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Schirripa A, Sexl V, Kollmann K. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in malignant hematopoiesis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:916682. [PMID: 36033505 PMCID: PMC9403899 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.916682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell-cycle is a tightly orchestrated process where sequential steps guarantee cellular growth linked to a correct DNA replication. The entire cell division is controlled by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). CDK activation is balanced by the activating cyclins and CDK inhibitors whose correct expression, accumulation and degradation schedule the time-flow through the cell cycle phases. Dysregulation of the cell cycle regulatory proteins causes the loss of a controlled cell division and is inevitably linked to neoplastic transformation. Due to their function as cell-cycle brakes, CDK inhibitors are considered as tumor suppressors. The CDK inhibitors p16INK4a and p15INK4b are among the most frequently altered genes in cancer, including hematopoietic malignancies. Aberrant cell cycle regulation in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) bears severe consequences on hematopoiesis and provokes hematological disorders with a broad array of symptoms. In this review, we focus on the importance and prevalence of deregulated CDK inhibitors in hematological malignancies.
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Nair KK, Pramod GV, Chaudhuri K, Ashok L. Estimation of Serum Butyryl Cholinesterase in Patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:ZC59-ZC62. [PMID: 28893045 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/27127.10207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral cancer is a major global threat to public health. It is one of the most common causes of mortality and morbidity in the modern era. Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) accounts for over 90% of the malignancies involving the oral cavity. The enzyme- Butyryl Cholinesterase (BChE) is proposed to have a role in cell proliferation, cell adhesion, cell differentiation, apoptosis and tumorigenesis. Few studies have been conducted for understanding the significance of serum BChE as a biomarker in oral cancer patients; however literature available is insufficient to arrive at a conclusion. There is a need of a simple, rapid, convenient, inexpensive and reliable biomarker of oral cancer. So, the present study is an attempt to estimate the level of BChE in oral cancer, prior to definitive therapy. AIM To estimate and compare the serum BChE levels in patients with OSCC with age and gender matched healthy controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study comprised of 80 subjects, of which 40 biopsy proven OSCC patients of either sex were selected as cases and 40 healthy, age and gender matched subjects as controls. Estimation of serum BChE levels was done by colorimetric method using RANDOX RX Imola Auto-Analyzer. The statistical analysis between the OSCC group and the control group were done using unpaired t-test. Comparison between serum BChE levels and TNM stages of OSCC were done using Kruskal-Wallis Test. Comparison between serum BChE levels and histopathological grades of OSCC were done using Mann-Whitney U Test. RESULTS There was statistically highly significant decrease in the mean serum BChE levels in the OSCC group compared to the control group (p<0.001). It was revealed that the serum BChE levels were further decreased in moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma than well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma and the difference was statistically significant (p <0.05). CONCLUSION The decrease in the serum BChE level demonstrates that it as a simple, rapid, convenient, inexpensive and reliable biomarker for oral cancer. Our findings support the concept of role of BChE in apoptosis, cell proliferation, differentiation and its related link in the pathophysiology of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerthi K Nair
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, SJM Dental College and Hospital, Chitradurga, Karnataka, India
| | - Gujjar Vittobarao Pramod
- Professor, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India
| | - Kanad Chaudhuri
- Dental Surgeon, Department of Dentistry, Lifeline Polyclinic, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
| | - Lingappa Ashok
- Professor and Head, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India
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Impaired haematopoietic stem cell differentiation and enhanced skewing towards myeloid progenitors in aged caspase-2-deficient mice. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2509. [PMID: 27906175 PMCID: PMC5260989 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The apoptotic cysteine protease caspase-2 has been shown to suppress tumourigenesis in mice and its reduced expression correlates with poor prognosis in some human malignancies. Caspase-2-deficient mice develop normally but show ageing-related traits and, when challenged by oncogenic stimuli or certain stress, show enhanced tumour development, often accompanied by extensive aneuploidy. As stem cells are susceptible to acquiring age-related functional defects because of their self-renewal and proliferative capacity, we examined whether loss of caspase-2 promotes such defects with age. Using young and aged Casp2−/− mice, we demonstrate that deficiency of caspase-2 results in enhanced aneuploidy and DNA damage in bone marrow (BM) cells with ageing. Furthermore, we demonstrate for the first time that caspase-2 loss results in significant increase in immunophenotypically defined short-term haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and multipotent progenitors fractions in BM with a skewed differentiation towards myeloid progenitors with ageing. Caspase-2 deficiency leads to enhanced granulocyte macrophage and erythroid progenitors in aged mice. Colony-forming assays and long-term culture-initiating assay further recapitulated these results. Our results provide the first evidence of caspase-2 in regulating HSC and progenitor differentiation, as well as aneuploidy, in vivo.
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Zamaraev AV, Kopeina GS, Zhivotovsky B, Lavrik IN. Cell death controlling complexes and their potential therapeutic role. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:505-517. [PMID: 25323133 PMCID: PMC11113151 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1757-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death plays a central role in the regulation of homeostasis and development of multicellular organisms. Deregulation of programmed cell death is connected to a number of disorders, including cancer and autoimmune diseases. Initiation of cell death occurs in the multiprotein complexes or high molecular weight platforms. Composition, structure, and molecular interactions within these platforms influence the cellular decision toward life or death and, therefore, define the induction of a particular cell death program. Here, we discuss in detail the key cell-death complexes-including DISC, complex II, and TNFRI complex I/II, and the necrosome, RIPoptosome, apoptosome, and PIDDosome-that control apoptosis or necroptosis pathways as well as their regulation. The possibility of their pharmacological targeting leading to the development of new strategies of interference with cell death programs via control of the high molecular weight platforms will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Zamaraev
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Gelina S Kopeina
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Zhivotovsky
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Inna N Lavrik
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Translational Inflammation, Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca L. Fava
- Division of Developmental Immunology, BIOCENTER, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian J. Bock
- Division of Developmental Immunology, BIOCENTER, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stephan Geley
- Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, BIOCENTER, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, BIOCENTER, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Lundin C, Hjorth L, Behrendtz M, Ehinger M, Biloglav A, Johansson B. Submicroscopic genomic imbalances in burkitt lymphomas/leukemias: Association with age and further evidence that 8q24/MYCtranslocations are not sufficient for leukemogenesis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2012; 52:370-7. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Larsson N, Lilljebjörn H, Lassen C, Johansson B, Fioretos T. Myeloid malignancies with acquired trisomy 21 as the sole cytogenetic change are clinically highly variable and display a heterogeneous pattern of copy number alterations and mutations*. Eur J Haematol 2011; 88:136-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2011.01710.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
Aberrations in proteins that control apoptosis and cell survival are common in cancer. These aberrations often reside in signalling proteins that control the activation of the apoptotic machinery or in the Bcl-2 family of proteins that control caspase activation. Recent evidence suggests that caspase 2, one of the most evolutionarily conserved caspases, may have multiple roles in the DNA damage response, cell cycle regulation and tumour suppression. These findings are unexpected and have important implications for our understanding of tumorigenesis and the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, Department of Haematology, SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA5000, Australia.
