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Akinyemi MO, Finucan J, Grytsay A, Osaiyuwu OH, Adegbaju MS, Ogunade IM, Thomas BN, Peters SO, Morenikeji OB. Molecular Evolution and Inheritance Pattern of Sox Gene Family among Bovidae. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101783. [PMID: 36292668 PMCID: PMC9602320 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Sox genes are an evolutionarily conserved family of transcription factors that play important roles in cellular differentiation and numerous complex developmental processes. In vertebrates, Sox proteins are required for cell fate decisions, morphogenesis, and the control of self-renewal in embryonic and adult stem cells. The Sox gene family has been well-studied in multiple species including humans but there has been scanty or no research into Bovidae. In this study, we conducted a detailed evolutionary analysis of this gene family in Bovidae, including their physicochemical properties, biological functions, and patterns of inheritance. We performed a genome-wide cataloguing procedure to explore the Sox gene family using multiple bioinformatics tools. Our analysis revealed a significant inheritance pattern including conserved motifs that are critical to the ability of Sox proteins to interact with the regulatory regions of target genes and orchestrate multiple developmental and physiological processes. Importantly, we report an important conserved motif, EFDQYL/ELDQYL, found in the SoxE and SoxF groups but not in other Sox groups. Further analysis revealed that this motif sequence accounts for the binding and transactivation potential of Sox proteins. The degree of protein–protein interaction showed significant interactions among Sox genes and related genes implicated in embryonic development and the regulation of cell differentiation. We conclude that the Sox gene family uniquely evolved in Bovidae, with a few exhibiting important motifs that drive several developmental and physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabel O. Akinyemi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Madison, NJ 07940, USA
| | - Jessica Finucan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Madison, NJ 07940, USA
| | - Anastasia Grytsay
- Division of Biological and Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Bradford, PA 16701, USA
| | - Osamede H. Osaiyuwu
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200005, Nigeria
| | - Muyiwa S. Adegbaju
- Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Ibukun M. Ogunade
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Bolaji N. Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - Sunday O. Peters
- Department of Animal Science, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA 30149, USA
| | - Olanrewaju B. Morenikeji
- Division of Biological and Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Bradford, PA 16701, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(585)-490-7271
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2
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Feng Y, Zhong ZW, Xu Y, Zhang ZY, Ao LL, Yang Z, Wang YL, Jiang YH. Characterization of the transcription factor Sox3 regulating the gonadal development of pearlscale angelfish (Centropyge vrolikii). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:1193-1207. [PMID: 35963922 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As a member of the Sox gene family, Sox3 plays a vital role in gonadal development and gametogenesis. Nevertheless, the exact expression pattern of this gene in fish is still unknown. Here, we identified the Sox3 gene of Centropyge vrolikii, namely, Cv-Sox3. The Cv-Sox3 mRNA expression in the ovary and testis was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis, and the mRNA expression level of Cv-Sox3 in the ovary in the resting stage was significantly higher than that in other tissues. The phylogenetic tree and alignment of multiple sequences were constructed to analyze the evolutionary relationships of Cv-Sox3. Cv-Sox3 was relatively conserved in the evolution of teleost fish, indicating the importance and similarity of its function. The in situ hybridization results demonstrate that Cv-Sox3 was present in the follicle cells and cytoplasm of oocytes in the ovary of different stages, and the positive signals occurred in germ cells of the testis. After interfering with Cv-Sox3, the growth rate of ovarian cells in culture became slow, and the expression of ovary-bias-related genes Cyp19a and Foxl2 significantly increased. Meanwhile, the expression of testis-bias-related genes Dmrt1, Sox9, Cyp11a, Amh, and Sox8 significantly decreased. These results suggest that Cv-Sox3 gene might be expressed in the germ cells of male and female gonads during gonadal development. This study provides a precise expression pattern of Cv-Sox3 and demonstrates that Cv-Sox3 might play a significant role in the reproductive regulation of C. vrolikii. In this study, Sox3 of C. vrolikii (Cv-Sox3) was cloned to understand the expression pattern in the gonadal development, which is expressed in germ cells, involved in the process of gonadal development. The results demonstrated that Cv-Sox3 may play a significant role in the reproductive regulation of C. vrolikii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquatic Science and Technology Education, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Zhao-Wei Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquatic Science and Technology Education, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquatic Science and Technology Education, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Ze-Yu Zhang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Lu-Lu Ao
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquatic Science and Technology Education, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquatic Science and Technology Education, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Yi-Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquatic Science and Technology Education, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Yong-Hua Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquatic Science and Technology Education, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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3
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Stevanovic M, Drakulic D, Lazic A, Ninkovic DS, Schwirtlich M, Mojsin M. SOX Transcription Factors as Important Regulators of Neuronal and Glial Differentiation During Nervous System Development and Adult Neurogenesis. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:654031. [PMID: 33867936 PMCID: PMC8044450 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.654031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The SOX proteins belong to the superfamily of transcription factors (TFs) that display properties of both classical TFs and architectural components of chromatin. Since the cloning of the Sox/SOX genes, remarkable progress has been made in illuminating their roles as key players in the regulation of multiple developmental and physiological processes. SOX TFs govern diverse cellular processes during development, such as maintaining the pluripotency of stem cells, cell proliferation, cell fate decisions/germ layer formation as well as terminal cell differentiation into tissues and organs. However, their roles are not limited to development since SOX proteins influence survival, regeneration, cell death and control homeostasis in adult tissues. This review summarized current knowledge of the roles of SOX proteins in control of central nervous system development. Some SOX TFs suspend neural progenitors in proliferative, stem-like state and prevent their differentiation. SOX proteins function as pioneer factors that occupy silenced target genes and keep them in a poised state for activation at subsequent stages of differentiation. At appropriate stage of development, SOX members that maintain stemness are down-regulated in cells that are competent to differentiate, while other SOX members take over their functions and govern the process of differentiation. Distinct SOX members determine down-stream processes of neuronal and glial differentiation. Thus, sequentially acting SOX TFs orchestrate neural lineage development defining neuronal and glial phenotypes. In line with their crucial roles in the nervous system development, deregulation of specific SOX proteins activities is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). The overview of the current knowledge about the link between SOX gene variants and NDDs is presented. We outline the roles of SOX TFs in adult neurogenesis and brain homeostasis and discuss whether impaired adult neurogenesis, detected in neurodegenerative diseases, could be associated with deregulation of SOX proteins activities. We present the current data regarding the interaction between SOX proteins and signaling pathways and microRNAs that play roles in nervous system development. Finally, future research directions that will improve the knowledge about distinct and various roles of SOX TFs in health and diseases are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Stevanovic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Drakulic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andrijana Lazic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Stanisavljevic Ninkovic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Schwirtlich
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Mojsin
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Tahira AC, Barbosa AR, Feltrin AS, Gastaldi VD, de Toledo VHC, de Carvalho Pereira JG, Lisboa BCG, de Souza Reis VN, dos Santos ACF, Maschietto M, Brentani H. Putative contributions of the sex chromosome proteins SOX3 and SRY to neurodevelopmental disorders. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2019; 180:390-414. [PMID: 30537354 PMCID: PMC6767407 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The male-biased prevalence of certain neurodevelopmental disorders and the sex-biased outcomes associated with stress exposure during gestation have been previously described. Here, we hypothesized that genes distinctively targeted by only one or both homologous proteins highly conserved across therian mammals, SOX3 and SRY, could induce sexual adaptive changes that result in a differential risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. ChIP-seq/chip data showed that SOX3/SRY gene targets were expressed in different brain cell types in mice. We used orthologous human genes in rodent genomes to extend the number of SOX3/SRY set (1,721). These genes were later found to be enriched in five modules of coexpressed genes during the early and mid-gestation periods (FDR < 0.05), independent of sexual hormones. Genes with differential expression (24, p < 0.0001) and methylation (40, p < 0.047) between sexes were overrepresented in this set. Exclusive SOX3 or SRY target genes were more associated with the late gestational and postnatal periods. Using autism as a model sex-biased disorder, the SOX3/SRY set was enriched in autism gene databases (FDR ≤ 0.05), and there were more de novo variations from the male autism spectrum disorder (ASD) samples under the SRY peaks compared to the random peaks (p < 0.024). The comparison of coexpressed networks of SOX3/SRY target genes between male autism and control samples revealed low preservation in gene modules related to stress response (99 genes) and neurogenesis (78 genes). This study provides evidence that while SOX3 is a regulatory mechanism for both sexes, the male-exclusive SRY also plays a role in gene regulation, suggesting a potential mechanism for sex bias in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Tahira
