1
|
Son YB, Jeong YI, Hossein MS, Olsson PO, Kim G, Jeong YW, Hwang WS. Comparative evaluation of three different formulas for predicting the parturition date of German Shepherds following somatic cell nuclear transfer. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1448-1453. [PMID: 34373372 PMCID: PMC8498844 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have reported methods to estimate the parturition date of dogs using ultrasonographic measurements. However, these prediction models were mainly determined using
ultrasonographic measurements of naturally pregnant small- and medium-sized dogs, and no such studies have been performed using dogs carrying cloned fetuses produced via somatic cell nuclear
transfer. The present study evaluated the abilities of three reference formulas (Luvoni and Grioni, Milani et al., and Groppetti et al.), all of which were
developed using data from naturally occurring pregnancies, to accurately predict the parturition date in surrogates carrying cloned German Shepherd (GS) fetuses. All three formulas were
based on the use of inner chorionic cavity diameter (ICC) measurements, obtained via ultrasonography. For evaluation, a total of 54 ICC measurements were collected from 14 pregnant bitches
carrying cloned GS fetuses. We found that the clinical accuracy of the breed-specific Groppetti et al. formula was highest among those of the three formulas tested, with 87%
and 100% of the estimated parturition dates (calculated based on the ICC measurements) being within 1 and 2 days, respectively, of the actual delivery date. By contrast, the Luvoni and
Grioni formula showed relatively low accuracy, and the Milani et al. formula showed higher accuracy than that reported previously for natural pregnancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gyeongmin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences of Companion Animals and Plants, Kyungsung University
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Manipulating the Epigenome in Nuclear Transfer Cloning: Where, When and How. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010236. [PMID: 33379395 PMCID: PMC7794987 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleus of a differentiated cell can be reprogrammed to a totipotent state by exposure to the cytoplasm of an enucleated oocyte, and the reconstructed nuclear transfer embryo can give rise to an entire organism. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has important implications in animal biotechnology and provides a unique model for studying epigenetic barriers to successful nuclear reprogramming and for testing novel concepts to overcome them. While initial strategies aimed at modulating the global DNA methylation level and states of various histone protein modifications, recent studies use evidence-based approaches to influence specific epigenetic mechanisms in a targeted manner. In this review, we describe-based on the growing number of reports published during recent decades-in detail where, when, and how manipulations of the epigenome of donor cells and reconstructed SCNT embryos can be performed to optimize the process of molecular reprogramming and the outcome of nuclear transfer cloning.
Collapse
|
3
|
Shi J, Tan B, Luo L, Li Z, Hong L, Yang J, Cai G, Zheng E, Wu Z, Gu T. Assessment of the Growth and Reproductive Performance of Cloned Pietrain Boars. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E2053. [PMID: 33171943 PMCID: PMC7694642 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
How to maximize the use of the genetic merits of the high-ranking boars (also called superior ones) is a considerable question in the pig breeding industry, considering the money and time spent on selection. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is one of the potential ways to answer the question, which can be applied to produce clones with genetic resources of superior boar for the production of commercial pigs. For practical application, it is essential to investigate whether the clones and their progeny keep behaving better than the "normal boars", considering that in vitro culture and transfer manipulation would cause a series of harmful effects to the development of clones. In this study, 59,061 cloned embryos were transferred into 250 recipient sows to produce the clones of superior Pietrain boars. The growth performance of 12 clones and 36 non-clones and the semen quality of 19 clones and 28 non-clones were compared. The reproductive performance of 21 clones and 25 non-clones were also tested. Furthermore, we made a comparison in the growth performance between 466 progeny of the clones and 822 progeny of the non-clones. Our results showed that no significant difference in semen quality and reproductive performance was observed between the clones and the non-clones, although the clones grew slower and exhibited smaller body size than the non-clones. The F1 progeny of the clones showed a greater growth rate than the non-clones. Our results demonstrated through the large animal population showed that SCNT manipulation resulted in a low growth rate and small body size, but the clones could normally produce F1 progeny with excellent growth traits to bring more economic benefits. Therefore, SCNT could be effective in enlarging the merit genetics of the superior boars and increasing the economic benefits in pig reproduction and breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junsong Shi
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.S.); (B.T.); (Z.L.); (L.H.); (J.Y.); (G.C.); (E.Z.)
- Guangdong Wens Breeding Swine Technology Co., Ltd., Yunfu 527300, China;
| | - Baohua Tan
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.S.); (B.T.); (Z.L.); (L.H.); (J.Y.); (G.C.); (E.Z.)
| | - Lvhua Luo
- Guangdong Wens Breeding Swine Technology Co., Ltd., Yunfu 527300, China;
| | - Zicong Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.S.); (B.T.); (Z.L.); (L.H.); (J.Y.); (G.C.); (E.Z.)
| | - Linjun Hong
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.S.); (B.T.); (Z.L.); (L.H.); (J.Y.); (G.C.); (E.Z.)
| | - Jie Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.S.); (B.T.); (Z.L.); (L.H.); (J.Y.); (G.C.); (E.Z.)
| | - Gengyuan Cai
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.S.); (B.T.); (Z.L.); (L.H.); (J.Y.); (G.C.); (E.Z.)
- Guangdong Wens Breeding Swine Technology Co., Ltd., Yunfu 527300, China;
| | - Enqin Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.S.); (B.T.); (Z.L.); (L.H.); (J.Y.); (G.C.); (E.Z.)
| | - Zhenfang Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.S.); (B.T.); (Z.L.); (L.H.); (J.Y.); (G.C.); (E.Z.)