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Gocek E, Kiełbiński M, Baurska H, Haus O, Kutner A, Marcinkowska E. Different susceptibilities to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced differentiation of AML cells carrying various mutations. Leuk Res 2009; 34:649-57. [PMID: 19880182 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Revised: 09/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to compare the differentiation-inducing potential of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25D) with some analogs (VDAs) in a panel of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines and in blast cells isolated from patients with AML. Of the cell lines studied, HL60 proved to be the most sensitive to each of the differentiation-inducing agents when compared to THP-1, NB-4 and U-937 cell lines. Three of the VDAs tested (PRI-1906, PRI-2191 and PRI-2201) were similarly effective as 1,25D in all the cell lines tested. However, blast cells from AML showed a varying sensitivity towards 1,25D. For example, blast cells isolated from patients in which the whole or part of chromosome 7 was deleted were extremely sensitive to 1,25D and its analogs. In contrast, 1,25D failed to increase the expression of differentiation markers in blast cells isolated from patients carrying activating mutations in Flt3 gene. Since, the expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR) in cells with Flt3 mutations was increased to the same extent as in other AML cells this suggests that failure of these cells to differentiate lies downstream of the receptor. That blast cells with different cytogenetic abnormalities have dissimilar responses to 1,25D and its analogs, may have implications in the use of 1,25D as a 'differentiation therapy' for myeloid leukemias. The analog PRI-2191 (tacalcitol) was found to be the most potent in inducing patient's cells differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Gocek
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Tamka 2, 50-137 Wrocław, Poland
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Wang X, Gotoh O. Accurate molecular classification of cancer using simple rules. BMC Med Genomics 2009; 2:64. [PMID: 19874631 PMCID: PMC2777919 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-2-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One intractable problem with using microarray data analysis for cancer classification is how to reduce the extremely high-dimensionality gene feature data to remove the effects of noise. Feature selection is often used to address this problem by selecting informative genes from among thousands or tens of thousands of genes. However, most of the existing methods of microarray-based cancer classification utilize too many genes to achieve accurate classification, which often hampers the interpretability of the models. For a better understanding of the classification results, it is desirable to develop simpler rule-based models with as few marker genes as possible. METHODS We screened a small number of informative single genes and gene pairs on the basis of their depended degrees proposed in rough sets. Applying the decision rules induced by the selected genes or gene pairs, we constructed cancer classifiers. We tested the efficacy of the classifiers by leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) of training sets and classification of independent test sets. RESULTS We applied our methods to five cancerous gene expression datasets: leukemia (acute lymphoblastic leukemia [ALL] vs. acute myeloid leukemia [AML]), lung cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, and leukemia (ALL vs. mixed-lineage leukemia [MLL] vs. AML). Accurate classification outcomes were obtained by utilizing just one or two genes. Some genes that correlated closely with the pathogenesis of relevant cancers were identified. In terms of both classification performance and algorithm simplicity, our approach outperformed or at least matched existing methods. CONCLUSION In cancerous gene expression datasets, a small number of genes, even one or two if selected correctly, is capable of achieving an ideal cancer classification effect. This finding also means that very simple rules may perform well for cancerous class prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosheng Wang
- Department of Intelligence Science and Technology, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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Lu G, Yin CC, Medeiros LJ, Abruzzo LV. Deletion 15q as the sole abnormality in acute myeloid leukemia: report of three cases and review of the literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 188:118-23. [PMID: 19100517 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Deletions within the long arm of chromosome 15, a recurrent abnormality in myeloid malignancies, have been reported previously as a sole abnormality in only eight cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We describe three new cases of AML with this abnormality, all adult women (age, 41-66 years). Two cases were acute myelomonocytic leukemia (FAB AML-M4), and one was acute myeloblastic leukemia with maturation (FAB AML-M2). The deletion was identified at initial diagnosis in one patient and at relapse in the other two. Although all received aggressive therapy, their survival was short. Taken together with the eight previously reported cases, we conclude that deletions in chromosome 15 are associated with AML, both in cases that arise de novo or in the setting of a myeloproliferative disorder or myelodysplastic syndrome. These cases often show features of myelomonocytic or monocytic differentiation. The prognosis is poor, with survival similar to other AML cases with unfavorable cytogenetic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Lu
- Department of Hematopathology, Box 350, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Achandira UM, Pathare AV, Kindi SA, Dennison D, Yahyaee SA. Isochromosome 9q as a sole anomaly in an Omani boy with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. BMJ Case Rep 2009; 2009:bcr09.2008.0890. [PMID: 21686579 DOI: 10.1136/bcr.09.2008.0890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes a case of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in which isochromosome 9q (i(9q)) was the sole acquired cytogenetic abnormality. The Immunophenotype showed positivity for CD3, CD4, CD5, CD7, CD8, CD10, CD71, CD117 and TdT, consistent with T cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). The chromosomal analysis of bone marrow showed 46,XY,i(9)(q10) in all the metaphases analysed. The bone marrow morphology was ALL-L2 as per the French-American-British criteria. Isochromosomes are rare chromosomal abnormalities in childhood ALL and the effect of i(9q) is not well established. The patient's good response to therapy with normal cytogenetics within a month of induction, and disease-free survival after bone marrow transplant are indicative of a good prognosis in such cases.
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Nakamura S, Okinaka K, Hirano I, Ono T, Sugimoto Y, Shigeno K, Fujisawa S, Shinjo K, Ohnishi K. KIS induces proliferation and the cell cycle progression through the phosphorylation of p27Kip1 in leukemia cells. Leuk Res 2008; 32:1358-65. [PMID: 18384876 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2008.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2007] [Revised: 02/10/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
CEM, MOLT4 and SUP-B15 cells were transduced with lentivirus-mediated siRNA KIS gene. The mRNA expressions of KIS were successfully reduced in all cell lines. On the other hand, the mRNA expressions of p27(Kip1) in CEM, MOLT4 and SUP-B15 cells were not affected by the transduction with siRNA KIS gene. We showed that KIS protein directly interacted with p27(Kip1) protein, and reduction of KIS inhibited the S10 phosphorylation of p27(Kip1) in leukemia cells. On these cells transfected with siRNA KIS, the inhibition of S10 phosphorylation of p27(Kip1) was strongly suppressed cell proliferation in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, the inhibition of S10 phosphorylation of p27(Kip1) increased a significant population in G0/G1 fraction. These data demonstrated that the KIS activity was induced during G0/G1, and it promotes cell cycle progression by phosphorylation of S10 on p27(Kip1). We showed that KIS mRNA expression was increased in primary leukemia specimens (acute myelogenous leukemia (AML); 37, myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS); 72, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL); 23), and the mean ratios of KIS to G3PDH in AML, MDS and ALL specimens were 3.62+/-0.68, 3.27+/-0.73 and 3.17+/-0.58, respectively. Moreover, we found that KIS protein was overexpressed in all 132 adults cases of various leukemias, including 37 AML (8 M1, 12 M2, 2 M3, 7 M4, 8 M5), 72 MDS (42 RAEB-I, 30 REAB-II) and 23 ALL (23 L2). This study demonstrates that the elevated levels of KIS protein in leukemia cells promote the cell cycle progression in leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoki Nakamura
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
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Gumy-Pause F, Ozsahin H, Khoshbeen-Boudal M, Betts DR, Maillet P, Sappino AP. Detection of ATM gene deletion/duplication by multiplex ligation-dependant probe amplification in childhood lymphoid malignancies: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Leuk Res 2008; 32:1207-13. [PMID: 18261794 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2007.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 12/28/2007] [Accepted: 12/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
ATM gene alterations have been described in various lymphoproliferative malignancies suggesting that ATM contributes to lymphomagenesis. Using multiplex ligation-dependant probe amplification (MLPA), we screened 61 childhood lymphoid malignancies for ATM genomic deletion/duplication. Five samples were found to have a complete deletion or duplication. All the three deletions were found in B-precursor ALL (15%), two were submicroscopic, not detected by standard cytogenetic studies. These observations indicate that as in adult ALL, complete ATM submicroscopic deletion is frequent in childhood B-precursor ALL. As previously hypothesized, these results suggest that ATM may act as a tumor suppressor gene in the pathogenesis of childhood B-precursor ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Gumy-Pause
- Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Hemato-Oncology, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland.
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Cytogenetic features of acute lymphoblastic and myeloid leukemias in pediatric patients with Down syndrome: an iBFM-SG study. Blood 2008; 111:1575-83. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-09-114231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Children with Down syndrome (DS) have a markedly increased risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). To identify chromosomal changes cooperating with +21 that may provide information on the pathogenesis of these leukemias, we analyzed 215 DS-ALLs and 189 DS-AMLs. Unlike previous smaller series, a significant proportion of DS-ALLs had the typical B-cell precursor ALL abnormalities high hyperdiploidy (HeH; 11%) and t(12;21)(p13;q22) (10%). The HeH DS-ALLs were characterized by gains of the same chromosomes as non–DS-HeH, suggesting the same etiology/pathogenesis. In addition, specific genetic subtypes of DS-ALL were suggested by the significant overrepresentation of cases with +X, t(8;14)(q11;q32), and del(9p). Unlike DS-ALL, the common translocations associated with non–DS-AML were rare in DS-AML, which instead were characterized by the frequent presence of dup(1q), del(6q), del(7p), dup(7q), +8, +11, del(16q), and +21. This series of DS leukemias—the largest to date—reveals that DS-ALL is a heterogeneous disorder that comprises both t(12;21) and HeH as well as DS-related abnormalities. Furthermore, this analysis confirms that DS-AML is a distinct entity, originating through other genetic pathways than do non–DS-AMLs, and suggests that unbalanced changes such as dup(1q), +8, and +21 are involved in the leukemogenic process.