- LIM23, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao PauloSao PauloSPBrazil
| | - André Rocha Barbosa
- LIM23, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao PauloSao PauloSPBrazil
- Inter‐institutional Grad Program on BioinformaticsUniversity of São PauloSão PauloSPBrazil
| | | | - Vinicius Daguano Gastaldi
- LIM23, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao PauloSao PauloSPBrazil
| | - Victor Hugo Calegari de Toledo
- LIM23, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao PauloSao PauloSPBrazil
| | | | - Bianca Cristina Garcia Lisboa
- LIM23, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao PauloSao PauloSPBrazil
| | - Viviane Neri de Souza Reis
- LIM23, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao PauloSao PauloSPBrazil
| | - Ana Cecília Feio dos Santos
- LIM23, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao PauloSao PauloSPBrazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Básicas em Malária – EntomologiaSeção de Parasitologia – Instituto Evandro Chagas/SVS/MSAnanindeuaPABrazil
| | - Mariana Maschietto
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio)Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)CampinasSPBrazil
| | - Helena Brentani
- LIM23, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao PauloSao PauloSPBrazil
- Inter‐institutional Grad Program on BioinformaticsUniversity of São PauloSão PauloSPBrazil
- Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao PauloSPBrazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INPD)Sao PauloSPBrazil
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSPUniversidade de Sao PauloSao PauloSPBrazil
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5
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Marjanovic Vicentic J, Drakulic D, Garcia I, Vukovic V, Aldaz P, Puskas N, Nikolic I, Tasic G, Raicevic S, Garros-Regulez L, Sampron N, Atkinson MJ, Anastasov N, Matheu A, Stevanovic M. SOX3 can promote the malignant behavior of glioblastoma cells. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2018; 42:41-54. [PMID: 30209685 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-018-0405-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma is the most common and lethal adult brain tumor. Despite current therapeutic strategies, including surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, the median survival of glioblastoma patients is 15 months. The development of this tumor depends on a sub-population of glioblastoma stem cells governing tumor propagation and therapy resistance. SOX3 plays a role in both normal neural development and carcinogenesis. However, little is known about its role in glioblastoma. Thus, the aim of this work was to elucidate the role of SOX3 in glioblastoma. METHODS SOX3 expression was assessed using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. MTT, immunocytochemistry and Transwell assays were used to evaluate the effects of exogenous SOX3 overexpression on the viability, proliferation, migration and invasion of glioblastoma cells, respectively. The expression of Hedgehog signaling pathway components and autophagy markers was assessed using RT-qPCR and Western blot analyses, respectively. RESULTS Higher levels of SOX3 expression were detected in a subset of primary glioblastoma samples compared to those in non-tumoral brain tissues. Exogenous overexpression of this gene was found to increase the proliferation, viability, migration and invasion of glioblastoma cells. We also found that SOX3 up-regulation was accompanied by an enhanced activity of the Hedgehog signaling pathway and by suppression of autophagy in glioblastoma cells. Additionally, we found that SOX3 expression was elevated in patient-derived glioblastoma stem cells, as well as in oncospheres derived from glioblastoma cell lines, compared to their differentiated counterparts, implying that SOX3 expression is associated with the undifferentiated state of glioblastoma cells. CONCLUSION From our data we conclude that SOX3 can promote the malignant behavior of glioblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Marjanovic Vicentic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Drakulic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Idoia Garcia
- Cellular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.,CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vladanka Vukovic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Paula Aldaz
- Cellular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain.,CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nela Puskas
- Institute of Histology and Embryology "Aleksandar Ð. Kostić", School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Igor Nikolic
- Clinical Center of Serbia, Clinic for Neurosurgery, Belgrade, Serbia.,Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran Tasic
- Clinical Center of Serbia, Clinic for Neurosurgery, Belgrade, Serbia.,Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Savo Raicevic
- Clinical Center of Serbia, Clinic for Neurosurgery, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Laura Garros-Regulez
- Cellular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Nicolas Sampron
- Cellular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain.,CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Madrid, Spain.,Neuro-oncology Tumor Board, Donostia Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Michael J Atkinson
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Radiation Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Natasa Anastasov
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ander Matheu
- Cellular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.,CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Madrid, Spain.,Neuro-oncology Tumor Board, Donostia Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Milena Stevanovic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
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6
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Prognostic significance of SOX2 , SOX3 , SOX11 , SOX14 and SOX18 gene expression in adult de novo acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Res 2018; 67:32-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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7
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Topalovic V, Krstic A, Schwirtlich M, Dolfini D, Mantovani R, Stevanovic M, Mojsin M. Epigenetic regulation of human SOX3 gene expression during early phases of neural differentiation of NT2/D1 cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184099. [PMID: 28886103 PMCID: PMC5590877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sox3/SOX3 is one of the earliest neural markers in vertebrates. Together with the Sox1/SOX1 and Sox2/SOX2 genes it is implicated in the regulation of stem cell identity. In the present study, we performed the first analysis of epigenetic mechanisms (DNA methylation and histone marks) involved in the regulation of the human SOX3 gene expression during RA-induced neural differentiation of NT2/D1 cells. We show that the promoter of the human SOX3 gene is extremely hypomethylated both in undifferentiated NT2/D1 cells and during the early phases of RA-induced neural differentiation. By employing chromatin immunoprecipitation, we analyze several histone modifications across different regions of the SOX3 gene and their dynamics following initiation of differentiation. In the same timeframe we investigate profiles of selected histone marks on the promoters of human SOX1 and SOX2 genes. We demonstrate differences in histone signatures of SOX1, SOX2 and SOX3 genes. Considering the importance of SOXB1 genes in the process of neural differentiation, the present study contributes to a better understanding of epigenetic mechanisms implicated in the regulation of pluripotency maintenance and commitment towards the neural lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladanka Topalovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Marija Schwirtlich
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Diletta Dolfini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Milena Stevanovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Mojsin
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- * E-mail:
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8
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Sex-determining region Y-box3 (SOX3) functions as an oncogene in promoting epithelial ovarian cancer by targeting Src kinase. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12263-12271. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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9
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Cheah PS, Thomas PQ. SOX3 expression in the glial system of the developing and adult mouse cerebellum. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:400. [PMID: 26261758 PMCID: PMC4527974 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1194-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background The cerebellum plays a vital role in equilibrium, motor control, and motor learning. The discrete neural and glial fates of cerebellar cells are determined by the molecular specifications (e.g. transcription factors) of neuroprogenitor cells that are influenced by local microenvironment signals. In this study, we evaluated the expression and function of Sox3, a single-exon gene located on the X chromosome, in the developing cerebellum. Result In the embryonic and early postnatal cerebellum, SOX3-positive-cells were detected in the ventricular zone, indicating that SOX3 expression is present in a subset of the cerebellar precursor cell population. In the young adult cerebellum, this expression was diminished in cerebellar cells, suggesting its limited role in cerebellar progenitors. SOX3-positive-cells were also found in the cerebellar mantle zone. Further immunohistochemistry analyses revealed that SOX3 was not expressed in Purkinje neurons. Using glial markers in the early postnatal cerebellum, we found that virtually all of the SOX3-positive-cells were glial cells, although not all glial cells were SOX3-positive-cells. We also determined the impact of transgenic expression using a loss-of-function (Sox3 null) model. We did not observe any developmental defects in the cerebellum of the Sox3 null mice. Conclusions Our results indicate that the SOX3 protein is not expressed in cerebellar neurons and is instead expressed exclusively in the cerebellar glial system in a subset of mature glial cells. Although the expression of Sox3 cerebellar glial development is lineage-restricted, it appears that the absence of Sox3 in the ventricular germinal epithelium and migrating glia does not affect cerebellar development, suggesting functional redundancy with other SoxB1 subgroup genes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40064-015-1194-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pike-See Cheah