- Guangdong Wens Breeding Swine Technology Co., Ltd., Yunfu 527300, China;
| | - Ting Gu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.S.); (B.T.); (Z.L.); (L.H.); (J.Y.); (G.C.); (E.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Y, Liu Q, Kang J, Zhang Y, Quan F. Overexpression of PGC7 in donor cells maintains the DNA methylation status of imprinted genes in goat embryos derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer technology. Theriogenology 2020; 151:86-94. [PMID: 32344274 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal methylation of imprinted genes is commonly observed in the embryos cloned by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) procedure and is one of the primary reasons for their abnormal development and high mortality. Primordial germ cell 7 (PGC7), a developmentally regulated gene highly expressed in primordial germ cells, maintains the methylation level of imprinted genes by reducing the levels of 5-hydroxy-methylcytosine(5hmC) and increasing the levels of 5-methylcytosine(5 mC) during embryonic development. In this study, we explored the methylation status of H19 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in the organs of SCNT-cloned goat fetuses. Our results showed abnormal methylation patterns of the imprinted genes in the lungs and placenta of dead cloned goat fetuses than those in normal goat fetuses. The Igf2r DMRs were hypomethylated in the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, and placenta of dead cloned goat fetuses compared with normal goat fetuses (P < 0.05). In addition, imprinted gene Igf2r DMRs were hypomethylated in the early-stage SCNT embryos than the IVF embryos. In contrast, imprinted gene Xist DMRs were hypermethylated in SCNT embryos than the IVF embryos. Significantly, the use of PGC7 overexpressing donor cells corrected the abnormal methylation of imprinted genes Igf2r and Xist in SCNT embryos (P < 0.05). Our results suggested that PGC7 plays a vital role in maintaining the methylation of imprinted genes during goat early embryonic development. Moreover, PGC7 overexpression in donor cells may reduce the developmental abnormalities associated with the SCNT embryos, while significantly enhancing both the pregnancy and kids born rates (P < 0.05) thereby increasing SCNT efficiency in livestock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jian Kang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Fusheng Quan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gouveia C, Huyser C, Egli D, Pepper MS. Lessons Learned from Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2314. [PMID: 32230814 PMCID: PMC7177533 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has been an area of interest in the field of stem cell research and regenerative medicine for the past 20 years. The main biological goal of SCNT is to reverse the differentiated state of a somatic cell, for the purpose of creating blastocysts from which embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be derived for therapeutic cloning, or for the purpose of reproductive cloning. However, the consensus is that the low efficiency in creating normal viable offspring in animals by SCNT (1-5%) and the high number of abnormalities seen in these cloned animals is due to epigenetic reprogramming failure. In this review we provide an overview of the current literature on SCNT, focusing on protocol development, which includes early SCNT protocol deficiencies and optimizations along with donor cell type and cell cycle synchrony; epigenetic reprogramming in SCNT; current protocol optimizations such as nuclear reprogramming strategies that can be applied to improve epigenetic reprogramming by SCNT; applications of SCNT; the ethical and legal implications of SCNT in humans; and specific lessons learned for establishing an optimized SCNT protocol using a mouse model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chantel Gouveia
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Reproductive Biology Laboratory, University of Pretoria, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0002, South Africa;
| | - Carin Huyser
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Reproductive Biology Laboratory, University of Pretoria, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0002, South Africa;
| | - Dieter Egli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10027, USA;
| | - Michael S. Pepper
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kyogoku H, Wakayama T, Kitajima TS, Miyano T. Single nucleolus precursor body formation in the pronucleus of mouse zygotes and SCNT embryos. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202663. [PMID: 30125305 PMCID: PMC6101414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian oocytes and zygotes have nucleoli that are transcriptionally inactive and structurally distinct from nucleoli in somatic cells. These nucleoli have been termed nucleolus precursor bodies (NPBs). Recent research has shown that NPBs are important for embryonic development, but they are only required during pronuclear formation. After fertilization, multiple small NPBs are transiently formed in male and female pronuclei and then fuse into a single large NPB in zygotes. In cloned embryos produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), multiple NPBs are formed and maintained in the pseudo-pronucleus, and this is considered an abnormality of the cloned embryos. Despite this difference between SCNT and normal embryos, it is unclear how the size and number of NPBs in pronuclei is determined. Here, we show that in mouse embryos, the volume of NPB materials plays a major role in the NPB scaling through a limiting component mechanism and determines whether a single or multiple NPBs will form in the pronucleus. Extra NPB- and extra MII spindle-injection experiments demonstrated that the total volume of NPBs was maintained regardless of the pronucleus number and the ratio of pronucleus/NPB is important for fusion into a single NPB. Based on these results, we examined whether extra-NPB injection rescued multiple NPB maintenance in SCNT embryos. When extra-NPBs were injected into enucleated-MII oocytes before SCNT, the number of NPBs in pseudo-pronuclei of SCNT embryos was reduced. These results indicate that multiple NPB maintenance in SCNT embryos is caused by insufficient volume of NPB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirohisa Kyogoku
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Laboratory for Chromosome Segregation, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan
- Laboratory for Chromosome Segregation, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Teruhiko Wakayama
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
| | - Tomoya S. Kitajima
- Laboratory for Chromosome Segregation, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan
- Laboratory for Chromosome Segregation, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takashi Miyano
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shu X, Shu S, Cheng H, Tang S, Yang L, Li H, Zhang M, Zhu Z, Liu D, Li K, Dong Z, Cheng L, Ding J. Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Analysis During Palatal Fusion Reveals the Potential Mechanism of Enhancer Methylation Regulating Epithelial Mesenchyme Transformation. DNA Cell Biol 2018; 37:560-573. [PMID: 29608334 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2018.4141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial mesenchyme transformation (EMT) of the medial edge epithelium (MEE) is the crucial process during palatal fusion. This work is aimed to elucidate the enhancer regulatory mechanism by genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of EMT during palatal fusion. Over 800 million clean reads, 325 million enzyme reads, and 234 million mapping reads were generated. The mapping rate was 68.85-74.32%, which included differentially methylated 17299 CCGG sites and 2363 CCWGG sites (p < 0.05, log2FC >1). Methylated sites in intron and intergenic regions were more compared to other regions of all DNA elements. GO and KEGG analysis indicated that differential methylation sites related to embryonic palatal fusion genes (HDAC4, TCF7L2, and PDGFRB) at the enhancer were located on CCWGG region of non-CpG islands. In addition, the results showed that the enhancer for HDAC4 was hypermethylated, whereas the enhancers for TCF7L2 and PDGFRB were hypomethylated. The methylation status of enhancer regions of HDAC4, PDGFRB, and TCF7L2, involved in the regulation of the EMT during palatal fusion, may enlighten the development of novel epigenetic biomarkers in the treatment of cleft palate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Shu
- 1 Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College , Shantou, China
| | - Shenyou Shu
- 1 Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College , Shantou, China
| | - Hongqiu Cheng
- 2 Department of Infectious Diseases, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College , Shantou, China
| | - Shijie Tang
- 1 Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College , Shantou, China
| | - Lujun Yang
- 3 Department of Translational Medicine Center, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College , Shantou, China
| | - Haihong Li
- 1 Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College , Shantou, China
| | - Mingjun Zhang
- 1 Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College , Shantou, China
| | - Zhensen Zhu
- 1 Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College , Shantou, China
| | - Dan Liu
- 1 Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College , Shantou, China
| | - Ke Li
- 1 Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College , Shantou, China
| | - Zejun Dong
- 1 Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College , Shantou, China
| | - Liuhanghang Cheng
- 1 Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College , Shantou, China
| | - Jialong Ding
