progesterone treatment of mature myometrial or leiomyoma cells leads to increased expression of Wnt11 and Wnt16, which induces proliferation of leiomyoma stem cells and tumor growth. Constitutive activation of β-catenin leads to myometrial hyperplasia and leiomyoma-like lesions in animal models. Wnt/β-catenin signaling is also closely involved in mechanotransduction and extracellular matrix regulation and relevant alterations in leiomyoma, and crosstalk is noted between Wnt/β-catenin signaling and other pathways known to regulate leiomyoma development and growth such as estrogen, progesterone, TGFβ, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, IGF, Hippo, and Notch signaling. Finally, evidence suggests that inhibition of the canonical Wnt pathway using β-catenin inhibitors inhibits leiomyoma cell proliferation. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of leiomyoma development is essential for effective treatment. The specific Wnt/β-catenin pathway molecules discussed in this review constitute compelling candidates for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak El Sabeh
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Subbroto Kumar Saha
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Sadia Afrin
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Md Soriful Islam
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Mostafa A Borahay
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Liu X, Wang H, Bei J, Zhao J, Jiang G, Liu X. The protective role of miR-132 targeting HMGA2 through the PI3K/AKT pathway in mice with Alzheimer's disease. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:4632-4643. [PMID: 34150043 PMCID: PMC8205745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the role and of miR-132, HMGA2 and PI3K/AKT pathway in mice with Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS The mice were divided into 7 groups: the normal group, the model group (AD model mice), the NC group (AD mice injected with negative control (NC) vector), the miR-132 mimic group (AD mice injected with miR-132 mimics), the miR-132 inhibitor group (AD mice injected with miR-132 inhibitor), the si-HMGA2 group (AD mice injected with HMGA2 silencing vector), and the miR-132 inhibitor + si-HMGA2 group (model mice treated with miR-132 inhibitor and si-HMGA2). Y-maze experiment and related molecular biology experiments were performed. RESULTS The double-luciferase reporter assay verified that miR-132 could target and inhibit the expression of HMGA2A. Compared with the NC group, model mice had decreased learning and memory ability, reduced miR-132, p-PI3K/PI3K, p-AKT/AKT, AQP4 expression as well as GFAP GSH-Px, SOD, ATP, and T-AOC levels, but increased expression of HMGA2 and the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, NO, IL-1β, MAO, and MDA (P<0.017). Up-regulation of miR-132 or silencing HMGA2 could partly reverse the changes, but inhibition of miR-132 would exaggerate the brain injury and these molecular changes (P<0.017). The combination uses of si-HMGA2 and miR-132 inhibitor could reverse the changes caused by miR-132 inhibitor (P<0.017). CONCLUSION miR-132 could downregulate the expression of HMGA2 and promote the expression of the PI3K/AKT pathway, so as to achieve a protective effect on brain in AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang ProvinceTaizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Haitao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Dongchangfu People’s HospitalLiaocheng, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jiawei Bei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hengshui Eight People’s HospitalHengshui, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Laoling People’s HospitalDezhou, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ge Jiang
- Department of Emergency, Penglai Traditional Chinese Medicine HospitalYantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiuhong Liu
- Department of Brain Disease, Dezhou Traditional Chinese Medicine HospitalDezhou, Shandong Province, China
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HMGA2 as a Critical Regulator in Cancer Development. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020269. [PMID: 33668453 PMCID: PMC7917704 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The high mobility group protein 2 (HMGA2) regulates gene expression by binding to AT-rich regions of DNA. Akin to other DNA architectural proteins, HMGA2 is highly expressed in embryonic stem cells during embryogenesis, while its expression is more limited at later stages of development and in adulthood. Importantly, HMGA2 is re-expressed in nearly all human malignancies, where it promotes tumorigenesis by multiple mechanisms. HMGA2 increases cancer cell proliferation by promoting cell cycle entry and inhibition of apoptosis. In addition, HMGA2 influences different DNA repair mechanisms and promotes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by activating signaling via the MAPK/ERK, TGFβ/Smad, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, NFkB, and STAT3 pathways. Moreover, HMGA2 supports a cancer stem cell phenotype and renders cancer cells resistant to chemotherapeutic agents. In this review, we discuss these oncogenic roles of HMGA2 in different types of cancers and propose that HMGA2 may be used for cancer diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic purposes.