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia ; Neurobiology and Genetics Group, Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Paul Q Thomas
- Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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10
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Muñoz R, Edwards-Faret G, Moreno M, Zuñiga N, Cline H, Larraín J. Regeneration of Xenopus laevis spinal cord requires Sox2/3 expressing cells. Dev Biol 2015; 408:229-43. [PMID: 25797152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord regeneration is very inefficient in humans, causing paraplegia and quadriplegia. Studying model organisms that can regenerate the spinal cord in response to injury could be useful for understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that explain why this process fails in humans. Here, we use Xenopus laevis as a model organism to study spinal cord repair. Histological and functional analyses showed that larvae at pre-metamorphic stages restore anatomical continuity of the spinal cord and recover swimming after complete spinal cord transection. These regenerative capabilities decrease with onset of metamorphosis. The ability to study regenerative and non-regenerative stages in Xenopus laevis makes it a unique model system to study regeneration. We studied the response of Sox2(/)3 expressing cells to spinal cord injury and their function in the regenerative process. We found that cells expressing Sox2 and/or Sox3 are present in the ventricular zone of regenerative animals and decrease in non-regenerative froglets. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) experiments and in vivo time-lapse imaging studies using green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression driven by the Sox3 promoter showed a rapid, transient and massive proliferation of Sox2(/)3(+) cells in response to injury in the regenerative stages. The in vivo imaging also demonstrated that Sox2(/)3(+) neural progenitor cells generate neurons in response to injury. In contrast, these cells showed a delayed and very limited response in non-regenerative froglets. Sox2 knockdown and overexpression of a dominant negative form of Sox2 disrupts locomotor and anatomical-histological recovery. We also found that neurogenesis markers increase in response to injury in regenerative but not in non-regenerative animals. We conclude that Sox2 is necessary for spinal cord regeneration and suggest a model whereby spinal cord injury activates proliferation of Sox2/3 expressing cells and their differentiation into neurons, a mechanism that is lost in non-regenerative froglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Muñoz
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Millennium Nucleus in Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriela Edwards-Faret
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Millennium Nucleus in Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Moreno
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Millennium Nucleus in Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nikole Zuñiga
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Millennium Nucleus in Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hollis Cline
- The Dorris Neuroscience Center, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Juan Larraín
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Millennium Nucleus in Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile.
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11
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Kovacevic-Grujicic N, Mojsin M, Popovic J, Petrovic I, Topalovic V, Stevanovic M. Cyclic AMP response element binding (CREB) protein acts as a positive regulator of SOX3 gene expression in NT2/D1 cells. BMB Rep 2015; 47:197-202. [PMID: 24257117 PMCID: PMC4163894 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2014.47.4.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SOX3 is one of the earliest neural markers in vertebrates, playing the role in specifying neuronal fate. In this study we have established first functional link between CREB and human SOX3 gene which both have important roles in the nervous system throughout development and in the adulthood. Here we demonstrate both in vitro and in vivo that CREB binds to CRE half-site located -195 to -191 within the human SOX3 promoter. Overexpression studies with CREB or its dominant-negative inhibitor A-CREB indicate that this transcription factor acts as a positive regulator of basal SOX3 gene expression in NT2/D1 cells. This is further confirmed by mutational analysis where mutation of CREB binding site results in reduction of SOX3 promoter activity. Our results point at CREB as a positive regulator of SOX3 gene transcription in NT2/D1 cells, while its contribution to RA induction of SOX3 promoter is not prominent. [BMB Reports 2014; 47(4): 197-202]
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Kovacevic-Grujicic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, PO BOX 23, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Mojsin
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, PO BOX 23, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Popovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, PO BOX 23, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Isidora Petrovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, PO BOX 23, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladanka Topalovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, PO BOX 23, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Stevanovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, PO BOX 23, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia
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12
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Morell M, Tsan YC, O'Shea KS. Inducible expression of noggin selectively expands neural progenitors in the adult SVZ. Stem Cell Res 2015; 14:79-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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13
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Rogers N, Cheah PS, Szarek E, Banerjee K, Schwartz J, Thomas P. Expression of the murine transcription factor SOX3 during embryonic and adult neurogenesis. Gene Expr Patterns 2013; 13:240-8. [PMID: 23665444 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that Sox3 is expressed in nascent neuroprogenitor cells and is functionally required in mammals for development of the dorsal telencephalon and hypothalamus. However, Sox3 expression during embryonic and adult neurogenesis has not been examined in detail. Using a SOX3-specific antibody, we show that murine SOX3 expression is maintained throughout telencephalic neurogenesis and is restricted to progenitor cells with neuroepithelial and radial glial morphologies. We also demonstrate that SOX3 is expressed within the adult neurogenic regions and is coexpressed extensively with the neural stem cell marker SOX2 indicating that it is a lifelong marker of neuroprogenitor cells. In contrast to the telencephalon, Sox3 expression within the developing hypothalamus is upregulated in developing neurons and is maintained in a subset of differentiated hypothalamic cells through to adulthood. Together, these data show that Sox3 regulation is region-specific, consistent with it playing distinct biological roles in the dorsal telencephalon and hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Rogers
- Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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14
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Helle JR, Barøy T, Misceo D, Braaten Ø, Fannemel M, Frengen E. Hyperphagia, mild developmental delay but apparently no structural brain anomalies in a boy without SOX3 expression. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:1137-42. [PMID: 23463539 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor SOX3 is widely expressed in early vertebrate brain development. In humans, duplication of SOX3 and polyalanine expansions at its C-terminus may cause intellectual disability and hypopituitarism. Sox3 knock-out mice show a variable phenotype including structural and functional anomalies affecting the branchial arches and midline cerebral structures such as the optic chiasm and the hypothalamo-pituitary axis. SOX3 is claimed to be required in normal brain development and function in mice and humans, as well as in pituitary and craniofacial development. We report on an 8-year-old boy with a 2.1 Mb deletion in Xq27.1q27.2, which was found to be inherited from his healthy mother. To our knowledge, this is the smallest deletion including the entire SOX3 gene in a male reported to date. He is mildly intellectually disabled with language delay, dysarthria, behavior problems, minor facial anomalies, and hyperphagia. Hormone levels including growth, adrenocorticotropic and thyroid stimulating hormones are normal. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at age 6 years showed no obvious brain anomalies. Genetic redundancy between the three members of the B1 subfamily of SOX proteins during early human brain development likely explains the apparently normal development of brain structures in our patient who is nullisomic for SOX3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Robert Helle
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
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15
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Gallicano GI. Modeling to optimize terminal stem cell differentiation. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:574354. [PMID: 24278782 PMCID: PMC3820305 DOI: 10.1155/2013/574354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cell (ESC), iPCs, and adult stem cells (ASCs) all are among the most promising potential treatments for heart failure, spinal cord injury, neurodegenerative diseases, and diabetes. However, considerable uncertainty in the production of ESC-derived terminally differentiated cell types has limited the efficiency of their development. To address this uncertainty, we and other investigators have begun to employ a comprehensive statistical model of ESC differentiation for determining the role of intracellular pathways (e.g., STAT3) in ESC differentiation and determination of germ layer fate. The approach discussed here applies the Baysian statistical model to cell/developmental biology combining traditional flow cytometry methodology and specific morphological observations with advanced statistical and probabilistic modeling and experimental design. The final result of this study is a unique tool and model that enhances the understanding of how and when specific cell fates are determined during differentiation. This model provides a guideline for increasing the production efficiency of therapeutically viable ESCs/iPSCs/ASC derived neurons or any other cell type and will eventually lead to advances in stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Ian Gallicano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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16