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Mackinnon RN, Campbell LJ. Dicentric chromosomes and 20q11.2 amplification in MDS/AML with apparent monosomy 20. Cytogenet Genome Res 2008; 119:211-20. [PMID: 18253031 DOI: 10.1159/000112063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
FISH analysis of 41 previously karyotyped cases of MDS and AML with apparent monosomy of chromosome 20 revealed a variety of dicentric abnormalities involving chromosome 20. These usually, but not always, involved a breakpoint in the long arm of chromosome 20 and loss of the common deleted region at 20q12. Not one case of true monosomy 20 was confirmed. We found evidence for dicentric chromosome formation in 21 of 24 unbalanced translocations containing chromosome 20 and that were studied in more detail. Subsequent loss of one of the centromeres had occurred in eight of these 24 cases, and was more frequent than centromere inactivation as a means of resolving the inherent instability of a dicentric chromosome. In the three cases with dicentric chromosomes from which proximal 20q had been excised along with the 20 centromere, the excised segment was retained, and in two of these it was amplified. Proximal 20q was clearly retained in all but three cases, and present in three or more copies in 17 of 41 cases. The retention and amplification of proximal 20q provides support for the hypothesis that there is an oncogene located in this region of 20q that is activated in cases of MDS/AML with del(20q). Apparent monosomy 20 in MDS/AML should be treated as evidence of unidentified chromosome 20 abnormalities, and familiarity with the typical G-banded morphology of these derivatives can help with their identification. The reported incidence of dicentric chromosomes is clearly an under-estimate but is increasing in myeloid disorders as more cases are studied with methods allowing their detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Mackinnon
- Victorian Cancer Cytogenetics Service, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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de Oliveira FM, Tone LG, Simões BP, Falcão RP, Brassesco MS, Sakamoto-Hojo ET, dos Santos GAS, Marinato AF, Jácomo RH, Rego EM. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML-M2) with t(5;11)(q35;q13) and normal expression of cyclin D1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 172:154-7. [PMID: 17213025 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2006.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2006] [Revised: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We report a case of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) subtype M2, with t(5;11)(q35;q13), in a 30-year-old man. Conventional cytogenetic, spectral karyotyping, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies on bone marrow sample obtained at diagnosis revealed an abnormal karyotype in all cells examined. FISH analysis demonstrated absence of translocations in the region of the cyclin D1 gene and real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction revealed normal expression of this gene. Similar to the 11q23 region, 11q13 changes can be found in both myeloid and lymphoid neoplasias with different chromosomes serving as donors in translocations.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/genetics
- Cyclin D1/biosynthesis
- Cyclin D1/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute
- Male
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Morato de Oliveira
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Ladetto M, Mantoan B, De Marco F, Drandi D, Aguzzi C, Astolfi M, Vallet S, Ricca I, Dell' Aquila M, Pagliano G, Monitillo L, Pollio B, Santo L, Cristiano C, Rocci A, Francese R, Bodoni CL, Borchiellini A, Schinco P, Boccadoro M, Tarella C. Cells carrying nonlymphoma-associated bcl-2/IgH rearrangements (NLABR) are phenotypically related to follicular lymphoma and can establish as long-term persisting clonal populations. Exp Hematol 2006; 34:1680-6. [PMID: 17157165 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2006.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Revised: 08/07/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nonlymphoma-associated bcl-2/IgH rearrangements (NLABRs) are frequently amplified by PCR in blood of lymphoma-free subjects (LFS), but the temporal kinetics and phenotypic nature of NLABR-positive cells are unknown. To address these issues we prospectively monitored a panel of NLABR-positive LFS. METHODS LFS have been studied by nested PCR, real-time PCR, and DNA sequencing. Cell selection studies were also performed to define the nature of NLABR-bearing clones. RESULTS Of 125 donors, 16 (12.8%) were found to be bcl-2/IgH positive and were monitored at least every 6 months for a median time of 22 months (range 6-50). In half of the subjects the same NLABR detected initially was again reamplified at follow-up thrice or more. In 5, the same NLABR was constantly amplified in every follow-up sample. With a median follow-up of 22 months (range 9-50), no stable disappearance of a recurrent clone has been so far recorded. Real-time PCR indicated that persistent NLABR-positive clones are stable over time in the same subject. Cell separation studies indicate that NLABRs belong to CD19+, CD5-, CD23-, CD10+/- cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that NLABR-positive clones are persistent populations phenotypically related to follicular lymphoma (FL). This suggests the existence of a FL-related clonal expansion of undetermined significance, which might be either a premalignant or a nonmalignant counterpart of FL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ladetto
- Divisione di Ematologia Dipartimento di Medicina ed Oncologia Sperimentale, Universita' di Torino-A. O. San Giovanni Battista della Citta' di Torino, Torino, Italy.
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20
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Young BD, Debernardi S, Lillington DM, Skoulakis S, Chaplin T, Foot NJ, Raghavan M. A role for mitotic recombination in leukemogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 46:90-7. [PMID: 16890980 DOI: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2006.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D Young
- Cancer Research UK Medical Oncology Laboratory, Barts and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary College, Charterhouse Square, London EC1 6BQ, UK.
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21
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MacKinnon RN, Patsouris C, Chudoba I, Campbell LJ. A FISH comparison of variant derivatives of the recurrent dic(17;20) of myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia: Obligatory retention of genes on 17p and 20q may explain the formation of dicentric chromosomes. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2006; 46:27-36. [PMID: 17048234 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The dic(17;20) is a recurrent unbalanced translocation occurring rarely in myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia. We have studied eleven cases with the dic(17;20) or a more complex derivative, all of which showed deletion of 17p and 20q material. The tumor suppressor gene TP53 was not always lost, supporting a more distal gene as the target of these 17p deletions. All derivatives could be interpreted as having initially been formed as a dicentric chromosome, those with a larger amount of material between the centromeres having undergone further rearrangement to stabilize the chromosome while retaining proximal 17p and proximal 20q material. We propose that critical sequences on both 17p and 20q proximal to the sites of deletion must be retained during the critical 17p and 20q deletions. This would explain the excess of dicentric chromosomes resulting from 17;20 translocation, and the apparent stabilization of the unstable derivatives by further rearrangements which preserve 17p and 20q material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth N MacKinnon
- Victorian Cancer Cytogenetics Service, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Australia.
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22
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Amsellem V, Kryszke MH, Hervy M, Subra F, Athman R, Leh H, Brachet-Ducos C, Auclair C. The actin cytoskeleton-associated protein zyxin acts as a tumor suppressor in Ewing tumor cells. Exp Cell Res 2005; 304:443-56. [PMID: 15748890 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2004] [Revised: 09/22/2004] [Accepted: 10/30/2004] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Changes in cell architecture, essentially linked to profound cytoskeleton rearrangements, are common features accompanying cell transformation. Supporting the involvement of the microfilament network in tumor cell behavior, several actin-binding proteins, including zyxin, a potential regulator of actin polymerization, may play a role in oncogenesis. In this work, we investigate the status of zyxin in Ewing tumors, a family of pediatric malignancies of bone and soft tissues, which are mainly associated with a t(11;22) chromosomal translocation encoding the EWS-FLI1 oncoprotein. We observe that EWS-FLI1-transformed murine fibroblasts, as well as human Ewing tumor-derived SK-N-MC cells, exhibit a complete disruption of their actin cytoskeleton, retaining very few stress fibers, focal adhesions and cell-to-cell contacts. We show that within these cells, zyxin is expressed at very low levels and remains diffusely distributed throughout the cytoplasm, instead of concentrating in actin-rich dynamic structures. We demonstrate that zyxin gene transfer into EWS-FLI1-transformed fibroblasts elicits reconstitution of zyxin-rich focal adhesions and intercellular junctions, dramatic reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, decreased cell motility, inhibition of anchorage-independent growth and impairment of tumor formation in athymic mice. We observe similar phenotypic changes after zyxin gene transfer in SK-N-MC cells, suggesting that zyxin has tumor suppressor activity in Ewing tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Amsellem
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Pharmacologie génétique appliquée, CNRS UMR 8113, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, 61 avenue du Président Wilson, 94230 Cachan, France.