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Liu S, Yin P, Dotts AJ, Kujawa SA, Coon V JS, Wei JJ, Chakravarti D, Bulun SE. Activation of protein kinase B by WNT4 as a regulator of uterine leiomyoma stem cell function. Fertil Steril 2020; 114:1339-1349. [PMID: 32892998 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the functional interaction between the Wnt/β-catenin and protein kinase B (Akt) pathways in leiomyoma stem cells (LSC). DESIGN Laboratory study. SETTING Research laboratory. PATIENT(S) Premenopausal women (n = 36; age range: 28 to 49 years) undergoing hysterectomy or myomectomy for leiomyoma. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Gene expression, protein phosphorylation, and cell proliferation. RESULT(S) Cells from human leiomyoma tissues were sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) into three populations: LSC, intermediate cells (LIC), and differentiated cells (LDC) with the function of the Wnt/β-catenin and Akt signaling pathways in leiomyoma cells evaluated using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot analyses. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway components were differentially expressed in each leiomyoma cell population. WNT4 was distinctly overexpressed in LIC, and its receptor FZD6 was primarily expressed in LSC. WNT4 stimulated Akt phosphorylation, activated β-catenin, and increased primary leiomyoma cell proliferation. These stimulatory effects were abolished by cotreatment with the Akt inhibitor, MK-2206. WNT4 up-regulated the expression of pro-proliferative genes, c-Myc and cyclin D1, specifically in LSC; this was also abrogated by Akt inhibition. CONCLUSION(S) Our data suggest that WNT4 regulates LSC proliferation via Akt-dependent β-catenin activation, representing a key step toward a better understanding of LSC regulation and potentially novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimeng Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ping Yin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ariel J Dotts
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stacy A Kujawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - John S Coon V
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jian-Jun Wei
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Debabrata Chakravarti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Serdar E Bulun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
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Li Y, Qiang W, Griffin BB, Gao T, Chakravarti D, Bulun S, Kim JJ, Wei JJ. HMGA2-mediated tumorigenesis through angiogenesis in leiomyoma. Fertil Steril 2020; 114:1085-1096. [PMID: 32868105 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the role of HMGA2 in promoting angiogenesis in uterine leiomyoma (LM). DESIGN This study involved evaluation of vessel density and angiogenic factors in leiomyomas with HMGA2 overexpression; examining angiogenic factor expression and AKT signaling in myometrial (MM) and leiomyoma cells by introducing HMGA2 overexpression in vitro; and exploring vessel formation induced by HMGA2 overexpression both in vitro and in vivo. SETTING University research laboratory. PATIENTS None. INTERVENTIONS None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The main outcome measures include vessel density in leiomyomas with HMGA2 (HMGA2-LM) or MED12 (MED12-LM) alteration; angiogenic factor expression in primary leiomyoma and in vitro cell line model; and vessel formation in leiomyoma cells with HMGA2 overexpression in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Angiogenic factors and receptors were significantly upregulated at mRNA and protein levels in HMGA2-LM. Specifically, HMGA2-LM exhibited increased expression of VEGFA, EGF, bFGF, TGFα, VEGFR1, and VEGFR2 compared to MED12-LM and myometrium. Overexpression of HMGA2 in MM and LM cell lines resulted in increased secretion of angiogenesis-associated factors. Secreted factors promoted human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) migration, tube formation, and wound healing. HMGA2 overexpression upregulated IGF2BP2 and pAKT, and silencing the IGF2BP2 gene reduced pAKT levels and reduced HUVEC migration. Myometrial cells with stable HMGA2 overexpression exhibited increased colony formation and cell growth in vitro and formed xenografts with increased blood vessels. CONCLUSIONS HMGA2-LM have a high vasculature density, which likely contributes to tumor growth and disease burden of this leiomyoma subtype. HMGA2 plays an important role in angiogenesis and the involvement of IGF2BP2-mediated pAKT activity in angiogenesis, which provides a potential novel target for therapy for this subtype of LM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinuo Li