- 1 Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College , Shantou, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tamashiro KLK, Wakayama T, Yamazaki Y, Akutsu H, Woods SC, Kondo S, Yanagimachi R, Sakai RR. Phenotype of Cloned Mice: Development, Behavior, and Physiology. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 228:1193-200. [PMID: 14610260 DOI: 10.1177/153537020322801015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cloning technology has potential to be a valuable tool in basic research, clinical medicine, and agriculture. However, it is critical to determine the consequences of this technique in resulting offspring before widespread use of the technology. Mammalian cloning using somatic cells was first demonstrated in sheep in 1997 and since then has been extended to a number of other species. We examined development, behavior, physiology, and longevity in B6C3F1 female mice cloned from adult cumulus cells. Control mice were naturally fertilized embryos subjected to the same in vitro manipulation and culture conditions as clone embryos. Clones attained developmental milestones similar to controls. Activity level, motor ability and coordination, and learning and memory skills of cloned mice were comparable with controls. Interestingly, clones gained more body weight than controls during adulthood. Increased body weight was attributable to higher body fat and was associated with hyperleptinemia and hyperinsulinemia indicating that cloned mice are obese. Cloned mice were not hyperphagic as adults and had hypersensitive leptin and melanocortin signaling systems. Longevity of cloned mice was comparable with that reported by the National Institute on Aging and the causes of death were typical for this strain of mouse. These studies represent the first comprehensive set of data to characterize cloned mice and provide critical information about the long-term effects of somatic cell cloning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kellie L K Tamashiro
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0559, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wakayama S, Tanabe Y, Nagatomo H, Mizutani E, Kishigami S, Wakayama T. Effect of Long-Term Exposure of Donor Nuclei to the Oocyte Cytoplasm on Production of Cloned Mice Using Serial Nuclear Transfer. Cell Reprogram 2016; 18:382-389. [PMID: 27622855 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2016.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although animal cloning is becoming increasingly practicable, cloned embryos possess many abnormalities and so there has been a low success rate for producing live animals. This is most likely due to incomplete reprogramming of somatic cell nuclei before they start to develop as the donor nuclei are usually only exposed to the oocyte cytoplasm for 1-2 hours before reconstructed oocytes are activated to avoid oocyte aging. Therefore, in this study, we attempted to extend the exposure period of somatic cell nuclei to the oocyte cytoplasm to determine whether this could enhance reprogramming of donor nuclei. Donor nuclei were transferred into oocytes, following which pseudo-MII spindles (pMIIs) derived from these were extracted and injected into newly collected enucleated oocytes 24 hours after the first nuclear transfer (NT). These serial NT oocytes were then activated and their developmental potential was examined to full term. There was no obvious difference in the pMIIs of reconstructed oocytes at 6 and 24 hours after donor nucleus injection; however, in both of these, the chromosomes were more widely spread inside the spindle than in fresh intact oocytes. Furthermore, a few chromosomes remained in 25% and 47% of these enucleated oocytes at 6 and 24 hours after donor nucleus injection, respectively. When these pMIIs were injected into fresh enucleated oocytes, the developmental rate to blastocyst was significantly lower, but we could still obtain several healthy cloned offspring. Thus, serial NT at intervals of 24 hours using fresh oocytes is possible, but the success rate could not be improved due to loss of chromosomes during the second NT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Wakayama
- 1 Advanced Biotechnology Center, University of Yamanashi , Kofu-shi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tanabe
- 2 Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi , Kofu-shi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagatomo
- 3 COC Promotion Center, University of Yamanashi , Kofu-shi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Eiji Mizutani
- 1 Advanced Biotechnology Center, University of Yamanashi , Kofu-shi, Yamanashi, Japan .,2 Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi , Kofu-shi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kishigami
- 2 Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi , Kofu-shi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Wakayama
- 1 Advanced Biotechnology Center, University of Yamanashi , Kofu-shi, Yamanashi, Japan .,2 Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi , Kofu-shi, Yamanashi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Derivation and application of pluripotent stem cells for regenerative medicine. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 59:576-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-5066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
11
|
Kwon D, Koo OJ, Kim MJ, Jang G, Lee BC. Nuclear-mitochondrial incompatibility in interorder rhesus monkey-cow embryos derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer. Primates 2016; 57:471-8. [PMID: 27165688 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-016-0538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Monkey interorder somatic cell nuclear transfer (iSCNT) using enucleated cow oocytes yielded poor blastocysts development and contradictory results among research groups. Determining the reason for this low blastocyst development is a prerequisite for optimizing iSCNT in rhesus monkeys. The aim of this study was to elucidate nuclear-mitochondrial incompatibility of rhesus monkey-cow iSCNT embryos and its relationship to low blastocyst development. Cytochrome b is a protein of complex III of the electron transport chain (ETC). According to meta-analysis of amino acid sequences, the homology of cytochrome b is 75 % between rhesus monkeys and cattle. To maintain the function of ETC after iSCNT, 4n iSCNT embryos were produced by fusion of non-enucleated cow oocytes and rhesus monkey somatic cells. The blastocyst development rate of 4n iSCNT embryos was higher than that of 2n embryos (P < 0.01). Formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an indirect indicator of ETC activity of cells. The ROS levels of 4n iSCNT embryos was higher than that of 2n embryos (P < 0.01). Collectively, rhesus monkey iSCNT embryos reconstructed with cow oocytes have nuclear-mitochondrial incompatibility due to fundamental species differences between rhesus monkeys and cattle. Nuclear-mitochondrial incompatibility seems to correlate with low ETC activity and extremely low blastocyst development of rhesus monkey-cow iSCNT embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daekee Kwon
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Ok-Jae Koo
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Suwon, 440-746, Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kim
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Goo Jang
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Korea.,Emergency Center for Personalized Food-Medicine Therapy System, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, 443-270, Korea
| | - Byeong Chun Lee
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Korea. .,Institute of Green Bio Science Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, 232-916, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Koike T, Wakai T, Jincho Y, Sakashita A, Kobayashi H, Mizutani E, Wakayama S, Miura F, Ito T, Kono T. DNA Methylation Errors in Cloned Mouse Sperm by Germ Line Barrier Evasion. Biol Reprod 2016; 94:128. [PMID: 27103445 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.116.138677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The germ line reprogramming barrier resets parental epigenetic modifications according to sex, conferring totipotency to mammalian embryos upon fertilization. However, it is not known whether epigenetic errors are committed during germ line reprogramming that are then transmitted to germ cells, and consequently to offspring. We addressed this question in the present study by performing a genome-wide DNA methylation analysis using a target postbisulfite sequencing method in order to identify DNA methylation errors in cloned mouse sperm. The sperm genomes of two somatic cell-cloned mice (CL1 and CL7) contained significantly higher numbers of differentially methylated CpG sites (P = 0.0045 and P = 0.0116). As a result, they had higher numbers of differentially methylated CpG islands. However, there was no evidence that these sites were transmitted to the sperm genome of offspring. These results suggest that DNA methylation errors resulting from embryo cloning are transmitted to the sperm genome by evading the germ line reprogramming barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Koike
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Wakai
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Jincho
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Sakashita
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisato Kobayashi
- NODAI Genome Research Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Mizutani
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Sayaka Wakayama
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Fumihito Miura
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Ito
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kono
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu X, Qi J, Tao Y, Zhang H, Yin J, Ji M, Gao Z, Li Z, Li N, Yu Z. Correlation of proliferation, TGF-β3 promoter methylation, and Smad signaling in MEPM cells during the development of ATRA-induced cleft palate. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 61:1-9. [PMID: 26916447 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal cell proliferation is one of the processes in shelf outgrowth. Both all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) and transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3) play an important role in mouse embryonic palate mesenchymal (MEPM) cell proliferation. The cellular effects of TGF-β are mediated by Smad-dependent or Smad-independent pathways. In the present study, we demonstrate that atRA promotes TGF-β3 promoter demethylation and protein expression, but can cause depression of mesenchymal cell proliferation, especially at embryonic day 14 (E14). Moreover, the inhibition of MEPM cell proliferation by atRA results in the downregulation of Smad signaling mediated by transforming growth interacting factor (TGIF). We speculate that the effects of atRA on MEPM cell proliferation may be mediated by Smad pathways, which are regulated by TGIF but are not related to TGF-β3 expression. Finally, the cellular effects of TGF-β3 on MEPM cell proliferation may be mediated by Smad-independent pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhuan Liu