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A Systematic Survey and Characterization of Enhancers that Regulate Sox3 in Neuro-Sensory Development in Comparison with Sox2 Enhancers. BIOLOGY 2012; 1:714-35. [PMID: 24832516 PMCID: PMC4009812 DOI: 10.3390/biology1030714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Development of neural and sensory primordia at the early stages of embryogenesis depends on the activity of two B1 Sox transcription factors, Sox2 and Sox3. The embryonic expression patterns of the Sox2 and Sox3 genes are similar, yet they show gene-unique features. We screened for enhancers of the 231-kb genomic region encompassing Sox3 of chicken, and identified 13 new enhancers that showed activity in different domains of the neuro-sensory primordia. Combined with the three Sox3-proximal enhancers determined previously, at least 16 enhancers were involved in Sox3 regulation. Starting from the NP1 enhancer, more enhancers with different specificities are activated in sequence, resulting in complex overlapping patterns of enhancer activities. NP1 was activated in the caudal lateral epiblast adjacent to the posterior growing end of neural plate, and by the combined action of Wnt and Fgf signaling, similar to the Sox2 N1 enhancer involved in neural/mesodermal dichotomous cell lineage segregation. The Sox3 D5 enhancer and Sox2 N3 enhancer were also activated similarly in the diencephalon, optic vesicle and lens placode, suggesting analogies in their regulation. In general, however, the specificities of the enhancers were not identical between Sox3 and Sox2, including the cases of the NP1 and D5 enhancers.
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17
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Sengupta M, Liang S, Potula HHS, Chang LJ, Morel L. The SLE-associated Pbx1-d isoform acts as a dominant-negative transcriptional regulator. Genes Immun 2012; 13:653-7. [PMID: 22992721 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2012.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pbx1 is a transcription factor involved in multiple cellular processes, including the maintenance of self-renewal of hematopoietic progenitors. We have shown that the CD4(+) T-cell expression of a novel splice isoform of Pbx1, Pbx1-d, is associated with lupus susceptibility in the NZM2410 mouse and in lupus patients. The function of Pbx1 in T cells is unknown, but the splicing out of the DNA-binding domain in Pbx1-d predicts a dominant-negative function. In support of this hypothesis, we have shown that Pbx1-d transduction accelerates differentiation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblast pregenitors and mimics the effect of short hairpin RNA silencing of Pbx1. Conversely, Pbx1-d transduction reduced the expression of Sox3, a gene strongly transactivated by Pbx1, and Pbx1-d did not bind the Sox3 promoter. These results constitute a first step towards the understanding on how Pbx1-d contributes to systemic autoimmunity in the NZM2410 mouse model as well as in lupus patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sengupta
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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18
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Mojsin M, Popovic J, Kovacevic Grujicic N, Stevanovic M. TG-interacting factor (TGIF) downregulates SOX3 gene expression in the NT2/D1 cell line. J Genet Genomics 2011; 39:19-27. [PMID: 22293114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
SOX3 is a member of the Sox gene family implicated in brain formation and cognitive function. It is considered to be one of the earliest neural markers in vertebrates, playing a role in specifying neuronal fate. Recently, we have established the first link between TALE (three-amino-acid loop extension) proteins, PBX1 (pre-B-cell leukemia homeobox 1) and MEIS1 (myeloid ecotropic viral integration site 1 homologue), and the expression of the human SOX3 gene. Here we present the evidence that TGIF (TG-interacting factor) is an additional TALE superfamily member involved in the regulation of human SOX3 gene expression in NT2/D1 cells by direct interaction with the consensus binding site that is conserved in primate orthologue promoters. Functional analysis demonstrated that mutation of the TGIF binding site resulted in the activation of SOX3 promoter. TGIF overexpression downregulates SOX3 promoter activity and decreases endogenous SOX3 protein expression in both uninduced and retinoic acid (RA)-induced NT2/D1 cells. Up to now, this is the first transcription factor identified as a negative regulator of SOX3 gene expression. The obtained results further underscore the significance of TALE proteins as important transcriptional regulators of SOX3 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Mojsin
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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19
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Nikčević G, Kovačević-Grujičić N, Mojsin M, Krstić A, Savić T, Stevanović M. Regulation of the SOX3 gene expression by retinoid receptors. Physiol Res 2011; 60:S83-91. [PMID: 21777018 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Sox3/SOX3 gene is considered to be one of the earliest neural markers in vertebrates. Despite the mounting evidence that Sox3/SOX3 is one of the key players in the development of the nervous system, limited data are available regarding the transcriptional regulation of its expression. This review is focused on the retinoic acid induced regulation of SOX3 gene expression, with particular emphasis on the involvement of retinoid receptors. Experiments with human embryonal carcinoma cells identified two response elements involved in retinoic acid/retinoid X receptor-dependent activation of the SOX3 gene expression: distal atypical retinoic acid-response element, consisting of two unique G-rich boxes separated by 49 bp, and proximal element comprising DR-3-like motif, composed of two imperfect hexameric half-sites. Importantly, the retinoic acid-induced SOX3 gene expression could be significantly down-regulated by a synthetic antagonist of retinoid receptors. This cell model provides a solid base for further studies on mechanism(s) underlying regulation of expression of SOX3 gene, which could improve the understanding of molecular signals that induce neurogenesis in the stem/progenitor cells both during development and in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nikčević
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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20
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Uchikawa M, Yoshida M, Iwafuchi-Doi M, Matsuda K, Ishida Y, Takemoto T, Kondoh H. B1 and B2 Sox gene expression during neural plate development in chicken and mouse embryos: Universal versus species-dependent features. Dev Growth Differ 2011; 53:761-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2011.01286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Intrinsic transition of embryonic stem-cell differentiation into neural progenitors. Nature 2011; 470:503-9. [DOI: 10.1038/nature09726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Mojsin M, Stevanovic M. PBX1 and MEIS1 up-regulate SOX3 gene expression by direct interaction with a consensus binding site within the basal promoter region. Biochem J 2009; 425:107-16. [PMID: 19799567 DOI: 10.1042/bj20090694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sox3/SOX3 [SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 3] is considered to be one of the earliest neural markers in vertebrates, playing a role in specifying neuronal fate. We have previously reported characterization of the SOX3 promoter and demonstrated that the general transcription factors NF-Y (nuclear factor-Y), Sp1 (specificity protein 1) and USF (upstream stimulatory factor) are involved in transcriptional regulation of SOX3 promoter activity. In the present study we provide the first evidence that the TALE (three-amino-acid loop extension) transcription factors PBX1 (pre-B-cell leukaemia homeobox 1) and MEIS1 (myeloid ecotropic viral integration site 1 homologue) participate in regulating human SOX3 gene expression in NT2/D1 cells by direct interaction with the consensus PBX/MEIS-binding site, which is conserved in all mammalian orthologue promoters analysed. PBX1 is present in the protein complex formed at this site with nuclear proteins from uninduced cells, whereas both PBX1 and MEIS1 proteins were detected in the complex created with extract from RA (retinoic acid)-induced NT2/D1 cells. By functional analysis we also showed that mutations of the PBX1/MEIS1-binding sites resulted in profound reduction of SOX3 promoter responsiveness to RA. Finally, we demonstrated that overexpressed PBX1 and MEIS1 increased endogenous SOX3 protein expression in both uninduced and RA-induced NT2/D1 cells. With the results of the present study, for the first time, we have established a functional link between the TALE proteins, PBX1 and MEIS1, and expression of the human SOX3 gene. This link is of particular interest since both TALE family members and members of the SOX superfamily are recognized as important developmental regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Mojsin
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, PO Box 23, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia
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23
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Retinoic acid-induced SoX3 gene expression in NT2/D1 cells is RXR homodimer-independent. ARCH BIOL SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.2298/abs0904631s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sox3/SOX3 gene is implicated in the control of nervous system development. We previously demon?strated modulation of human SOX3 gene expression during neural induction of NT2/D1 cells by retinoic acid (RA). Also, we accurately verified RXR retinoid receptors as major mediators of the effect of RA on SOX3 expression, and excluded RARs as its heterodimeric partners in RA-SOX3 signaling. Here we present evidence that activation of the SOX3 gene by RA is not RXR homodimer-dependent. The described line of SOX3 gene expression studies is valuable for future investigation of the impact that this gene has multiple aspects of normal and pathological development.