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Wenan Qiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brannan Brooks Griffin
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tingting Gao
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Debabrata Chakravarti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Serdar Bulun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - J Julie Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jian-Jun Wei
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
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Liu B, Chen G, He Q, Liu M, Gao K, Cai B, Qu J, Lin S, Geng A, Li S, Wang K, Mao Z, Wan X, Yan Q. An HMGA2-p62-ERα axis regulates uterine leiomyomas proliferation. FASEB J 2020; 34:10966-10983. [PMID: 32592217 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000520r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Uterine leiomyomas (ULM) are a major public health issue contributing to high morbidity and poor pregnancy outcomes. However, its molecular pathogenesis is poorly understood. HMGA2-ULM is the second major subtype of human ULM and associates with large sizes, fast-growth, and high percentages of estrogen receptor α (ERα). As altered ERα expression plays a distinct role in ULM growth, here, we investigate a regulatory mechanism driving ULM growth via HMGA2 and ERα. We reveal a positive correlation of HMGA2 with ERα protein and demonstrate that HMGA2 promotes ULM cells proliferation via ERα. In addition, autophagy pathway and p62/SQSTM1 (a selective autophagy receptor) are found to participate in the regulation of HMGA2 and ERα. Moreover, HMGA2 suppresses the transcription of p62 by binding to its promoter, meanwhile, p62 interacts with ERα, and inhibition of p62 increases ERα expression and enhances cell viability in ULM, suggesting a novel mechanism of the HMGA2-p62-ERα axis in ULM proliferation. Notably, rapamycin, a familiar autophagy agonist, reduces ERα levels and the proliferation ability of ULM cells. This study demonstrates a causal role of the HMGA2-p62-ERα axis in preventing autophagy and increasing ERα expression in HMGA2-ULM. Therefore, blocking HMGA2-p62-ERα axis and targeting autophagy pathway establish a roadmap toward HMGA2-ULM medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binya Liu
- Department of Gynecology of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guofang Chen
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qizhi He
- Department of Pathology of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Minhao Liu
- Department of Gynecology of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Gao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bailian Cai
- Department of Gynecology of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Qu
- Department of Gynecology of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaojian Lin
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Anke Geng
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuangdi Li
- Department of Gynecology of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyong Mao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoping Wan
- Department of Gynecology of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Gynecology of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Holzmann C, Kuepker W, Rommel B, Helmke B, Bullerdiek J. Reasons to Reconsider Risk Associated With Power Morcellation of Uterine Fibroids. In Vivo 2020; 34:1-9. [PMID: 31882457 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Our insights into the molecular pathogenesis of uterine smooth muscle tumors have improved significantly. Accordingly, in the present review, we advocate a more refined risk assessment for patients considering surgical removal of fibroids or hysterectomy, respectively, requiring morcellation. For this procedure, the risk estimates given for the iatrogenic spread of a previously unexpected malignancy considerably vary among different studies. Nearly all previous studies conducted retrospectively refer to the risk of a patient having an unexpected malignancy at the time of surgery. We feel that, more appropriately, risk should refer to the number of tumors because, as a rule, every single nodule arises independently and, thus, carries an independent risk of being malignant or not. Furthermore, whether so-called parasitic fibroids carry an underestimated risk of stepwise malignant transformation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Holzmann
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University Rostock Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kuepker
- Center for Minimal Invasive Gynecology, Endometriosis and Reproductive Medicine, Baden Baden-Buehl, Germany
| | - Birgit Rommel
- Human Genetics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Burkhard Helmke