- Public Health College, Zhengzhou University, China; Medical College, Henan University of Science & Technology, China
| | - Jingjiao Qi
- Medical College, Henan University of Science & Technology, China
| | - Yuchang Tao
- Public Health College, Zhengzhou University, China
| | | | - Jun Yin
- Public Health College, Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Mengmeng Ji
- Public Health College, Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Zhan Gao
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Zhitao Li
- Medical College, Henan University of Science & Technology, China
| | - Ning Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, China
| | - Zengli Yu
- Public Health College, Zhengzhou University, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cao Z, Li Y, Chen Z, Wang H, Zhang M, Zhou N, Wu R, Ling Y, Fang F, Li N, Zhang Y. Genome-Wide Dynamic Profiling of Histone Methylation during Nuclear Transfer-Mediated Porcine Somatic Cell Reprogramming. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144897. [PMID: 26683029 PMCID: PMC4687693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The low full-term developmental efficiency of porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos is mainly attributed to imperfect epigenetic reprogramming in the early embryos. However, dynamic expression patterns of histone methylation involved in epigenetic reprogramming progression during porcine SCNT embryo early development remain to be unknown. In this study, we characterized and compared the expression patterns of multiple histone methylation markers including transcriptionally repressive (H3K9me2, H3K9me3, H3K27me2, H3K27me3, H4K20me2 and H4K20me3) and active modifications (H3K4me2, H3K4me3, H3K36me2, H3K36me3, H3K79me2 and H3K79me3) in SCNT early embryos from different developmental stages with that from in vitro fertilization (IVF) counterparts. We found that the expression level of H3K9me2, H3K9me3 and H4K20me3 of SCNT embryos from 1-cell to 4-cell stages was significantly higher than that in the IVF embryos. We also detected a symmetric distribution pattern of H3K9me2 between inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) in SCNT blastocysts. The expression level of H3K9me2 in both lineages from SCNT expanded blastocyst onwards was significantly higher than that in IVF counterparts. The expression level of H4K20me2 was significantly lower in SCNT embryos from morula to blastocyst stage compared with IVF embryos. However, no aberrant dynamic reprogramming of H3K27me2/3 occurred during early developmental stages of SCNT embryos. The expression of H3K4me3 was higher in SCNT embryos at 4-cell stage than that of IVF embryos. H3K4me2 expression in SCNT embryos from 8-cell stage to blastocyst stage was lower than that in the IVF embryos. Dynamic patterns of other active histone methylation markers were similar between SCNT and IVF embryos. Taken together, histone methylation exhibited developmentally stage-specific abnormal expression patterns in porcine SCNT early embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zubing Cao
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yunsheng Li
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Meiling Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Naru Zhou
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Ronghua Wu
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yinghui Ling
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Fugui Fang
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YHZ); (NL)
| | - Yunhai Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, China
- * E-mail: (YHZ); (NL)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wan Y, Deng M, Zhang G, Ren C, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Wang L, Wang F. Abnormal expression of DNA methyltransferases and genomic imprinting in cloned goat fibroblasts. Cell Biol Int 2015; 40:74-82. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Wan
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory; College of Animal Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing 210095 China
| | - Mingtian Deng
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory; College of Animal Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing 210095 China
| | - Guomin Zhang
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory; College of Animal Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing 210095 China
| | - Caifang Ren
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory; College of Animal Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing 210095 China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory; College of Animal Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing 210095 China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory; College of Animal Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing 210095 China
| | - Lizhong Wang
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory; College of Animal Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing 210095 China
| | - Feng Wang
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory; College of Animal Science and Technology; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing 210095 China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yanagimachi R. Germ cells and fertilization: why I studied these topics and what I learned along the path of my study. Andrology 2015; 2:787-93. [PMID: 25327579 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2014.00238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Yanagimachi
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, Institute for Biogenesis Research, University of Hawaii Medical School, Honolulu, HI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mizutani E, Oikawa M, Kassai H, Inoue K, Shiura H, Hirasawa R, Kamimura S, Matoba S, Ogonuki N, Nagatomo H, Abe K, Wakayama T, Aiba A, Ogura A. Generation of Cloned Mice from Adult Neurons by Direct Nuclear Transfer1. Biol Reprod 2015; 92:81. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.123455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
|
18
|
Ray S. Micronutrient, Genome Stabili ty and Degenerative Diseases: Nutrigenomics Concept of Disease Prevention - An Overview. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCE JOURNAL 2014. [DOI: 10.12944/crnfsj.2.3.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Diet is a key factor in determining genomic stability is more important than previously imagined because it impacts on all relevant pathways like exposure to dietary carcinogens, DNA repair, DNA synthesis, epigenetic damage and apoptosis. Recent research focuses into how a single micronutrient deficiency is leading to genomic instability and development of degenerative diseases in various stages of life.The study aimed at finding the nutrigenomic mechanism of how a marginal deficiency of any single micronutrient is interrupting in DNA repairing, methylation and synthesis by taking nutrient-nutrient and nutrient-gene interaction into consideration. It also focuses on how recommended dietary allowance is important in achieving DNA integrity and genome stability to prevent degenerative diseases.Exhaustive review of research papers in genome health nutrigenomicsis involved in this study to explore, assimilate and analyze data to understand the importance of micronutrient in maintaining methylation of CpG sequence and preventing DNA oxidation or uracil misincorporation in DNA to stop disease occurrence in individuals.The study finds a direct link between micronutrient deficiency and increased epigenomic damage, resulting into elevated risk for adverse health outcomes during various stages of life like infertility, tumor development and cancer. The overview study concludes with a vision for a paradigm shift in disease prevention strategy based on diagnosis and micro-nutritional intervention of genome or epigenome damage on an individual basis, i.e. personalized prevention of degenerative diseases in genome health clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhasree Ray
- Research scholar, Department of Food Science & Nutrition, SNDT Women’s University, Juhu, Mumbai – 400049, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sim BW, Min KS. Production of cloned mice by aggregation of tetraploid embryo. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2014.948488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
|
20
|
Osteoponin promoter controlled by DNA methylation: aberrant methylation in cloned porcine genome. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:327538. [PMID: 25101273 PMCID: PMC4102072 DOI: 10.1155/2014/327538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cloned animals usually exhibited many defects in physical characteristics or aberrant epigenetic reprogramming, especially in some important organ development. Osteoponin (OPN) is an extracellular-matrix protein involved in heart and bone development and diseases. In this study, we investigated the correlation between OPN mRNA and its promoter methylation changes by the 5-aza-dc treatment in fibroblast cell and promoter assay. Aberrant methylation of porcine OPN was frequently found in different tissues of somatic nuclear transferred cloning pigs, and bisulfite sequence data suggested that the OPN promoter region −2615 to −2239 nucleotides (nt) may be a crucial regulation DNA element. In pig ear fibroblast cell culture study, the demethylation of OPN promoter was found in dose-dependent response of 5-aza-dc treatment and followed the OPN mRNA reexpression. In cloned pig study, discrepant expression pattern was identified in several cloned pig tissues, especially in brain, heart, and ear. Promoter assay data revealed that four methylated CpG sites presenting in the −2615 to −2239 nt region cause significant downregulation of OPN promoter activity. These data suggested that methylation in the OPN promoter plays a crucial role in the regulation of OPN expression that we found in cloned pigs genome.