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24
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Nikcević G, Savić T, Kovacević-Grujicić N, Stevanović M. Up-regulation of the SOX3 gene expression by retinoic acid: characterization of the novel promoter-response element and the retinoid receptors involved. J Neurochem 2008; 107:1206-15. [PMID: 18786169 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sox3/SOX3 gene is considered to be one of the earliest neural markers in vertebrates and it is implicated in the genetic cascades that direct brain formation. We have previously shown that early phases of differentiation and neural induction of NT2/D1 embryonal carcinoma cells by retinoic acid (RA) involve up-regulation of the SOX3 gene expression. Here, we present identification of a novel positive regulatory promoter element involved in RA-dependent activation of the SOX3 gene expression in NT2/D1 cells. This element represents a direct repeat 3-like motif that directly interacts with retinoid X receptor (RXR) alpha in a sequence-specific manner. It is capable of independently mediating the RA effect in a heterologous promoter context and its disruption caused significant reduction of RA/RXR transactivation of the SOX3 promoter. Furthermore, by using synthetic antagonists of retinoid receptors, we have shown for the first time, that RA-induced SOX3 gene expression could be significantly down-regulated by the synthetic antagonist of RXR. Also, this data showed that RXRs, but not RA receptors, are mediators of RA effect on the SOX3 gene up-regulation in NT2/D1 cells. Presented data will be valuable for future investigation of SOX3 gene expression, not only in NT2/D1 model system, but also in diverse developmental, physiological and pathological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Nikcević
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia
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25
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Krstic A, Mojsin M, Kovacevic-Grujicic N, Stevanovic M. PCR amplification and sequence analysis of the rat Sox3 gene. ARCH BIOL SCI 2008. [DOI: 10.2298/abs0804525k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sox3 gene is considered to be one of the earliest neural markers in vertebrates, playing a role in specifying neuronal fate. Despite the completion of a rat genome sequencing project, only a partial sequence of the rat Sox3 gene has been available in the public database. Using PCR, sequencing, and bioinformatics tools, in this study we have determined the complete coding sequence of the rat Sox3 gene encoding 449 amino acids. Comparative analysis of rat and human SOX3 proteins revealed a high degree of conservation. Identification of the rat Sox3 gene sequence would help in understanding the biological roles of this gene and provide insight into evolutionary relationships with vertebrate orthologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Krstic
- Institut za molekularnu genetiku i genetičko inženjerstvo, Beograd
| | - Marija Mojsin
- Institut za molekularnu genetiku i genetičko inženjerstvo, Beograd
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26
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Kovacevic-Grujicic N, Yokoyama K, Stevanovic M. Trans-activation of the human SOX3 promoter by MAZ in NT2/D1 cells. ARCH BIOL SCI 2008. [DOI: 10.2298/abs0803379k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examine the role of three highly conserved putative binding sites for Myc-associated zinc finger protein (MAZ) in regulation of the human SOX3 gene expression. Electrophoretic mobility shift and supershift assays indicate that complexes formed at two out of three MAZ sites of the human SOX3 promoter involve ubiquitously expressed MAZ protein. Furthermore, in cotransfection experiments we demonstrate that MAZ acts as a positive regulator of SOX3 gene transcription in both undifferentiated and RA-differentiated NT2/D1 cells. Although MAZ increased both basal and RA-induced promoter activity, our results suggest that MAZ does not contribute to RA inducibility of the SOX3 promoter during neuronal differentiation of NT2/D1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazunari Yokoyama
- Gene Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Center Koyadai, Tsukuba Ibaraki, Japan
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27
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Rogers CD, Archer TC, Cunningham DD, Grammer TC, Casey EMS. Sox3 expression is maintained by FGF signaling and restricted to the neural plate by Vent proteins in the Xenopus embryo. Dev Biol 2007; 313:307-19. [PMID: 18031719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Revised: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The formation of the nervous system is initiated when ectodermal cells adopt the neural fate. Studies in Xenopus demonstrate that inhibition of BMP results in the formation of neural tissue. However, the molecular mechanism driving the expression of early neural genes in response to this inhibition is unknown. Moreover, controversy remains regarding the sufficiency of BMP inhibition for neural induction. To address these questions, we performed a detailed analysis of the regulation of the soxB1 gene, sox3, one of the earliest genes expressed in the neuroectoderm. Using ectodermal explant assays, we analyzed the role of BMP, Wnt and FGF signaling in the regulation of sox3 and the closely related soxB1 gene, sox2. Our results demonstrate that both sox3 and sox2 are induced in response to BMP antagonism, but by distinct mechanisms and that the activation of both genes is independent of FGF signaling. However, both require FGF for the maintenance of their expression. Finally, sox3 genomic elements were identified and characterized and an element required for BMP-mediated repression via Vent proteins was identified through the use of transgenesis and computational analysis. Interestingly, none of the elements required for sox3 expression were identified in the sox2 locus. Together our data indicate that two closely related genes have unique mechanisms of gene regulation at the onset of neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal D Rogers
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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28
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Werner T, Hammer A, Wahlbuhl M, Bösl MR, Wegner M. Multiple conserved regulatory elements with overlapping functions determine Sox10 expression in mouse embryogenesis. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:6526-38. [PMID: 17897962 PMCID: PMC2095789 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression and function of the transcription factor Sox10 is predominant in neural crest cells, its derivatives and in oligodendrocytes. To understand how Sox10 expression is regulated during development, we analysed the potential of evolutionary conserved non-coding sequences in the Sox10 genomic region to function as enhancers. By linking these sequences to a β-galactosidase marker gene under the control of a minimal promoter, five regulatory regions were identified that direct marker gene expression in transgenic mice to Sox10 expressing cell types and tissues in a defined temporal pattern. These possible enhancers of the Sox10 gene mediate Sox10 expression in the otic vesicle, in oligodendrocytes and in several neural crest derivatives including the developing peripheral nervous system and the adrenal gland. They furthermore exhibit overlapping activities and share binding sites for Sox, Lef/Tcf, Pax and AP2 transcription factors. This may explain high level and robustness of Sox10 expression during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Werner
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen and Max-Planck-Institut für Neurobiologie, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alexander Hammer
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen and Max-Planck-Institut für Neurobiologie, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mandy Wahlbuhl
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen and Max-Planck-Institut für Neurobiologie, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Michael R. Bösl
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen and Max-Planck-Institut für Neurobiologie, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Michael Wegner
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen and Max-Planck-Institut für Neurobiologie, Martinsried, Germany
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. +49 9131 85 24620+49 9131 85 22484
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29