- Institute of Pathology, Elbe Clinics, Stade Clinic, Stade, Germany
| | - Joern Bullerdiek
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University Rostock Medical Center, Rostock, Germany .,Human Genetics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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14
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Warthi G, Fournier PE, Seligmann H. Systematic Nucleotide Exchange Analysis of ESTs From the Human Cancer Genome Project Report: Origins of 347 Unknown ESTs Indicate Putative Transcription of Non-Coding Genomic Regions. Front Genet 2020; 11:42. [PMID: 32117454 PMCID: PMC7027195 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) provide an imprint of cellular RNA diversity irrespectively of sequence homology with template genomes. NCBI databases include many unknown RNAs from various normal and cancer cells. These are usually ignored assuming sequencing artefacts or contamination due to their lack of sequence homology with template DNA. Here, we report genomic origins of 347 ESTs previously assumed artefacts/unknown, from the FAPESP/LICR Human Cancer Genome Project. EST template detection uses systematic nucleotide exchange analyses called swinger transformations. Systematic nucleotide exchanges replace systematically particular nucleotides with different nucleotides. Among 347 unknown ESTs, 51 ESTs match mitogenome transcription, 17 and 2 ESTs are from nuclear chromosome non-coding regions, and uncharacterized nuclear genes. Identified ESTs mapped on 205 protein-coding genes, 10 genes had swinger RNAs in several biosamples. Whole cell transcriptome searches for 17 ESTs mapping on non-coding regions confirmed their transcription. The 10 swinger-transcribed genes identified more than once associate with cancer induction and progression, suggesting swinger transformation occurs mainly in highly transcribed genes. Swinger transformation is a unique method to identify noncanonical RNAs obtained from NGS, which identifies putative ncRNA transcribed regions. Results suggest that swinger transcription occurs in highly active genes in normal and genetically unstable cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Warthi
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-Edouard Fournier
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Hervé Seligmann
- The National Natural History Collections, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Université Grenoble Alpes, Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory AGEIS EA 7407, Team Tools for e-Gnosis Medical & Labcom CNRS/UGA/OrangeLabs Telecoms4Health, La Tronche, France
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15
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Baranov VS, Osinovskaya NS, Yarmolinskaya MI. Pathogenomics of Uterine Fibroids Development. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6151. [PMID: 31817606 PMCID: PMC6940759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We review recent studies dealing with the molecular genetics and basic results of omics analysis of uterine leiomyoma (LM)-a common benign muscle tumor of the uterus. Whole genome studies of LM resulted in the discovery of many new gene nets and biological pathways, including its origin, transcriptomic, and epigenetic profiles, as well as the impact of the inter-cell matrix in LM growth and involvement of microRNA in its regulation. New data on somatic cell mutations ultimately involved in the origin, distribution and growth of LM are reviewed. Putative identification of LM progenitor SC (stem cells) giving rise to maternal fibroid nodes and junctional zones provide a new clue for hypotheses on the pathogenomics of LM. The reviewed data are consistent with at least two different but probably intimately interacted molecular mechanisms of LM. One of them (the genetic hypothesis) is focused primarily on the MED12 gene mutations and suggests its onset in the side population of embryonic myoblasts of the female reproductive system, which later gave rise to multiple small and medium fibroids. The single and usually large-size fibroids are induced by predominantly epigenetic disorders in LM SC, provoked by enhanced expression of the HMGA2 gene caused by its hypomethylation and epigenetic deregulation enhanced by hypoxia, muscle tension, or chromosome instability/aberrations. The pathogenomics of both genetic and epigenetic programs of LM with many peculiarities at the beginning later became rather similar and partly overlapped due to the proximity of their gene nets and epigenetic landscape. Pathogenomic studies of LM open ways for elaboration of novel strategies of prevention and treatment of this common disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav S. Baranov
- D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (N.S.O.); (M.I.Y.)