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23
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Beyer V, Castagné C, Mühlematter D, Parlier V, Gmür J, Hess U, Kovacsovics T, Meyer-Monard S, Tichelli A, Tobler A, Jacky E, Schanz U, Bargetzi M, Hagemeijer A, de Witte T, van Melle G, Jotterand M. Systematic screening at diagnosis of −5/del(5)(q31), −7, or chromosome 8 aneuploidy by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization in 110 acute myelocytic leukemia and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome patients: concordances and discrepancies with conventional cytogenetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 152:29-41. [PMID: 15193439 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2003.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2003] [Accepted: 10/03/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To assess the contribution of interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (I-FISH) toward the detection of recurring unbalanced chromosomal anomalies at diagnosis, a systematic screening of -5/del(5)(q31), -7, and chromosome 8 aneuploidy was performed on 110 patients with acute myelocytic leukemia or high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome. We searched for monosomy 5/del(5q) by one-color I-FISH with a probe specific for the 5q31 region and for -7/8 by dual-color I-FISH with centromeric probes for chromosomes 7 and 8. Discrepancies between conventional cytogenetics (CC) and I-FISH were observed in 8 of the 110 patients (7.3%). For -5/del(5)(q31), a discordance was observed in two patients with complex abnormalities involving chromosome 5. Whereas no discordance was observed for -7, I-FISH detected a trisomy 7 unnoticed by CC in two cases. In six patients, I-FISH revealed a chromosome 8 aneuploidy not detected by CC. Our results illustrate that, when using this specific set of probes, I-FISH is of special interest for the detection of minor clones with chromosome 8 aneuploidy, breakpoint assessment, and sequence identification (markers). Also, to avoid misinterpretations, I-FISH should not be used alone at disease presentation, particularly in cases complex changes that have clearly established prognostic significance.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aneuploidy
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8/genetics
- Cytogenetic Analysis
- Female
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Interphase
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/diagnosis
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/genetics
- Trisomy
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Beyer
- Unité de cytogénétique du cancer, Service de génétique médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne CH-1011, Switzerland
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24
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Valent P, Fonatsch C, Stindl R, Schwarzinger I, Haas OA, Sperr WR, Geissler K, Lechner K. Normal bone marrow function over 6 years in a patient with dysplastic hematopoiesis and a complex karyotype. Leuk Res 2004; 28:651-5. [PMID: 15120944 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2003.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2003] [Accepted: 10/09/2003] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Myelodysplasia associated with a complex karyotype is usually associated with advanced stage myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and an enhanced risk to develop secondary leukemia. We report on a 36-year-old female patient who was first presented in 1997 because of 'Pseudo Pelger-Huet' neutrophils. The remaining blood and differential counts were normal. Bone marrow examination revealed dysplasia in the erythroid and granulocytic series, no increase in blasts, and a karyotype with complex aberrations involving chromosomes 7, 13, 20 and 22. Almost all metaphases examined appeared to be affected. During the next few months, the patient was closely monitored and considered as candidate for bone marrow transplantation. However, blood counts remained stable without occurrence of significant cytopenias or an increase in blasts. Re-examinations of the bone marrow in 1998 and 1999 disclosed identical results compared to that obtained in 1997. After a total follow up of 6 years, the patient is still in good health with normal blood counts and persisting 'Pseudo Pelger-Huet' neutrophils. This exceptional case supports the notion that complex chromosomes are not invariably associated with rapid disease evolution in MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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25
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Pellagatti A, Esoof N, Watkins F, Langford CF, Vetrie D, Campbell LJ, Fidler C, Cavenagh JD, Eagleton H, Gordon P, Woodcock B, Pushkaran B, Kwan M, Wainscoat JS, Boultwood J. Gene expression profiling in the myelodysplastic syndromes using cDNA microarray technology. Br J Haematol 2004; 125:576-83. [PMID: 15147372 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.04958.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) comprise a heterogeneous group of clonal disorders of the haematopoietic stem cell and primarily involve cells of the myeloid lineage. Using cDNA microarrays comprising 6000 human genes, we studied the gene expression profiles in the neutrophils of 21 MDS patients, seven of which had the 5q- syndrome, and two acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) patients when compared with the neutrophils from pooled healthy controls. Data analysis showed a high level of heterogeneity of gene expression between MDS patients, most probably reflecting the underlying karyotypic and genetic heterogeneity. Nevertheless, several genes were commonly up or down-regulated in MDS. The most up-regulated genes included RAB20, ARG1, ZNF183 and ACPL. The RAB20 gene is a member of the Ras gene superfamily and ARG1 promotes cellular proliferation. The most down-regulated genes include COX2, CD18, FOS and IL7R. COX2 is anti-apoptotic and promotes cell survival. Many genes were identified that are differentially expressed in the different MDS subtypes and AML. A subset of genes was able to discriminate patients with the 5q- syndrome from patients with refractory anaemia and a normal karyotype. The microarray expression results for several genes were confirmed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The MDS-specific expression changes identified are likely to be biologically important in the pathophysiology of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pellagatti
- Leukaemia Research Fund Molecular Haematology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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26
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Vanhentenrijk V, De Wolf-Peeters C, Wlodarska I. Comparative expressed sequence hybridization studies of hairy cell leukemia show uniform expression profile and imprint of spleen signature. Blood 2004; 104:250-5. [PMID: 15016649 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-01-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative expressed sequence hybridization (CESH) to chromosomes is a recently introduced technique that identifies chromosomal regions corresponding to a differential gene expression. This technique is analogous to comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) that detects genomic imbalances. We applied CESH for the study of hairy cell leukemia (HCL), a disorder with a largely unknown expression profile. Twelve HCL cases with spleen involvement were investigated by CESH and CGH. While the latter analysis identified only a few nonrecurrent genomic imbalances, CESH showed a consistent expression profile in all HCL cases. In addition, pairing normal spleen with normal lymph node, a "spleen signature" was established by CESH. This signature most likely reflects the expression profile of spleen-specific components, such as the sinusoidal lining cells from the red pulp and the marginal zone B cells from the white pulp. Imprint of the spleen signature was found in the HCL expression profile, suggesting that HCL may originate from a particular B-cell subset present in these splenic components. Besides pairing HCL with normal lymph node and spleen, we identified an "HCL signature" comprising several chromosome regions with altered expression. The most significantly underexpressed regions include 3p24, 3p21, 3q13.3-q22, 4p16, 11q23, 14q22-q24, 15q21-q22, 15q24-q25, and 17q22-q24; and 13q31 and Xq13.3-q21 were the most significantly overexpressed. These regions possibly harbor genes related to the biology and the pathogenesis of HCL. Their identification warrants further molecular investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Vanhentenrijk
- Division of Morphology and Molecualr Pathology and Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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27
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Knutsen T, Pack S, Petropavlovskaja M, Padilla-Nash H, Knight C, Mickley LA, Ried T, Elwood PC, Roberts SJ. Cytogenetic, spectral karyotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and comparative genomic hybridization characterization of two new secondary leukemia cell lines with 5q deletions, and MYC and MLL amplification. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2003; 37:270-81. [PMID: 12759925 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.10200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytogenetic studies of patients with therapy-induced acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML) have demonstrated whole chromosome loss or q-arm deletion of chromosomes 5 and/or 7 in a majority of cases. We have established two cell lines, SAML-1 and SAML-2, from two patients who developed t-AML after radiation and chemotherapy for Hodgkin disease. In both cases, the leukemia cells contained 5q deletions. SAML-1 has 58 chromosomes and numerous abnormalities, including der(1)(1qter-->1p22::5q31-->5qter), der(5)(5pter-->5q22::1p22-->1pter), +8, der(13)i(13)(q10)del(13)(q11q14.1), and t(10;11). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with unique sequence probes for the 5q31 region showed loss of IL4, IL5, IRF1, and IL3, and translocation of IL9, DS5S89, EGR1, and CSFIR to 1p. SAML-2 has 45 chromosomes, del(5)(q11.2q31) with a t(12;13)ins(12;5), leading to the proximity of IRF1 and RB1, and complex translocations of chromosomes 8 and 11, resulting in amplification of MYC and MLL. Comparative genomic hybridization and spectral karyotyping were consistent with the G-banding karyotype and FISH analyses. Because a potential tumor suppressor(s) in the 5q31 region has yet to be identified, these cell lines should prove useful in the study of the mechanisms leading to the development of t-AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turid Knutsen