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Krstic A, Mojsin M, Stevanovic M. Regulation of SOX3 gene expression is driven by multiple NF-Y binding elements. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 467:163-73. [PMID: 17910945 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Revised: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The presented results demonstrate that human SOX3 promoter possesses three CCAAT box control elements involved in the regulation of SOX3 gene expression in NT2/D1 cells. By mutational analysis we have shown that all three elements are of functional relevance for constitutive SOX3 expression. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicate that the active complexes at three sites involve the ubiquitously expressed CCAAT binding protein NF-Y. The involvement of NF-Y in the up-regulation of SOX3 expression in NT2/D1 cells was demonstrated in vivo by Northern and Western blot analyses. Furthermore, in co-transfection experiments we have shown that NF-Y mediates transcriptional activation of SOX3 promoter. Our data indicate that multiple CCAAT control elements are involved in the regulation of the SOX3 promoter, suggesting that NF-Y functions as a key regulator of SOX3 gene expression. Further, our results indicate that these elements can be recognized as modulators of retinoic acid induced activation of SOX3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Krstic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Vojvode Stepe 444a, P.O. Box 23, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia
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30
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Saarimäki-Vire J, Peltopuro P, Lahti L, Naserke T, Blak AA, Vogt Weisenhorn DM, Yu K, Ornitz DM, Wurst W, Partanen J. Fibroblast growth factor receptors cooperate to regulate neural progenitor properties in the developing midbrain and hindbrain. J Neurosci 2007; 27:8581-92. [PMID: 17687036 PMCID: PMC6672929 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0192-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) secreted from the midbrain-rhombomere 1 (r1) boundary instruct cell behavior in the surrounding neuroectoderm. For example, a combination of FGF and sonic hedgehog (SHH) can induce the development of the midbrain dopaminergic neurons, but the mechanisms behind the action and integration of these signals are unclear. We studied how FGF receptors (FGFRs) regulate cellular responses by analyzing midbrain-r1 development in mouse embryos, which carry different combinations of mutant Fgfr1, Fgfr2, and Fgfr3 alleles. Our results show that the FGFRs act redundantly to support cell survival in the dorsal neuroectoderm, promote r1 tissue identity, and regulate the production of ventral neuronal populations, including midbrain dopaminergic neurons. The compound Fgfr mutants have apparently normal WNT/SHH signaling and neurogenic gene expression in the ventral midbrain, but the number of proliferative neural progenitors is reduced as a result of precocious neuronal differentiation. Our results suggest a SoxB1 family member, Sox3, as a potential FGF-induced transcription factor promoting progenitor renewal. We propose a model for regulation of progenitor cell self-renewal and neuronal differentiation by combinatorial intercellular signals in the ventral midbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonna Saarimäki-Vire
- Institute of Biotechnology, Viikki Biocenter, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Peltopuro
- Institute of Biotechnology, Viikki Biocenter, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Lahti
- Institute of Biotechnology, Viikki Biocenter, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thorsten Naserke
- National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, D-80804 Munich, Germany, and
| | - Alexandra A. Blak
- National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, D-80804 Munich, Germany, and
| | - Daniela M. Vogt Weisenhorn
- National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, D-80804 Munich, Germany, and
| | - Kai Yu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - David M. Ornitz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, D-80804 Munich, Germany, and
| | - Juha Partanen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Viikki Biocenter, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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31
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Sciorati C, Galvez BG, Brunelli S, Tagliafico E, Ferrari S, Cossu G, Clementi E. Ex vivo treatment with nitric oxide increases mesoangioblast therapeutic efficacy in muscular dystrophy. J Cell Sci 2007; 119:5114-23. [PMID: 17158915 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies are characterized by primary wasting of skeletal muscle for which no satisfactory therapy is available. Studies in animal models have shown that stem cell-based therapies may improve the outcome of the disease, and that mesoangioblasts are promising stem cells in this respect. The efficacy of mesoangioblasts in yielding extensive muscle repair is, however, still limited. We found that mesoangioblasts treated with nitric oxide (NO) donors and injected intra-arterially in alpha-sarcoglycan-null dystrophic mice have a significantly enhanced ability to migrate to dystrophic muscles, to resist their apoptogenic environment and engraft into them, yielding a significant recovery of alpha-sarcolgycan expression. In vitro NO-treated mesoangioblasts displayed an enhanced chemotactic response to myotubes, cytokines and growth factors generated by the dystrophic muscle. In addition, they displayed an increased ability to fuse with myotubes and differentiating myoblasts and to survive when exposed to cytotoxic stimuli similar to those present in the dystrophic muscle. All the effects of NO were cyclic GMP-dependent since they were mimicked by treatment with the membrane permeant cyclic-GMP analogue 8-bromo-cGMP and prevented by inhibiting guanylate cyclase. We conclude that NO donors exert multiple beneficial effects on mesoangioblasts that may be used to increase their efficacy in cell therapy of muscular dystrophies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic GMP/analogs & derivatives
- Cyclic GMP/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Immunohistochemistry
- Mesoderm/cytology
- Mesoderm/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/therapy
- Nitric Oxide Donors/pharmacology
- Sarcoglycans/deficiency
- Sarcoglycans/genetics
- Stem Cell Transplantation
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Stem Cells/drug effects
- Stem Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Sciorati
- Stem Cell Research Institute, H San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
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32
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Waters PD, Wallis MC, Marshall Graves JA. Mammalian sex--Origin and evolution of the Y chromosome and SRY. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2007; 18:389-400. [PMID: 17400006 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2006] [Revised: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sex determination in vertebrates is accomplished through a highly conserved genetic pathway. But surprisingly, the downstream events may be activated by a variety of triggers, including sex determining genes and environmental cues. Amongst species with genetic sex determination, the sex determining gene is anything but conserved, and the chromosomes that bear this master switch subscribe to special rules of evolution and function. In mammals, with a few notable exceptions, female are homogametic (XX) and males have a single X and a small, heterochromatic and gene poor Y that bears a male dominant sex determining gene SRY. The bird sex chromosome system is the converse in that females are the heterogametic sex (ZW) and males the homogametic sex (ZZ). There is no SRY in birds, and the dosage-sensitive Z-borne DMRT1 gene is a credible candidate sex determining gene. Different sex determining switches seem therefore to have evolved independently in different lineages, although the complex sex chromosomes of the platypus offer us tantalizing clues that the mammal XY system may have evolved directly from an ancient reptile ZW system. In this review we will discuss the organization and evolution of the sex chromosomes across a broad range of mammals, and speculate on how the Y chromosome, and SRY, evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Waters
- Comparative Genomics Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, GPO Box 475, ACT 2601, Canberra, Australia.