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Borella F, Lucchino F, Bertero L, Ribotta M, Castellano I, Carosso A, Cosma S, Katsaros D, Benedetto C. Clinico-pathological features of gynecological myopericytoma: a challenging diagnosis in an exceptional location. Virchows Arch 2019; 475:763-770. [PMID: 31410559 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-019-02645-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Myopericytomas (MPC) are rare mesenchymal tumors, originating from the perivascular myoid cells. They predominantly occur in the skin and superficial soft tissues of the extremities, while visceral involvement is rare. Histological features and clinical course are usually benign. To the best of our knowledge, MPC is still an uncharacterized tumor entity of the female internal genital tract. We describe three MPC cases involving the female internal genital tract: (1) a uterine wall MPC arising in a 49-year-old woman with progressive pelvic/abdominal pain; (2) a cervix MPC of a 49-year-old woman who presented with metrorrhagia, and (3) a MPC presenting as a simple ovarian cyst in a 26-year-old woman with pain located in the left iliac fossa. All patients were surgically treated, and recurrence occurred in two cases. The histological and immunohistochemical findings, supporting the diagnosis of MPC, are presented; in particular, one case showed characteristics pointing towards an uncertain biological behavior/low-grade malignancy. A literature search was conducted to identify previous reports of gynecological MPC and for possible alternative diagnoses. Leiomyoma, epithelioid leiomyoma, angioleiomyoma, perivascular epithelioid cell tumor, solitary fibrous tumor, and low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Awareness of possible occurrence of this rare neoplasm in the female genital tract is important to reach a correct diagnosis in the spectrum of mesenchymal tumors. Considering the risk of recurrence, we recommend careful evaluation of surgical margins and complete surgical removal whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Borella
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Ventimiglia 3, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Fabiola Lucchino
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Ventimiglia 3, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Luca Bertero
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Santena 7, 10126, Turin, Italy.
| | - Marisa Ribotta
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Santena 7, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Isabella Castellano
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Santena 7, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Carosso
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Ventimiglia 3, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Stefano Cosma
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Ventimiglia 3, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Dionyssios Katsaros
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Ventimiglia 3, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Chiara Benedetto
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Ventimiglia 3, Turin, 10126, Italy
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Griffin BB, Ban Y, Lu X, Wei JJ. Hydropic leiomyoma: a distinct variant of leiomyoma closely related to HMGA2 overexpression. Hum Pathol 2018; 84:164-172. [PMID: 30292626 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hydropic leiomyoma (HLM) is a variant of uterine leiomyoma with characteristic features of zonal distributions of edema, increased vascularity, and tumor cells arranged in nodules or cords. Diagnostic difficulty and patient management are further complicated by a lack of studies and unknown cause of the disease. To study this tumor's nature, 24 HLM cases were selected for analysis of cytohistologic features, immunohistochemical profile (HMGA2, FH, CD34, pAKT, p16, ER, SMA, and Ki-67), and molecular alterations of HMGA2 by fluorescence in situ hybridization and MED12 mutations. HLM showed large tumor size (average 14.4 cm) and unique histology, characterized by edematous areas of tumor cells with mostly round-oval nuclei, arranged in cords and/or with perinodular growth around vessels, and increased thick-walled vessels (average 17 vessels/10× medium-power field). Immunohistochemistry revealed that 76% (18/24) of HLMs had HMGA2 overexpression, 32% (6/19) of which harbored HMGA2 rearrangement detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Thick-walled vessels in HLM were composed of mostly HMGA2-positive tumor cells, and HLM with HMGA2 overexpression also showed CD34-positive tumor vessel-supporting pericytes. In contrast to usual-type leiomyoma with a high frequency of MED12 mutations, no MED12 mutations were found in any HLM. HLM showed increased pAKT activity, indicating a strong contribution of AKT pathway signaling in HLM promoting tumor growth. Our findings suggest that HLM is a distinct variant of uterine smooth muscle tumor likely driven by HMGA2 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brannan B Griffin
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yanli Ban
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Xinyan Lu
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jian-Jun Wei
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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