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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28
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Bradtke J, Balz H, Fonatsch C, Heinze B, Jauch A, Mohr B, Schoch C, Rieder H. Computer aided analysis of additional chromosome aberrations in Philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia using a simplified computer readable cytogenetic notation. BMC Bioinformatics 2003; 4:4. [PMID: 12549981 PMCID: PMC149348 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-4-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2002] [Accepted: 01/28/2003] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The analysis of complex cytogenetic databases of distinct leukaemia entities may help to detect rare recurring chromosome aberrations, minimal common regions of gains and losses, and also hot spots of genomic rearrangements. The patterns of the karyotype alterations may provide insights into the genetic pathways of disease progression. RESULTS We developed a simplified computer readable cytogenetic notation (SCCN) by which chromosome findings are normalised at a resolution of 400 bands. Lost or gained chromosomes or chromosome segments are specified in detail, and ranges of chromosome breakpoint assignments are recorded. Software modules were written to summarise the recorded chromosome changes with regard to the respective chromosome involvement. To assess the degree of karyotype alterations the ploidy levels and numbers of numerical and structural changes were recorded separately, and summarised in a complex karyotype aberration score (CKAS). The SCCN and CKAS were used to analyse the extend and the spectrum of additional chromosome aberrations in 94 patients with Philadelphia chromosome positive (Ph-positive) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and secondary chromosome anomalies. Dosage changes of chromosomal material represented 92.1% of all additional events. Recurring regions of chromosome losses were identified. Structural rearrangements affecting (peri)centromeric chromosome regions were recorded in 24.6% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS SCCN and CKAS provide unifying elements between karyotypes and computer processable data formats. They proved to be useful in the investigation of additional chromosome aberrations in Ph-positive ALL, and may represent a step towards full automation of the analysis of large and complex karyotype databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Bradtke
- Institute of Clinical Genetics, Philipps-University, Bahnhofstraβe 7, Marburg, 35037, Germany
| | - Harald Balz
- Institute of Clinical Genetics, Philipps-University, Bahnhofstraβe 7, Marburg, 35037, Germany
| | - Christa Fonatsch
- Institute for Medical Biology, University of Vienna, Währinger Straβe 10, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Barbara Heinze
- Clinic of Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital, Parkstr.11, Ulm, 89073, Germany
| | - Anna Jauch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Brigitte Mohr
- Clinic of Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital, Fetscherstraβe 74, Dresden, 07307, Germany
| | - Claudia Schoch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Munich, Marchionistraβe 15, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Harald Rieder
- Institute of Clinical Genetics, Philipps-University, Bahnhofstraβe 7, Marburg, 35037, Germany
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29
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Lee JY, Lee CH, Shim SH, Seo HK, Kyhm JH, Cho S, Cho YH. Molecular cytogenetic analysis of the monoblastic cell line U937. karyotype clarification by G-banding, whole chromosome painting, microdissection and reverse painting, and comparative genomic hybridization. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2002; 137:124-32. [PMID: 12393283 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(02)00565-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous reports on the analysis of the human monoblastic cell line U937 had described several sublines containing unidentified rearrangements and marker chromosomes. In order to determine the true nature of the rearrangements, conventional banding analysis was carried out with various combinations of molecular cytogenetic techniques: comparative genomic hybridization, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with whole chromosome painting probes, and microdissection and reverse painting FISH. The origins of the marker chromosomes were identified and the composite karyotype is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yun Lee
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
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30
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Zhang XJ, Yang L, Zhao Q, Caen JP, He HY, Jin QH, Guo LH, Alemany M, Zhang LY, Shi YF. Induction of acetylcholinesterase expression during apoptosis in various cell types. Cell Death Differ 2002; 9:790-800. [PMID: 12107822 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2001] [Revised: 01/22/2002] [Accepted: 01/28/2002] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) plays a key role in terminating neurotransmission at cholinergic synapses. AChE is also found in tissues devoid of cholinergic responses, indicating potential functions beyond neurotransmission. It has been suggested that AChE may participate in development, differentiation, and pathogenic processes such as Alzheimer's disease and tumorigenesis. We examined AChE expression in a number of cell lines upon induction of apoptosis by various stimuli. AChE is induced in all apoptotic cells examined as determined by cytochemical staining, immunological analysis, affinity chromatography purification, and molecular cloning. The AChE protein was found in the cytoplasm at the initiation of apoptosis and then in the nucleus or apoptotic bodies upon commitment to cell death. Sequence analysis revealed that AChE expressed in apoptotic cells is identical to the synapse type AChE. Pharmacological inhibitors of AChE prevented apoptosis. Furthermore, blocking the expression of AChE with antisense inhibited apoptosis. Therefore, our studies demonstrate that AChE is potentially a marker and a regulator of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- X J Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 YueYang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.
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31
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Anderson K, Arvidsson I, Jacobsson B, Hast R. Fluorescence in situ hybridization for the study of cell lineage involvement in myelodysplastic syndromes with chromosome 5 anomalies. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2002; 136:101-7. [PMID: 12237232 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(02)00515-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with a locus-specific dual DNA probe (LSI EGR-1SO/D5S23SG) for chromosome 5 was used in combination with morphology to study bone marrow cell lineage involvement of the abnormal chromosomal clone in 13 patients with deletion 5q [del(5q)], either as a sole aberration or as part of a complex karyotype, and in six cases with monosomy 5 by metaphase cytogenetics, all with complex karyotypes including 2-6 marker chromosomes. In the monosomy 5 group, only one case displayed the expected one orange and one green (1O + 1G) FISH pattern in a majority of the cells. The other five patients instead showed 1O + 2G FISH signals in 17-86% of the bone marrow cells, which is the typical pattern for del(5q). In the del(5q) group, 26-98% of the bone marrow cells exhibited 1O + 2G FISH signals. All patients showed clonal involvement of the myeloid cell lineages, including the megakaryocytes in a few cases, whereas lymphoid cells generally exhibited the normal 2O + 2G FISH pattern. No difference was seen between patients with 5q- syndrome, those with del(5q) and a complex karyotype, and the monosomy 5 group. We were thus unable to confirm the recent suggestion that B-cells are a part of the abnormal clone in MDS with del(5q). Furthermore, true monosomy 5 seems to be rare in MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Anderson
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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32
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Abstract
Clinical and cancer cytogenetics is a rapidly evolving discipline. The past decade has seen a dramatic change in molecular biology and fluorescence microscopy. The use of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technologies has enabled the rapid analysis of cytogenetic specimens as an adjunct to classical cytogenetic analysis. Spectral karyotyping (SKY) is a 24-color, multi-chromosomal painting assay that allows the visualization of all human chromosomes in one experiment. The ability for SKY analysis to detect equivocal or complex chromosomal rearrangements, as well as to identify the chromosomal origins of marker chromosomes and other extra-chromosomal structures, makes this a highly sensitive and valuable tool for identifying recurrent chromosomal aberrations. The SKY has been applied to various tumor groups including hematological malignancies, sarcomas, carcinomas and brain tumors, with the intent of identifying specific chromosomal abnormalities that may provide insight to the genes involved in the disease process as well as identifying recurrent cytogenetic markers for clinical diagnosis and prognostic assessment. The SKY has also been applied for the mouse genome, enabling investigators to extrapolate information from mouse models of cancer to their human counterparts. This review will address the advances that SKY has facilitated in the field of cancer cytogenetics, as well as its variety of application in the cancer research laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane M Bayani