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33
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Mojsin M, Grujicić NK, Nikcević G, Krstić A, Savić T, Stevanović M. Mapping of the RXRalpha binding elements involved in retinoic acid induced transcriptional activation of the human SOX3 gene. Neurosci Res 2006; 56:409-18. [PMID: 17005281 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2006.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Revised: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sox3/SOX3 gene is implicated in the control of nervous system development and is considered to be one of the earliest neural markers. Expression of human SOX3 gene is modulated during the RA-induced neuronal differentiation cascade of NT2/D1 cells. Our present results demonstrate that the sequences responsible for RA-induced activation of SOX3 gene are localized within the 0.4 kb of its 5'-flanking region and implicate RXRalpha involvement in this regulation. The active RA/RXRalpha responsive region is pinned down to two regulatory elements. Only in the presence of both elements full RA/RXRalpha inducibility is achieved, suggesting they act synergistically. These elements comprise two unique G-rich boxes, separated by 49 bp, that could be considered as a novel, atypical RA-response element. Here, for the first time, we have demonstrated direct interaction of RXRalpha and SOX3 control elements. Furthermore, the functional in vivo analysis revealed that liganded RXRalpha is a potent activator of endogenous SOX3 protein expression. Since it is proven that Sox3 is critical determinant of neurogenesis our data may help in providing new insight into complex regulatory networks involved in retinoic acid induced neural differentiation of NT2/D1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Mojsin
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia
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34
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Mueller M, Martens L, Reidegeld KA, Hamacher M, Stephan C, Blüggel M, Körting G, Chamrad D, Scheer C, Marcus K, Meyer HE, Apweiler R. Functional annotation of proteins identified in human brain during the HUPO Brain Proteome Project pilot study. Proteomics 2006; 6:5059-75. [PMID: 16912974 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The HUPO Brain Proteome Project is an initiative coordinating proteomics studies to characterise human and mouse brain proteomes. Proteins identified in human brain samples during the project's pilot phase were put into biological context through integration with various annotation sources followed by a bioinformatics analysis. The data set was related to the genome sequence via the genes encoding identified proteins including an assessment of splice variant identification as well as an analysis of tissue specificity of the respective transcripts. Proteins were furthermore categorised according to subcellular localisation, molecular function and biological process, grouped into protein families and mapped to biological pathways they are known to act in. Involvement in pathological conditions was examined based on association with entries in the online version of Mendelian Inheritance in Man and an interaction network was derived from curated protein-proteininteraction data. Overall a non-redundant set of 1804 proteins was identified in human brain samples. In the majority of cases splice variants could be unambiguously identified by unique peptides, including matches to several hypothetical transcripts of known as well as predicted genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mueller
- EMBL Outstation, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
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35
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Boyer A, Pilon N, Raiwet DL, Lussier JG, Silversides DW. Human and pigSRY 5′ flanking sequences can direct reporter transgene expression to the genital ridge and to migrating neural crest cells. Dev Dyn 2006; 235:623-32. [PMID: 16411204 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms for sex determination vary greatly between animal groups, and include chromosome dosage and haploid-diploid mechanisms as seen in insects, temperature and environmental cues as seen in fish and reptiles, and gene-based mechanisms as seen in birds and mammals. In eutherian mammals, sex determination is genetic, and SRY is the Y chromosome located gene representing the dominant testes determining factor. How SRY took over this function from ancestral mechanisms is not known, nor is it known what those ancestral mechanisms were. What is known is that SRY is haploid and thus poorly protected from mutations, and consequently is poorly conserved between mammalian species. To functionally compare SRY promoter sequences, we have generated transgenic mice with fluorescent reporter genes under the control of various lengths of human and pig SRY 5' flanking sequences. Human SRY 5' flanking sequences (5 Kb) supported reporter transgene expression within the genital ridge of male embryos at the time of sex determination and also supported expression within migrating truncal neural crest cells of both male and female embryos. The 4.6 Kb of pig SRY 5' flanking sequences supported reporter transgene expression within the male genital ridge but not within the neural crest; however, 2.6 Kb and 1.6 Kb of pig SRY 5' flanking sequences retained male genital ridge expression and now supported extensive expression within cells of the neural crest in embryos of both sexes. When 2 Kb of mouse SRY 5' flanking sequences (-3 to -1 Kb) were placed in front of the 1.6 Kb of pig SRY 5' flanking sequences and this transgene was introduced into mice, reporter transgene expression within the male genital ridge was retained but neural crest expression was lost. These observations suggest that SRY 5' flanking sequences from at least two mammalian species contain elements that can support transgene expression within cells of the migrating neural crest and that additional SRY 5' flanking sequences can extinguish this expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Boyer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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36
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Pisconti A, Brunelli S, Di Padova M, De Palma C, Deponti D, Baesso S, Sartorelli V, Cossu G, Clementi E. Follistatin induction by nitric oxide through cyclic GMP: a tightly regulated signaling pathway that controls myoblast fusion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 172:233-44. [PMID: 16401724 PMCID: PMC2063553 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200507083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of skeletal myoblast fusion is not well understood. We show that endogenous nitric oxide (NO) generation is required for myoblast fusion both in embryonic myoblasts and in satellite cells. The effect of NO is concentration and time dependent, being evident only at the onset of differentiation, and direct on the fusion process itself. The action of NO is mediated through a tightly regulated activation of guanylate cyclase and generation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), so much so that deregulation of cGMP signaling leads to a fusion-induced hypertrophy of satellite-derived myotubes and embryonic muscles, and to the acquisition of fusion competence by myogenic precursors in the presomitic mesoderm. NO and cGMP induce expression of follistatin, and this secreted protein mediates their action in myogenesis. These results establish a hitherto unappreciated role of NO and cGMP in regulating myoblast fusion and elucidate their mechanism of action, providing a direct link with follistatin, which is a key player in myogenesis.
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37
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Stankiewicz P, Thiele H, Schlicker M, Cseke-Friedrich A, Bartel-Friedrich S, Yatsenko SA, Lupski JR, Hansmann I. Duplication of Xq26.2-q27.1, including SOX3, in a mother and daughter with short stature and dyslalia. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 138:11-7. [PMID: 16097007 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Duplications of the distal long arm of the X chromosome are rare and carrier females are usually phenotypically normal. We report on a 14-year-old short statured (height and weight <3rd centile) girl with dup(X)(q26.2q27.1) inherited from a short mother. The proband has minor dysmorphic features, lordosis, lack of menarche, late signs of puberty, low prepuberal levels of gonadotrophins and steroids, but borderline low IGF-1 and normal IGF-Bp3 serum levels. Both the proposita and her mother have severe speech problems with stuttering and dyslalia. The 44-year-old mother with a strikingly aged face and a prominent nose, had menarche at 15 years. Both maternal sisters and the grandmother of the proposita are also short. Karyotyping revealed an additional band at Xq26 in all metaphases from the proband, her mother, and two maternal aunts. Molecular cytogenetic investigations revealed an Xq26.2-q27.1 direct duplication of approximately 7.5 Mb that encompasses or disrupts the SOX3 gene, which maps at the distal border of the duplicated segment. A similar chromosomal duplication was reported recently in five families and in each was associated with an abnormal phenotype in males with short stature [Hol et al., 2000; Solomon et al., 2002, 2004]. Using an androgen-receptor (HUMARA) gene methylation assay and FISH, we show that despite preferential inactivation of the dup(Xq) chromosome a significant proportion of lymphocytes in both mother and daughter carry an active duplicated X chromosome. Our findings further suggest that a dosage effect of SOX3 may to be responsible for a speech disorder in addition to short stature secondary to hypopituitarism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Stankiewicz
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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38