Collapse
|
21
|
On the Development of Parthenogenetic Oocytes by Cytochalasin B and Production of Cloned Mice by SCNT. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.12750/jet.2014.29.2.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
|
22
|
Endocrine Profiles and Blood Chemistry Patterns of Cloned Miniature Pigs in the Post-Puberty Period. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.12750/jet.2014.29.2.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
|
23
|
Latrunculin A treatment prevents abnormal chromosome segregation for successful development of cloned embryos. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78380. [PMID: 24205216 PMCID: PMC3813513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer to an enucleated oocyte is used for reprogramming somatic cells with the aim of achieving totipotency, but most cloned embryos die in the uterus after transfer. While modifying epigenetic states of cloned embryos can improve their development, the production rate of cloned embryos can also be enhanced by changing other factors. It has already been shown that abnormal chromosome segregation (ACS) is a major cause of the developmental failure of cloned embryos and that Latrunculin A (LatA), an actin polymerization inhibitor, improves F-actin formation and birth rate of cloned embryos. Since F-actin is important for chromosome congression in embryos, here we examined the relation between ACS and F-actin in cloned embryos. Using LatA treatment, the occurrence of ACS decreased significantly whereas cloned embryo-specific epigenetic abnormalities such as dimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9me2) could not be corrected. In contrast, when H3K9me2 was normalized using the G9a histone methyltransferase inhibitor BIX-01294, the Magea2 gene—essential for normal development but never before expressed in cloned embryos—was expressed. However, this did not increase the cloning success rate. Thus, non-epigenetic factors also play an important role in determining the efficiency of mouse cloning.
Collapse
|
24
|
Hirabayashi K, Shiota K, Yagi S. DNA methylation profile dynamics of tissue-dependent and differentially methylated regions during mouse brain development. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:82. [PMID: 23387509 PMCID: PMC3599493 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tissues and their component cells have unique DNA methylation profiles comprising DNA methylation patterns of tissue-dependent and differentially methylated regions (T-DMRs). Previous studies reported that DNA methylation plays crucial roles in cell differentiation and development. Here, we investigated the genome-wide DNA methylation profiles of mouse neural progenitors derived from different developmental stages using HpyCH4IV, a methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme that recognizes ACGT residues, which are uniformly distributed across the genome. Results Using a microarray-based genome-wide DNA methylation analysis system focusing on 8.5-kb regions around transcription start sites (TSSs), we analyzed the DNA methylation profiles of mouse neurospheres derived from telencephalons at embryonic days 11.5 (E11.5NSph) and 14.5 (E14.5NSph) and the adult brain (AdBr). We identified T-DMRs with different DNA methylation statuses between E11.5NSph and E14.5NSph at genes involved in neural development and/or associated with neurological disorders in humans, such as Dclk1, Nrcam, Nfia, and Ntng1. These T-DMRs were located not only within 2 kb but also distal (several kbs) from the TSSs, and those hypomethylated in E11.5NSph tended to be in CpG island (CGI-) associated genes. Most T-DMRs that were hypomethylated in neurospheres were also hypomethylated in the AdBr. Interestingly, among the T-DMRs hypomethylated in the progenitors, there were T-DMRs that were hypermethylated in the AdBr. Although certain genes, including Ntng1, had hypermethylated T-DMRs 5′ upstream, we identified hypomethylated T-DMRs in the AdBr, 3′ downstream from their TSSs. This observation could explain why Ntng1 was highly expressed in the AdBr despite upstream hypermethylation. Conclusion Mouse adult brain DNA methylation and gene expression profiles could be attributed to developmental dynamics of T-DMRs in neural-related genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Hirabayashi
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Animal Resource Sciences/Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Systems genetics implicates cytoskeletal genes in oocyte control of cloned embryo quality. Genetics 2013; 193:877-96. [PMID: 23307892 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.112.148866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer is an important technology, but remains limited due to poor rates of success. Identifying genes supporting clone development would enhance our understanding of basic embryology, improve applications of the technology, support greater understanding of establishing pluripotent stem cells, and provide new insight into clinically important determinants of oocyte quality. For the first time, a systems genetics approach was taken to discover genes contributing to the ability of an oocyte to support early cloned embryo development. This identified a primary locus on mouse chromosome 17 and potential loci on chromosomes 1 and 4. A combination of oocyte transcriptome profiling data, expression correlation analysis, and functional and network analyses yielded a short list of likely candidate genes in two categories. The major category-including two genes with the strongest genetic associations with the traits (Epb4.1l3 and Dlgap1)-encodes proteins associated with the subcortical cytoskeleton and other cytoskeletal elements such as the spindle. The second category encodes chromatin and transcription regulators (Runx1t1, Smchd1, and Chd7). Smchd1 promotes X chromosome inactivation, whereas Chd7 regulates expression of pluripotency genes. Runx1t1 has not been associated with these processes, but acts as a transcriptional repressor. The finding that cytoskeleton-associated proteins may be key determinants of early clone development highlights potential roles for cytoplasmic components of the oocyte in supporting nuclear reprogramming. The transcriptional regulators identified may contribute to the overall process as downstream effectors.
Collapse
|
26
|
Rodriguez-Osorio N, Urrego R, Cibelli JB, Eilertsen K, Memili E. Reprogramming mammalian somatic cells. Theriogenology 2012; 78:1869-86. [PMID: 22979962 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), the technique commonly known as cloning, permits transformation of a somatic cell into an undifferentiated zygote with the potential to develop into a newborn animal (i.e., a clone). In somatic cells, chromatin is programmed to repress most genes and express some, depending on the tissue. It is evident that the enucleated oocyte provides the environment in which embryonic genes in a somatic cell can be expressed. This process is controlled by a series of epigenetic modifications, generally referred to as "nuclear reprogramming," which are thought to involve the removal of reversible epigenetic changes acquired during cell differentiation. A similar process is thought to occur by overexpression of key transcription factors to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), bypassing the need for SCNT. Despite its obvious scientific and medical importance, and the great number of studies addressing the subject, the molecular basis of reprogramming in both reprogramming strategies is largely unknown. The present review focuses on the cellular and molecular events that occur during nuclear reprogramming in the context of SCNT and the various approaches currently being used to improve nuclear reprogramming. A better understanding of the reprogramming mechanism will have a direct impact on the efficiency of current SCNT procedures, as well as iPSC derivation.