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Ontario, Toronto, Canada M5G 2M9
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33
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Hatta Y, Koeffler HP. Role of tumor suppressor genes in the development of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). Leukemia 2002; 16:1069-85. [PMID: 12040438 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2001] [Accepted: 12/31/2001] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is one of the peripheral T cell malignant neoplasms strongly associated with human T cell leukemia virus type-I (HTLV-I). Although the viral transactivating protein Tax has been proposed to play a critical role in leukemogeneis as shown by its transforming activity in various experimental systems, additional cellular events are required for the development of ATLL. One of the genetic events in ATLL is inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. Among many candidates for tumor suppressor genes, the main genetic events have been reported to center around the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors ((CDKIs) p15INK4A, p16INK4B, p18INK4C, p19INK4D, p21WAF1, p27KIP1, and p57KIP2), p53 and Rb genes; all of them play a major regulatory role during G1 to S transition in the cell cycle. Acute/lymphomatous ATLL has frequent alterations of p15 (20%) and p16 (28-67%), while chronic/smoldering ATLL has fewer abnormalities of p15 (0-13%) and p16 (5-26%). Most of these changes are deletion of the genes; fewer samples have mutations. ATLL patients with deleted p15 and/or p16 genes have significantly shorter survival than those individuals with both genes preserved. Although genetic alterations of p18, p19, p21, p27 have rarely been reported, inactivation of these genes may contribute to the development of ATLL because low expression levels of these genes seem to mark ATLL. The p53 gene is mutated in 10-50% of acute/lymphomatous ATLL. Functional impairment of the p53 protein, even if the gene has wild-type sequences, has been suggested in HTLV-I infected cells. Each of these genetic events are mainly found in acute/lymphomatous ATLL, suggesting that alterations of these genes may be associated with transformation to an aggressive phenotype. The Rb tumor suppressor gene is infrequently structurally altered, but one half of ATLL cases have lost expression of this key protein. Notably, alterations of one of the CDKIs, p53 and Rb genes appear to obviate the need for inactivation of other genes in the same pathway. A novel tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 6q may also have a critical role in the pathogenesis of ATLL. Taken together, tumor suppressor genes are frequently altered in acute/lymphomatous ATLL and their alteration is probably the driving force fueling the transition from chronic/smoldering to acute/lymphomatous ATLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hatta
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Stilgenbauer S, Bullinger L, Lichter P, Döhner H. Genetics of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: genomic aberrations and V(H) gene mutation status in pathogenesis and clinical course. Leukemia 2002; 16:993-1007. [PMID: 12040431 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2002] [Accepted: 02/22/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The genetic characterization of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has made significant progress over the past few years. While conventional cytogenetic analyses only detected chromosome aberrations in 40-50% of cases, new molecular cytogenetic methods, such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), have greatly enhanced our ability to detect chromosomal abnormalities in CLL. Today, genomic aberrations are detected in over 80% of CLL cases. Genes potentially involved in the pathogenesis were identified with ATM in a subset of cases with 11q deletion and p53 in cases with 17p13 deletion. For the most frequent aberration, the deletion 13q14, candidate genes have been isolated. Genetic subgroups with distinct clinical features have been identified. 11q deletion is associated with marked lymphadenopathy and rapid disease progression. 17p deletion predicts for treatment failure with alkylating agents, as well as fludarabine and short survival times. In multivariate analysis 11q and 17p deletions provided independent prognostic information. Recently, another important issue of genetic risk classification in CLL was identified with the mutation status of the immunoglobulin variable heavy chain genes (V(H)). CLL cases with unmutated V(H) show more rapid disease progression and shorter survival times. Whether CD38 expression can serve as a surrogate marker for V(H) mutation status is currently discussed controversially. V(H) mutation status and genomic abnormalities, such as 17p and 11q deletion, have recently been shown to be related to each other, but were of independent prognostic information in multivariate analysis. Moreover, genomic aberrations and V(H) mutation status appear to give prognostic information irrespective of the clinical stage and may therefore allow a risk assessment for individual patients early in the course of their disease.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Cytogenetic Analysis
- Disease Progression
- Genes, Immunoglobulin
- Genome, Human
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/mortality
- Mutation
- Survival Rate
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stilgenbauer
- Abteilung Innere Medizin III, University of Ulm, Germany
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35
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating/therapeutic use
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7/ultrastructure
- DNA Methylation
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Enzyme Inhibitors/adverse effects
- Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Forecasting
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors
- Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase
- Humans
- Leukemia, Experimental/etiology
- Leukemia, Experimental/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid/chemically induced
- Leukemia, Myeloid/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Leukemia, Radiation-Induced/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/radiotherapy
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/chemically induced
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/genetics
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Proto-Oncogenes
- Stromal Cells/pathology
- Topoisomerase II Inhibitors
- Transcription Factors
- Translocation, Genetic
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gojo
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Le Beau MM, Bitts S, Davis EM, Kogan SC. Recurring chromosomal abnormalities in leukemia in PML-RARA transgenic mice parallel human acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood 2002; 99:2985-91. [PMID: 11929790 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v99.8.2985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is characterized by the t(15;17)(q22;q11.2), which results in the PML-RARA fusion gene. In previous studies, we demonstrated that expression of a human PML-RARA complementary DNA in murine granulocyte precursor cells initiated the development of leukemia. However, leukemogenesis by PML-RARA required additional genetic alterations. To identify genetic changes that cooperate with PML-RARA in leukemogenesis, we performed spectral karyotyping analysis of myeloid leukemias from hMRP8-PML-RARA mice (11 cases) and from mice coexpressing PML-RARA and BCL2 (8 cases). Clonal abnormalities were detected in 18 of 19 cases (95%). Recurring numerical abnormalities identified in these murine leukemias included +15 (15 cases, 79%); loss of a sex chromosome (12 cases, 63%); +8 (10 cases, 53%); +10 (9 cases, 47%); +4, +7, or +14 (8 cases each, 42%); +16 (7 cases, 37%); and +6 (5 cases, 26%). In a series of 965 patients with APL, we identified secondary abnormalities in 368 (38%). The most common recurring abnormalities were +8 or partial trisomy of 8q (120 patients, 12.4%) and ider(17) t(15;17) (42 patients, 4.4%). The critical consequence of +8 in human leukemias appears to be the gain of 8q24, which is syntenic to mouse 15. Thus, our results suggest that PML-RARA-initiated murine leukemia is associated with a defined spectrum of genetic changes, and that these secondary mutations recapitulate, in part, the cytogenetic abnormalities found in human APL.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
- Humans
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Myeloid/etiology
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid/pathology
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- Recurrence
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Le Beau
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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Rossbach HC, Chamizo W, Dumont DP, Barbosa JL, Sutcliffe MJ. Hepatosplenic gamma/delta T-cell lymphoma with isochromosome 7q, translocation t(7;21), and tetrasomy 8 in a 9-year-old girl. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2002; 24:154-7. [PMID: 11990705 DOI: 10.1097/00043426-200202000-00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The authors report a child younger than age 15 years with a rare hepatosplenic gamma/delta T-cell lymphoma, which is highly aggressive and primarily seen in young men. A 9-year-old girl presented with thrombocytopenia and hepatosplenomegaly. Bone marrow analysis revealed a metastatic pleomorphic lymphoma of peripheral T-cell phenotype, with rearrangement of the T-cell receptor gamma/delta and expression of CD3 and CD16/56. Instead of the previously reported primary, nonrandom, chromosomal abnormalities, isochromosome 7q and trisomy 8, this patient had four copies each of chromosome 7q, including isochromosome 7[i(7)(q10)] and der(21)t(7;21), as well as chromosome 8. This entity needs to be considered in women and children with lymphoma. Conventional therapy appears to be inadequate for cure.