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Bowl MR, Nesbit MA, Harding B, Levy E, Jefferson A, Volpi E, Rizzoti K, Lovell-Badge R, Schlessinger D, Whyte MP, Thakker RV. An interstitial deletion-insertion involving chromosomes 2p25.3 and Xq27.1, near SOX3, causes X-linked recessive hypoparathyroidism. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:2822-31. [PMID: 16167084 PMCID: PMC1201662 DOI: 10.1172/jci24156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2004] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked recessive hypoparathyroidism, due to parathyroid agenesis, has been mapped to a 906-kb region on Xq27 that contains 3 genes (ATP11C, U7snRNA, and SOX3), and analyses have not revealed mutations. We therefore characterized this region by combined analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms and sequence-tagged sites. This identified a 23- to 25-kb deletion, which did not contain genes. However, DNA fiber-FISH and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed an approximately 340-kb insertion that replaced the deleted fragment. Use of flow-sorted X chromosome-specific libraries and DNA sequence analyses revealed that the telomeric and centromeric breakpoints on X were, respectively, approximately 67 kb downstream of SOX3 and within a repetitive sequence. Use of a monochromosomal somatic cell hybrid panel and metaphase-FISH mapping demonstrated that the insertion originated from 2p25 and contained a segment of the SNTG2 gene that lacked an open reading frame. However, the deletion-insertion [del(X)(q27.1) inv ins (X;2)(q27.1;p25.3)], which represents a novel abnormality causing hypoparathyroidism, could result in a position effect on SOX3 expression. Indeed, SOX3 expression was demonstrated, by in situ hybridization, in the developing parathyroid tissue of mouse embryos between 10.5 and 15.5 days post coitum. Thus, our results indicate a likely new role for SOX3 in the embryonic development of the parathyroid glands.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence/genetics
- Chromosome Inversion/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, X/genetics
- DNA Mutational Analysis/methods
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics
- Genes, Recessive/genetics
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/genetics
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/pathology
- High Mobility Group Proteins/genetics
- Humans
- Hypoparathyroidism/genetics
- Hypoparathyroidism/pathology
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence/methods
- Male
- Mice
- Mutagenesis, Insertional/genetics
- Open Reading Frames/genetics
- Parathyroid Glands/embryology
- Parathyroid Glands/pathology
- Pedigree
- SOXB1 Transcription Factors
- Sequence Deletion/genetics
- Transcription Factors/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Bowl
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Raverot G, Weiss J, Park SY, Hurley L, Jameson JL. Sox3 expression in undifferentiated spermatogonia is required for the progression of spermatogenesis. Dev Biol 2005; 283:215-25. [PMID: 15893302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2005] [Revised: 03/23/2005] [Accepted: 04/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Sox3, a member of the high mobility group (HMG) family of transcription factors, is expressed in neural progenitor cells and in the gonads. Targeted deletion of Sox3 in mice causes abnormal development of the diencephalon and Rathke's pouch, the progenitor of the anterior pituitary gland. Male and female mice are also infertile and exhibit a primary defect in gametogenesis. In this study, we examined the expression and function of Sox3 in C57BL/6 mice to better understand its role in spermatogenesis. Testis development was normal during embryogenesis. However, spermatogenesis failed to progress during the postnatal period, with germ cell loss beginning at postnatal day 10 (P10). By P14, Sox3 null mice were nearly agametic, retaining only Sertoli cells and undifferentiated spermatogonia. Pituitary gonadotropin and testosterone levels were normal, suggesting a defect in Sertoli cell and/or germ cell function. Immunostaining revealed that Sox3 was expressed in a subpopulation of germ cells localized at the base of the seminiferous tubules. Sox3 expression was restricted to proliferating germ cells and colocalized with neurogenin 3 (Ngn3), a helix-loop-helix transcription factor implicated in spermatogonial differentiation. The absence of Sox3 decreased Ngn3 and increased expression of Oct4, a marker of undifferentiated spermatogonia. We conclude that Sox3 is expressed in A(s), A(pr) and A(al) spermatogonia and is required for spermatogenesis through a pathway that involves Ngn3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Raverot
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611-2908, USA
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40
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Abstract
Sox proteins are transcriptional regulators with a high-mobility-group domain as sequence-specific DNA-binding domain. For function, they generally require other transcription factors as partner proteins. Sox proteins furthermore affect DNA topology and may shape the conformation of enhancer-bound multiprotein complexes as architectural proteins. Recent studies suggest that Sox proteins are tightly regulated in their expression by many signalling pathways, and that their transcriptional activity is subject to post-translational modification and sequestration mechanisms. Sox proteins are thus ideally suited to perform their many different functions as transcriptional regulators throughout mammalian development. Their unique properties also cause Sox proteins to escape detection in many standard transcription assays. In melanocytes, studies have so far focused on the Sox10 protein which functions both during melanocyte specification and at later times in the melanocyte lineage. During specification, Sox10 activates the Mitf gene as the key regulator of melanocyte development. At later stages, it ensures cell-type specific expression of melanocyte genes such as Dopachrome tautomerase. Both activities require cooperation with transcriptional partner proteins such as Pax-3, CREB and eventually Mitf. If predictions can be made from other cell lineages, further functions of Sox proteins in melanocytes may still lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wegner
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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41
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Kovacevic Grujicic N, Mojsin M, Krstic A, Stevanovic M. Functional characterization of the human SOX3 promoter: identification of transcription factors implicated in basal promoter activity. Gene 2004; 344:287-97. [PMID: 15656994 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2004.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2004] [Revised: 10/06/2004] [Accepted: 11/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
SRY-related HMG-box genes (Sox genes) constitute a large family of developmentally regulated genes involved in the decision of cell fates during development and implicated in the control of diverse developmental processes. Sox3, an X-linked member of the family, is expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) from the earliest stages of development. It is considered to be one of the earliest neural markers in vertebrates playing the role in specifying neuronal fate. The aim of this study has been to determine and characterize the promoter of the human SOX3 gene and to elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of its expression. In this study, we have isolated and performed the first characterization of the human SOX3 promoter. We have identified the transcription start point (tsp) and carried out the structural and functional analysis of the regulatory region responsible for SOX3 expression in NT2/D1 cell line. Using promoter-reporter constructs, we have determined the minimal SOX3 promoter region that confers the basal promoter activity, as well as two regulatory elements which have positive effects on the promoter activity. We have investigated in detail the functional properties of three conserved motifs within the core promoter sequence that bind transcription factors specificity protein 1 (Sp1), upstream stimulatory factor (USF) and nuclear factor Y (NF-Y). By mutational analysis, we have shown that all three sites are of functional relevance for constitutive SOX3 expression in NT2/D1 cells. We have also shown that, besides the TATA motif, at least one other essential regulatory element is required for the basal transcription of the human SOX3. Taken together, data presented in this paper suggest that transcription factors such as Sp1, USF and NF-Y could function as key regulators for the basal activation of the human SOX3 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Kovacevic Grujicic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Vojvode Stepe 444a, P.O. BOX 23, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro
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42
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Weiss J, Meeks JJ, Hurley L, Raverot G, Frassetto A, Jameson JL. Sox3 is required for gonadal function, but not sex determination, in males and females. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:8084-91. [PMID: 14585968 PMCID: PMC262333 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.22.8084-8091.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sox3 is expressed in developing gonads and in the brain. Evolutionary evidence suggests that the X-chromosomal Sox3 gene may be the ancestral precursor of Sry, a sex-determining gene, and Sox3 has been proposed to play a role in sex determination. However, patients with mutations in SOX3 exhibit normal gonadal determination but are mentally retarded and have short stature secondary to growth hormone (GH) deficiency. We used Cre-LoxP targeted mutagenesis to delete Sox3 from mice. Null mice of both sexes had no overt behavioral deficits and exhibited normal GH gene expression. Low body weight was observed for some mice; overgrowth and misalignment of the front teeth was observed consistently. Female Sox3 null mice (-/-) developed ovaries but had excess follicular atresia, ovulation of defective oocytes, and severely reduced fertility. Pituitary (luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone) and uterine functions were normal in females. Hemizygous male null mice (-/Y) developed testes but were hypogonadal. Testis weight was reduced by 42%, and there was extensive Sertoli cell vacuolization, loss of germ cells, reduced sperm counts, and disruption of the seminiferous tubules. We conclude that Sox3 is not required for gonadal determination but is important for normal oocyte development and male testis differentiation and gametogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Weiss
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 251 East Huron Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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