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MESH Headings
- Aneuploidy
- Antigens, Neoplasm/analysis
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- CD3 Complex/analysis
- CD56 Antigen/analysis
- Child
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
- Female
- Hepatomegaly/etiology
- Hepatomegaly/pathology
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Isochromosomes
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/therapy
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/therapy
- Monosomy
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/chemistry
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/analysis
- Remission Induction
- Splenic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Splenic Neoplasms/genetics
- Splenic Neoplasms/therapy
- Splenomegaly/etiology
- Splenomegaly/pathology
- Translocation, Genetic
- Transplantation, Homologous
- Trisomy
- X Chromosome
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Christoph Rossbach
- Divisions of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, All Children's Hospital, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, USA
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Jacobs P, Wood L. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia--the haematologic basis for diagnosis and treatment. Hematology 2002; 7:33-41. [PMID: 12171775 DOI: 10.1080/10245330290020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinically diagnosis may be incidental when absolute lymphocytosis is uncovered at routine medical examination. More usually there is a recurrent sinopulmonary infection reflecting a varying degree of humoral and cellular immune deficiency. Autoimmune phenomena may result in haemolytic anaemia or thrombocytopenia. Expanding tumour bulk underlies the lymphadenopathy which may be prominent. Diagnosis is confirmed on morphology of the smear where atypical variants need to be distinguished from other indolent lymphoproliferative disorders. Immunophenotyping is indispensable in classification. Prognosis is predicated by cytogenetics and markers of tumour biology that include beta-2 microglobulin and peripheral blood lymphocyte doubling time. Management is dictated by symptoms and signs of progression superimposed upon performance status that includes age. Disease that is asymptomatic and truly indolent, particularly in the elderly, qualifies for a careful watch-and-wait policy. In other circumstances stratification to therapy requires entry into peer-reviewed protocols if optimal outcome is to be achieved. Established regimens, of demonstrably equal efficacy, are pulsed single-agents exemplified by chlorambucil or combinations of cyclophosphamide with vincristine and prednisone. The purine analogues, particularly when administered with an alkylating agent and mitoxantrone, are emerging as superior options. In selected patients any properly accredited program will make provision for escalation in chemotherapy requiring haematopoietic stem cell transplantation on the one hand or use of serotherapy with CD52 antibodies on the other. Less commonly, but in a defined subgroup, immunoglobulins directed against membrane CD20 may be effective. Perspective for the generalist is anchored in recognising that the previous cavalier approach to drug medication, with or without radiotherapy, is unwise whereas integrated management is now the international standard of practice. The previous anachronism of dabbling by occasional therapists is to be deprecated since this will generally deny patients access to proper diagnosis and risk-adjusted multi-disciplinary treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jacobs
- The Department of Haematology and Boone Marrow Transplant Unit incorporating the Searll Research Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Constantiaberg Medi-Clinic, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Abstract
The myelodysplastic syndromes are a collection of five clinico-pathological entities with a wide spectrum of clinical behaviours and survival outcomes. Cytogenetic analysis has been instrumental in refining the prognosis, predicting the likelihood of progression to acute myeloid leukaemia and median survival, and in establishing clonality of these diseases. This review highlights the most frequent abnormalities and summarizes their clinical and genetic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Olney
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland, MC 2115, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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40
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Dierlamm J, Stefanova M, Wlodarska I, Michaux L, Hinz K, Penas EM, Maes B, Hagemeijer A, De Wolf-Peeters C, Hossfeld DK. Chromosomal gains and losses are uncommon in hairy cell leukemia: a study based on comparative genomic hybridization and interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2001; 128:164-7. [PMID: 11463458 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(01)00415-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to other subtypes of lymphoproliferative malignancies, the genetic mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of hairy cell leukemia (HCL) are unknown. We studied densely infiltrated splenic tissue of 14 cases of HCL for the presence of chromosomal gains and losses by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). Chromosomal imbalances were detected in only four of the 14 cases. Chromosomal gains involved the regions 5q13-q31 (two cases) and 1p32-p36.2 (one case). A loss of the region 11q14-q22 was found in one additional patient. The imbalances affecting the regions 5q and 11q were confirmed by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using PAC clone 144G9 (5q31) and YAC clones 755B11 (11q22.3-q23.1) and 801E11 (11q22.3-q23.1 spanning the ATM gene) and occurred in 61% to 75% of analyzed nuclei. The latter DNA probes and probes hybridizing to chromosomal regions, which are frequently deleted in other subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL), namely 9p21/ P16(INK4A), 13q14/D13S25, and 17p13/P53 were subsequently applied to all 14 cases of HCL, but no additional abnormalities were found. We conclude that overrepresentation of chromosome 5 represents a recurrent aberration in HCL and that the commonly overrepresented region resides in 5q13-q31. Chromosomal imbalances including deletions of the tumor suppressor gene loci 9p21/P16(INK4A), 13q14/D13S25, and 17p13/P53 rarely occur in HCL in contrast to some other subtypes of B-cell NHL. The pathogenetic role of 11q/ATM alterations in HCL remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dierlamm
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital, Hamburg, Germany.
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41
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Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia (AT) is a rare multisystem, autosomal, recessive disease characterised by neuronal degeneration, genome instability, and an increased risk of cancer. Approximately 10% of AT homozygotes develop cancer, mostly of the lymphoid system. Lymphoid malignancies in patients with AT are of both B cell and T cell origin, and include Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and several forms of leukaemia. The AT locus was mapped to the chromosomal region 11q22-23 using genetic linkage analysis in the late 1980s and the causative gene was identified by positional cloning several years later. The ATM gene encodes a large protein that belongs to a family of kinases possessing a highly conserved C-terminal kinase domain related to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase domain. Members of this kinase family have been shown to function in DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint control following DNA damage. Recent studies indicate that ATM is activated primarily in response to double strand breaks and may be considered a caretaker of the genome. Most mutations in ATM result in truncation and destabilisation of the protein, but certain missense and splicing errors have been shown to produce a less severe phenotype. AT heterozygotes have a slightly increased risk of breast cancer. Atm deficient mice exhibit many of the symptoms found in patients with AT and have a high frequency of thymic lymphoma. The association between mutation of the ATM gene and a high incidence of lymphoid malignancy in patients with AT, together with the development of lymphoma in Atm deficient mice, supports the proposal that inactivation of the ATM gene may be of importance in the pathogenesis of sporadic lymphoid malignancy. Loss of heterozygosity at 11q22-23 (the location of the ATM gene) is a common event in lymphoid malignancy. Frequent inactivating mutations of the ATM gene have been reported in patients with rare sporadic T cell prolymphocytic leukaemia (T-PLL), B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL), and most recently, mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). In contrast to the ATM mutation pattern in AT, the most frequent nucleotide changes in these sporadic lymphoid malignancies were missense mutations. The presence of inactivating mutations, together with the deletion of the normal copy of the ATM gene in some patients with T-PLL, B-CLL, and MCL, establishes somatic inactivation of the ATM gene in the pathogenesis of lymphoid malignancies, and strongly suggests that ATM functions as a tumour suppressor. The presence of missense mutations in the germline of patients with B-CLL has been reported, suggesting that some patients with B-CLL may be constitutional AT heterozygotes. The putative hereditary predisposition of B-CLL, although intriguing, warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Boultwood
- Leukaemia Research Fund Molecular Haematology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
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Lezon-Geyda K, Najfeld V, Johnson EM. Deletions of PURA, at 5q31, and PURB, at 7p13, in myelodysplastic syndrome and progression to acute myelogenous leukemia. Leukemia 2001; 15:954-62. [PMID: 11417483 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Deletions or monosomy of chromosomes 5 and 7 are frequently observed in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). In this study two genes, PURA and PURB, encoding functionally cooperative proteins in the Pur family, are localized to chromosome bands 5q31.1 and 7p13, respectively. One or both of these loci are shown to be hemizygously deleted in 60 MDS or AML patients using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). High-resolution mapping of PURA localizes it approximately 1.1 Mb telomeric to the EGR-1 gene. Frequency of PURA deletion and segregation with EGR-1 indicate that PURA is within the most commonly deleted segment in myeloid disorders characterized by del(5)(q31). No mutations have been detected within the coding sequence of PURA. Concurrent deletions of PURA and PURB occur in MDS at a rate nearly 1.5-fold higher than statistically expected and in AML at a rate > 5-fold higher. This novel simultaneous deletion of two closely related gene family members may thus have consequences related to progression to AML. Pur alpha, an Rb-binding protein, has been implicated in cell cycle control and differentiation, and Pur alpha and Pur beta are reported to function as heterodimers. Alterations in these genes could affect a delicate balance critical in myeloid development.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7/genetics
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Disease Progression
- Early Growth Response Protein 1
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Library
- Genotype
- Humans
- Immediate-Early Proteins
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid/pathology
- Loss of Heterozygosity
- Male
- Microsatellite Repeats
- Middle Aged
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/genetics
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/pathology
- Neoplasm Proteins/deficiency
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transcription Factors/deficiency
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lezon-Geyda
- Department of Pathology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Derald H Ruttenberg Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
Spectral karyotyping (SKY) is a powerful 24-color, whole chromosome-painting assay allowing the visualization of each chromosome in one experiment. Subtle karyotype rearrangements can be detected easily so that small translocations lead to a transition from one color to another at the chromosomal breakpoint region. SKY has enabled the elucidation of several examples of hidden or "cryptic" structural aberrations that may otherwise have been left undetected by classical cytogenetic methods. Furthermore, the chromosomal origins of abnormalities once designated "marker chromosomes" can now be determined rather than left unidentified. SKY analysis of cancer cytogenetics samples provides a much more detailed description of the highly abnormal karyotypes that characterize advanced tumors and cancer cell lines. In addition, SKY significantly adds to the power of clinical cytogenetic analysis of constitutional chromosomal aberrations by facilitating the identification of subtle structural rearrangements that may contain aneuploidy with potential pathological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bayani
- University Health Network, Ontario Cancer Institute and the Departments of Medical Biophysics and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
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Faderl S, Gidel C, Kantarjian HM, Manshouri T, Keating M, Albitar M. Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 5 in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Res 2001; 25:39-43. [PMID: 11137559 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(00)00084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytogenetic abnormalities are among the most important pretreatment predictors of outcome in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Deletions of genetic material can result in loss of tumor suppressor genes or other translation products that are crucial in maintaining an orderly cell cycle sequence or viability of the apoptotic cascade. Chromosome 5 contains many genes that are relevant in hematopoiesis. Deletions of chromosome 5 or parts thereof are found frequently in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemias (AML) where they are associated with a poor prognosis. Although abnormalities of chromosome 5 are not commonly detected by cytogenetic analysis in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemias, we hypothesized that loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of microsatellite markers on chromosome 5 may occur more frequently and likewise influence outcome in these patients. Therefore, we analyzed peripheral blood and bone marrow samples of 41 adults with a diagnosis of ALL for LOH by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and correlated our findings with overall survival of patients with and without LOH. LOH for at least one microsatellite marker was found in seven of 41 patients (17%). All patients demonstrated LOH on the long arm of chromosome 5. In three patients, LOH was extended to 5p. A region of minimal deletion which overlapped in all seven patients could be localized between markers D5S410 and D5S436 corresponding to chromosomal location 5q31-33 which is similar to the area of minimal deletion seen in AML. None of these patients showed involvement of chromosome 5 by cytogenetic analysis. We conclude that patients with ALL have LOH for gene segments on chromosome 5, especially 5q, more frequently than expected from cytogenetic studies. Although, unlike AML, no significant impact on prognosis could be found between patients with and without LOH on chromosome 5. The current data suggest that 5q abnormalities are not specific for AML and can also occur in patients with ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Faderl
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030-4095, USA
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45
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Largaespada DA. Genetic heterogeneity in acute myeloid leukemia: maximizing information flow from MuLV mutagenesis studies. Leukemia 2000; 14:1174-84. [PMID: 10914539 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2401852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The study of myeloid leukemia induced by slow transforming murine leukemia viruses (MuLV) in the laboratory mouse has led to discovery of many important genes with critical roles in regulating the growth, death, lineage determination and development of hematopoietic precursor cells. This review provides an overview of the susceptible strains and virus isolates that cause acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in mice. In addition, newer methodologies, involving the use of the polymerase chain reaction, that have been used to identify cancer genes mutated by proviral insertion in mouse models, will be discussed. As cancer is a multi-gene disease, a system in which pairs of oncogenic mutations are classified as redundant, neutral or synergistic is described. The potential to combine MuLV mutagenesis with recent advances in mouse transgenesis in order to model specific forms of myeloid leukemia or genetic pathways common in human AML will be discussed. Finally, a general strategy for maximizing these genetically rich models to foster a better understanding of AML physiology and developing therapies is proposed.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Biological Specimen Banks
- Crosses, Genetic
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Databases, Factual
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Gene Library
- Genetic Heterogeneity
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Leukemia Virus, Murine/genetics
- Leukemia Virus, Murine/isolation & purification
- Leukemia Virus, Murine/pathogenicity
- Leukemia, Experimental/genetics
- Leukemia, Experimental/pathology
- Leukemia, Experimental/virology
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains/genetics
- Mice, Inbred Strains/virology
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutagenesis, Insertional
- Oncogenes
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Proto-Oncogenes
- Proviruses/genetics
- Retroviridae Infections/genetics
- Retroviridae Infections/pathology
- Retroviridae Infections/virology
- Transgenes
- Tumor Virus Infections/genetics
- Tumor Virus Infections/pathology
- Tumor Virus Infections/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Largaespada
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Institute of Human Genetics, and University of Minnesota Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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46
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Daggett MA, Li Q, Weaver RF, Suprenant KA. Overexpression of the 77-kD echinoderm microtubule-associated protein (EMAP), a WD-40 repeat protein, in baculovirus-infected Sf9 cells. CELL MOTILITY AND THE CYTOSKELETON 2000; 41:57-67. [PMID: 9744299 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0169(1998)41:1<57::aid-cm5>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test whether any assembly-promoting microtubule-associated protein (MAP) would bundle microtubules and induce process formation in recombinant baculovirus-infected Sf9 cells, in particular, whether a non-neural MAP from a normally rounded cell would produce cellular asymmetries. To carry out these experiments, we constructed a recombinant baculovirus that expressed the full-length 77-kD EMAP, an abundant MAP that localizes to the mitotic spindle of cleavage-stage sea urchin embryos and to the interphase array of microtubules in adult coelomocytes. Expression of EMAP in Sf9 cells had no detectable effect on cellular morphology, microtubule organization, or stability. These results indicate that process formation in Sf9 cells is MAP specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Daggett
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045, USA
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47
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Gao Q, Horwitz M, Roulston D, Hagos F, Zhao N, Freireich EJ, Golomb HM, Olopade OI. Susceptibility gene for familial acute myeloid leukemia associated with loss of 5q and/or 7q is not localized on the commonly deleted portion of 5q. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2264(200006)28:2<164::aid-gcc5>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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48
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Sander TL, Haas AL, Peterson MJ, Morris JF. Identification of a novel SCAN box-related protein that interacts with MZF1B. The leucine-rich SCAN box mediates hetero- and homoprotein associations. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:12857-67. [PMID: 10777584 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.17.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The SCAN box or leucine-rich (LeR) domain is a conserved motif found within a subfamily of C(2)H(2) zinc finger proteins. The function of a SCAN box is unknown, but it is predicted to form alpha-helices that may be involved in protein-protein interactions. Myeloid zinc finger gene-1B (MZF1B) is an alternatively spliced human cDNA isoform of the zinc finger transcription factor, MZF1. MZF1 and MZF1B contain 13 C(2)H(2) zinc finger motifs, but only MZF1B contains an amino-terminal SCAN box. A bone marrow cDNA library was screened for proteins interacting with the MZF1B SCAN box domain and RAZ1 (SCAN-related protein associated with MZF1B) was identified. RAZ1 is a novel cDNA that encodes a SCAN-related domain and arginine-rich region but no zinc finger motifs. Co-immunoprecipitation assays demonstrate that the SCAN box domain of MZF1B is necessary for association with RAZ1. By yeast two-hybrid analysis, the carboxyl terminus of RAZ1 is sufficient for interaction with the MZF1B SCAN box. Furthermore, MZF1B and RAZ1 each self-associate in vitro via a SCAN box-dependent mechanism. These data provide evidence that the SCAN box is a protein interaction domain that mediates both hetero- and homoprotein associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Sander
- Kelly Weil Laboratory of Pediatric Molecular Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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49
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Lens D, Matutes E, Catovsky D, Coignet LJ. Frequent deletions at 11q23 and 13q14 in B cell prolymphocytic leukemia (B-PLL). Leukemia 2000; 14:427-30. [PMID: 10720137 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2401644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Deletions of the long arm of chromosomes 11 and 13 are the most frequent structural chromosome aberrations in various types of lymphoproliferative disorders. However, these regions have not been studied so far in B cell prolymphocytic leukemia (B-PLL). We have investigated the incidence of 13q deletions in 18 B-PLL cases by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), using molecular probes for the RB1 and D13S25 loci. Chromosome 11q deletions were evaluated by FISH using the yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) clone 755b11 from the chromosome 11q22.3-q23.1 region, which has been previously shown to be deleted in 20% of cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Chromosome 11q23 deletions were found in 7/18 (39%) cases of B-PLL. Monoallelic loss of RB1, D13S25 and BRCA2 was present in 10/18 (55%), 6/18 (33%) and 3/18 (16%) of the cases, respectively. All the cases with D13S25 and BRCA2 deletion showed RB1 loss. Deletions of 13q14 and 11q23 are frequent chromosome aberrations in B-PLL and, in contrast to CLL, there is a preferential loss of RB1 with respect to the D13S25 locus suggesting that allelic loss of the RB1 gene may play a role in the pathogenesis of B-PLL.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Alleles
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13/ultrastructure
- Female
- Genes, Retinoblastoma
- Genes, p53
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/genetics
- Loss of Heterozygosity
- Male
- Middle Aged
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lens
- Academic Department of Haematology and Cytogenetics, Royal Marsden Hospital/Institute of Cancer Research, London/Sutton, UK
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50
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Mathew S, Head D, Rodriguez-Galindo C, Raimondi SC. Trisomy of the long arm of chromosome 1 resulting in a dicentric derivative (6)t(1;6) chromosome in a child with myelodysplastic syndrome following treatment for a primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Leuk Lymphoma 2000; 37:213-8. [PMID: 10721789 DOI: 10.3109/10428190009057648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We report the clinical, hematologic, and cytogenetic findings for a child with secondary myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) after treatment for a primitive neuroectodermal tumor. At the time of conversion to MDS, conventional cytogenetics revealed an unbalanced der(6)t(1;6) that resulted in trisomy of the long arm of chromosome 1 and partial monosomy and duplication of 6p. Using alpha satellite probes, fluorescence in situ hybridization of bone marrow cells showed that the rearranged chromosome contained the centromeres of both chromosomes 1 and 6, thus forming a dic(1;6) resulting in trisomy 1q. This report is the first to describe a case of childhood secondary myelodysplastic syndrome associated with a trisomy 1q involving chromosome 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mathew
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA.
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