Collapse
|
27
|
The polycomb group protein EED varies in its ability to access the nucleus in porcine oocytes and cleavage stage embryos. Anim Reprod Sci 2012; 133:198-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
28
|
Zhao XM, Ren JJ, Du WH, Hao HS, Wang D, Liu Y, Qin T, Zhu HB. Effect of 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine on methylation of the putative imprinted control region of H19 during the in vitro development of vitrified bovine two-cell embryos. Fertil Steril 2012; 98:222-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
29
|
Terashita Y, Wakayama S, Yamagata K, Li C, Sato E, Wakayama T. Latrunculin A Can Improve the Birth Rate of Cloned Mice and Simplify the Nuclear Transfer Protocol by Gently Inhibiting Actin Polymerization1. Biol Reprod 2012; 86:180. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.098764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
|
30
|
Mizutani E, Yamagata K, Ono T, Akagi S, Geshi M, Wakayama T. Abnormal chromosome segregation at early cleavage is a major cause of the full-term developmental failure of mouse clones. Dev Biol 2012; 364:56-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
31
|
Sawai K, Fujii T, Hirayama H, Hashizume T, Minamihashi A. Epigenetic status and full-term development of bovine cloned embryos treated with trichostatin A. J Reprod Dev 2012; 58:302-9. [PMID: 22322145 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2011-020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the comprehensive epigenetic status, including histone H3 and H4 acetylation, DNA methylation and level of mRNA transcripts of bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos treated with trichostatin A (TSA), along with their full-term developmental efficacy. Treatment with 50 nM TSA enhanced early developmental competence; increased acetylation of two histones, H3K9K14 and H4K8, at the blastocyst stage; and maintained the DNA methylation status of the satelliteI sequence in bovine SCNT embryos. The difference in IGFBP-3 transcript levels between in vivo and SCNT embryos disappeared in SCNT embryos after treatment with 50 nM TSA. Pregnancy, full-term developmental competence and body weight at birth of offspring did not differ between SCNT embryos treated with 50 nM TSA and untreated embryos. These results suggest that treatment with TSA improves preimplantation development and changes the epigenetic status but does not promote the full-term development competence in bovine SCNT embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Sawai
- Agriculture, Iwate University, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tang D, Zhu H, Wu J, Chen H, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Chen X, Du W, Wang D, Lin X. Silencing myostatin gene by RNAi in sheep embryos. J Biotechnol 2012; 158:69-74. [PMID: 22285957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myostatin (MSTN) gene is described as a negative regulator of the skeletal muscle growth. Controlling MSTN gene expression by genetic manipulation could accelerate the muscle growth and meat production of livestock animals. In the present study, several siRNAs targeting sheep MSTN gene were designed and their interfering efficiency was evaluated in vitro. The present study showed that one of the siRNAs, PSL1, could down-regulate the expression of MSTN significantly. PSL1 was ligated into lentivirus vector, GP-Supersilencing, to construct a siRNA expression lentivirus vector. Fibroblast cells were infected by lentivirus particles and positive cells were isolated by flow cytometry. Nucleus of the positive cell was transferred into enucleated oocytes of sheep. The present study showed that 99.4% of the sorted cells displayed green fluorescence. After enucleation of oocytes with microinjection, about 20% of reconstructed embryos can be developed into morulas, and strong green fluorescence could be observed using a fluorescence microscope. This method can be available to produce transgenic cell line for somatic cell nucleus transfer for transgenic animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dayun Tang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
The successful production of viable progeny following adult somatic cell nuclear transfer (cloning) provides exciting new opportunities for basic research for investigating early embryogenesis, for the propagation of valuable or endangered animals, for the production of genetically engineered animals, and possibly for developing therapeutically valuable stem cells. Successful cloning requires efficient reprogramming of gene expression to silence donor cell gene expression and activate an embryonic pattern of gene expression. Recent observations indicate that reprogramming may be initiated by early events that occur soon after nuclear transfer, but then continues as development progresses through cleavage and probably to gastrulation. Because reprogramming is slow and progressive, cloned embryos have dramatically altered characteristics in comparison with fertilized embryos. Events that occur early following nuclear transfer may be essential prerequisites for the later events. Additionally, the later reprogramming events may be inhibited by sub-optimum culture environments that exist because of the altered characteristics of cloned embryos. By addressing the unique requirements of cloned embryos, the entire process of reprogramming may be accelerated, thus increasing cloning efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith E Latham
- The Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, and Department of Biochemistry, Temple University School of Medicine, 3307 North Broadway, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Orofacial clefts occur with a frequency of 1 to 2 per 1000 live births. Cleft palate, which accounts for 30% of orofacial clefts, is caused by the failure of the secondary palatal processes--medially directed, oral projections of the paired embryonic maxillary processes--to fuse. Both gene mutations and environmental effects contribute to the complex etiology of this disorder. Although much progress has been made in identifying genes whose mutations are associated with cleft palate, little is known about the mechanisms by which the environment adversely influences gene expression during secondary palate development. An increasing body of evidence, however, implicates epigenetic processes as playing a role in adversely influencing orofacial development. Epigenetics refers to inherited changes in phenotype or gene expression caused by processes other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence. Such processes include, but are not limited to, DNA methylation, microRNA effects, and histone modifications that alter chromatin conformation. In this review, we describe our current understanding of the possible role epigenetics may play during development of the secondary palate. Specifically, we present the salient features of the embryonic palatal methylome and profile the expression of numerous microRNAs that regulate protein-encoding genes crucial to normal orofacial ontogeny.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ratnam S Seelan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Craniofacial Biology, Birth Defects Center, ULSD, University of Louisville, 501 S. Preston Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gao F, Luo Y, Li S, Li J, Lin L, Nielsen AL, Sørensen CB, Vajta G, Wang J, Zhang X, Du Y, Yang H, Bolund L. Comparison of gene expression and genome-wide DNA methylation profiling between phenotypically normal cloned pigs and conventionally bred controls. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25901. [PMID: 22022462 PMCID: PMC3191147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal breeding via Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) has enormous potential in agriculture and biomedicine. However, concerns about whether SCNT animals are as healthy or epigenetically normal as conventionally bred ones are raised as the efficiency of cloning by SCNT is much lower than natural breeding or In-vitro fertilization (IVF). Thus, we have conducted a genome-wide gene expression and DNA methylation profiling between phenotypically normal cloned pigs and control pigs in two tissues (muscle and liver), using Affymetrix Porcine expression array as well as modified methylation-specific digital karyotyping (MMSDK) and Solexa sequencing technology. Typical tissue-specific differences with respect to both gene expression and DNA methylation were observed in muscle and liver from cloned as well as control pigs. Gene expression profiles were highly similar between cloned pigs and controls, though a small set of genes showed altered expression. Cloned pigs presented a more different pattern of DNA methylation in unique sequences in both tissues. Especially a small set of genomic sites had different DNA methylation status with a trend towards slightly increased methylation levels in cloned pigs. Molecular network analysis of the genes that contained such differential methylation loci revealed a significant network related to tissue development. In conclusion, our study showed that phenotypically normal cloned pigs were highly similar with normal breeding pigs in their gene expression, but moderate alteration in DNA methylation aspects still exists, especially in certain unique genomic regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Mankessi F, Saya AR, Favreau B, Doulbeau S, Conéjéro G, Lartaud M, Verdeil JL, Monteuuis O. Variations of DNA methylation in Eucalyptus urophylla×Eucalyptus grandis shoot tips and apical meristems of different physiological ages. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2011; 143:178-187. [PMID: 21645001 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Global DNA methylation was assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the first time in Eucalyptus urophylla×Eucalyptus grandis shoot tips comparing three outdoor and one in vitro sources of related genotypes differing in their physiological age. The DNA methylation levels found were consistent with those reported for other Angiosperms using the same HPLC technology. Notwithstanding noticeable time-related fluctuations within each source of plant material, methylation rate was overall higher for the mature clone (13.7%) than for the rejuvenated line of the same clone (12.6%) and for the juvenile offspring seedlings (11.8%). The in vitro microshoots of the mature clone were less methylated (11.3%) than the other outdoor origins, but the difference with the juvenile seedlings was not significant. Immunofluorescence investigations on shoot apices established that the mature source could be distinguished from the rejuvenated and juvenile origins by a higher density of cells with methylated nuclei in leaf primordia. Shoot apical meristems (SAMs) from the mature clone also showed a greater proportion and more methylated cells than SAMs from the rejuvenated and juvenile origins. The nuclei of these latter were characterized by fewer and more dispersed labeled spots than for the mature source. Our findings establish that physiological ageing induced quantitative and qualitative variations of DNA methylation at shoot tip, SAM and even cellular levels. Overall this DNA methylation increased with maturation and conversely decreased with rejuvenation to reach the lower scores and to show the immunolabeling patterns that characterized juvenile material nuclei.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Mankessi
- CRDPI, UR Génétique Amélioration Diversité, B.P. 1291 Pointe-Noire, Congo
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Su H, Li D, Hou X, Tan B, Hu J, Zhang C, Dai Y, Li N, Li S. Molecular structure of bovine Gtl2 gene and DNA methylation status of Dlk1-Gtl2 imprinted domain in cloned bovines. Anim Reprod Sci 2011; 127:23-30. [PMID: 21820255 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is an inefficient process, which is due to incomplete reprogramming of the donor nucleus. DNA methylation of imprinted genes is essential to the reprogramming of the somatic cell nucleus in SCNT. Dlk1-Gtl2 imprinted domain has been widely studied in mouse and human. However, little is known in bovine, possibly because of limited appropriate sequences of bovine. In our study, we first isolated the cDNA sequence and found multiple transcript variants occurred in bovine Gtl2 gene, which was conserved among species. A probably 110-kb-long Dlk1-Gtl2 imprinted domain was detected on bovine chromosome 21. We identified the putative Gtl2 DMR and IG-DMR corresponding to the mouse and human DMRs and assessed the methylation status of the two DMRs and Dlk1 5' promoter in lungs of deceased SCNT bovines that died within 48h after birth and the normal controls. In cloned bovines, Gtl2 DMR exhibited hypermethylation, which was similar to controls. However, the methylation status of IG-DMR and Dlk1 5' promoter in clones was significantly different from controls, with severe loss of methylation in IG-DMR and hypermethylation in the Dlk1 5' promoter region. Our data suggested that abnormal methylation patterns of IG-DMR may lead to the abnormal expression of Gtl2 and Dlk1 5' hypermethylated promoter is associated with the aberrant development of lungs of cloned bovines, which consequently may contribute to the low efficiency of SCNT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hebei Agriculture University, Baoding, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
[The methylation status of PEG10 in placentas of cloned transgenic calves]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2011; 33:533-8. [PMID: 21586401 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2011.00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The low efficiency of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a significant barrier to the production of highly valuable transgenic livestock. It is generally believed that the principal cause of the low SCNT efficiency is the aberrant nuclear epigenetic reprogramming of donor somatic cell. DNA methylation is a major epigenetic modification of the genome and plays a crucial role in nuclear reprogramming during SCNT. In order to assess whether the abnormal epigenetic modifications of the imprinted gene in placenta are correlated with the development abnormality and death of the cloned transgenic calves, the DNA methylation patterns of PEG10 were compared in the placentas from different kinds of cattle. This comparison included transgenic cloned calves died during perinatal stage and showed developmental defects (Death group), transgenic cloned calves survived and lived on healthily (Live group) and the normal reproduced calves (N group) used as the control group analyzed by Bisulfite Sequencing PCR (BSP) method and Combined Bisulfite Restriction Analy-sis (COBRA). Comparing to the control group, PEG10 gene in the Death group showed abnormal hypermethylation, but was not significant different in methylation level from the Live group. It can be postulated from the results that the incom-plete or abnormal DNA methylation epigenetic reprogramming of imprinting gene in placenta may be one of the main causes of the abnormal development and death of the transgenic cloned cattle.
Collapse
|
39
|
Nishino K, Hattori N, Sato S, Arai Y, Tanaka S, Nagy A, Shiota K. Non-CpG methylation occurs in the regulatory region of the Sry gene. J Reprod Dev 2011; 57:586-93. [PMID: 21636956 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.11-033a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sry (sex determining region on Y chromosome) gene is a master gene for sex determination. We previously reported that the Sry gene has tissue-dependent and differentially methylated regions (T-DMRs) by analyzing the DNA methylation states at CpG sites in the promoter regions. In this study, we found unique non-CpG methylation at the internal cytosine in the 5'-CCTGG-3' pentanucleotide sequence in the Sry T-DMR. This non-CpG methylation was detected in four mouse strains (ICR, BALB/c, DBA2 and C3H), but not in two strains (C57BL/6 and 129S1), suggesting that the CCTGG methylation is tentative and unstable. Interestingly, this CCTGG methylation was associated with demethylation of the CpG sites in the Sry T-DMR in the developmental process. A methylation-mediated promoter assay showed that the CCTGG methylation promotes gene expression. Our finding shows that non-CpG methylation has unique characteristic and is still conserved in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Nishino
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry, Animal Resource Sciences/Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Desmarais JA, Demers SP, Suzuki J, Laflamme S, Vincent P, Laverty S, Smith LC. Trophoblast stem cell marker gene expression in inner cell mass-derived cells from parthenogenetic equine embryos. Reproduction 2011; 141:321-32. [PMID: 21209071 DOI: 10.1530/rep-09-0536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although putative horse embryonic stem (ES)-like cell lines have been obtained recently from in vivo-derived embryos, it is currently not known whether it is possible to obtain ES cell (ESC) lines from somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and parthenogenetic (PA) embryos. Our aim is to establish culture conditions for the derivation of autologous ESC lines for cell therapy studies in an equine model. Our results indicate that both the use of early-stage blastocysts with a clearly visible inner cell mass (ICM) and the use of pronase to dissect the ICM allow the derivation of a higher proportion of primary ICM outgrowths from PA and SCNT embryos. Primary ICM outgrowths express the molecular markers of pluripotency POU class 5 homeobox 1 (POU5F1) and (sex determining region-Y)-box2 (SOX2), and in some cases, NANOG. Cells obtained after the passages of PA primary ICM outgrowths display alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity and POU5F1, SOX2, caudal-related homeobox-2 (CDX2) and eomesodermin (EOMES) expression, but may lose NANOG. Cystic embryoid body-like structures expressing POU5F1, CDX2 and EOMES were produced from these cells. Immunohistochemical analysis of equine embryos reveals the presence of POU5F1 in trophectoderm, primitive endoderm and ICM. These results suggest that cells obtained after passages of primary ICM outgrowths are positive for trophoblast stem cell markers while expressing POU5F1 and displaying AP activity. Therefore, these cells most likely represent trophoblast cells rather than true ESCs. This study represents an important first step towards the production of autologous equine ESCs for pre-clinical cell therapy studies on large animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle A Desmarais
- Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Centre de Recherche en Reproduction Animale, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 7C6, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sawai K, Takahashi M, Fujii T, Moriyasu S, Hirayama H, Minamihashi A, Hashizume T, Onoe S. DNA methylation status of bovine blastocyst embryos obtained from various procedures. J Reprod Dev 2010; 57:236-41. [PMID: 21139327 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.10-035a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is an important factor for the regulation of gene expression in early embryos. It is well known that the satellite I sequence is more heavily methylated in bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer (NT-SC) embryos than in embryos derived from in vitro fertilization (IVF). However, the methylation status of bovine embryos obtained by other procedures is not well known. To clarify DNA methylation levels of bovine embryos obtained from various procedures, we examined satellite I sequences in bovine blastocyst (BC) embryos derived from NT-SC, NT using embryonic blastomeres (NT-EM), in vivo (Vivo), IVF and parthenogenetic treatment (PA). Furthermore, in order to evaluate the efficacy of DNA demethylation by the NT procedure, we determined the DNA methylation levels in bovine embryos in which NT was recapitulated (Re-NT). Although the DNA methylation levels in the NT-SC embryos were higher than those in the other embryos, the NT-EM embryos exhibited lower DNA methylation levels. The satellite I sequence in the NT-SC embryos was more demethylated than that in the donor cells. Although the DNA methylation level in the individual NT-SC embryos showed variation, the full-term developmental efficacy of these embryos were not different. These findings suggest that the methylation level of the satellite I sequence at the BC stage is not related to the abnormalities of bovine embryos produced by NT-SC. There was no difference in methylation levels between Re-NT and NT-SC embryos. Our results indicated that the DNA methylation status differed among embryos produced by various methods and that at least some of the demethylation of the donor cell genome occurred in the recipient cytoplast after NT-SC, but the demethylation ability of the NT procedure was noted in the first NT but not in the second NT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Sawai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
de Montera B, El Zeihery D, Müller S, Jammes H, Brem G, Reichenbach HD, Scheipl F, Chavatte-Palmer P, Zakhartchenko V, Schmitz OJ, Wolf E, Renard JP, Hiendleder S. Quantification of leukocyte genomic 5-methylcytosine levels reveals epigenetic plasticity in healthy adult cloned cattle. Cell Reprogram 2010; 12:175-81. [PMID: 20677931 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2009.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) requires epigenetic reprogramming of a differentiated donor cell nucleus. Incorrect reprogramming of epigenetic markings such as DNA methylation is associated with compromised prenatal development and postnatal abnormalities. Clones that survive into adulthood, in contrast, are assumed to possess a normalized epigenome corresponding to their normal phenotype. To address this point, we used capillary electrophoresis to measure 5-methylcytosine (5mC) levels in leukocyte DNA of 38 healthy female bovine clones that represented five genotypes from the Simmental breed and four genotypes from the Holstein breed. The estimated variance in 5mC level within clone genotypes of both breeds [0.104, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.070-0.168] was higher than between clone genotypes (0, CI: 0-0.047). We quantified the contribution of SCNT to this unexpected variability by comparing the 19 Simmental clones with 12 female Simmental monozygotic twin pairs of similar age. In Simmental clones, the estimated variability within genotype (0.0636, CI: 0.0358-0.127) was clearly higher than in twin pairs (0.0091, CI: 0.0047-0.0229). In clones, variability within genotype (0.0636) was again higher than between genotypes (0, CI: 0-0.077). Twins, in contrast, showed lower variability within genotypes (0.0091) than between genotypes (0.0136, CI: 0.00250-0.0428). Importantly, the absolute deviations of 5mC values of individual SCNT clones from their genotype means were fivefold increased in comparison to twins. Further comparisons with noncloned controls revealed DNA hypermethylation in most of the clones. The clone-specific variability in DNA methylation and DNA hypermethylation clearly show that healthy adult SCNT clones must be considered as epigenome variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice de Montera
- INRA , UMR 1198 Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Jouy en Josas, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Pasque V, Miyamoto K, Gurdon JB. Efficiencies and mechanisms of nuclear reprogramming. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2010; 75:189-200. [PMID: 21047900 PMCID: PMC3833051 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2010.75.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The differentiated state of somatic cells is highly stable, but it can be experimentally reversed. The resulting cells can then be redirected into many different pathways. Nuclear reprogramming has been achieved by nuclear transfer to eggs, cell fusion, and overexpression of transcription factors. The mechanisms of nuclear reprogramming are not understood, but some insight into them is provided by comparing the efficiencies of different reprogramming strategies. Here, we compare these efficiencies by describing the frequency and rapidity with which reprogramming is induced and by the proportion of cells and level of expression in which reprogramming is achieved. We comment on the mechanisms that lead to successful somatic-cell reprogramming and on those that resist in helping to maintain the differentiated state of somatic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Pasque
- The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Monteiro FM, Oliveira CS, Oliveira LZ, Saraiva NZ, Mercadante MEZ, Lopes FL, Arnold DR, Garcia JM. Chromatin modifying agents in the in vitro production of bovine embryos. Vet Med Int 2010; 2011. [PMID: 20936105 PMCID: PMC2948908 DOI: 10.4061/2011/694817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The low efficiency observed in cloning by nuclear transfer is related to an aberrant gene expression following errors in epigenetic reprogramming. Recent studies have focused on further understanding of the modifications that take place in the chromatin of embryos during the preimplantation period, through the use of chromatin modifying agents. The goal of these studies is to identify the factors involved in nuclear reprogramming and to adjust in vitro manipulations in order to better mimic in vivo conditions. Therefore, proper knowledge of epigenetic reprogramming is necessary to prevent possible epigenetic errors and to improve efficiency and the use of in vitro fertilization and cloning technologies in cattle and other species.
Collapse
|
45
|
Greene RM, Pisano MM. Palate morphogenesis: current understanding and future directions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 90:133-54. [PMID: 20544696 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the past, most scientists conducted their inquiries of nature via inductivism, the patient accumulation of "pieces of information" in the pious hope that the sum of the parts would clarify the whole. Increasingly, modern biology employs the tools of bioinformatics and systems biology in attempts to reveal the "big picture." Most successful laboratories engaged in the pursuit of the secrets of embryonic development, particularly those whose research focus is craniofacial development, pursue a middle road where research efforts embrace, rather than abandon, what some have called the "pedestrian" qualities of inductivism, while increasingly employing modern data mining technologies. The secondary palate has provided an excellent paradigm that has enabled examination of a wide variety of developmental processes. Examination of cellular signal transduction, as it directs embryogenesis, has proven exceptionally revealing with regard to clarification of the "facts" of palatal ontogeny-at least the facts as we currently understand them. Herein, we review the most basic fundamentals of orofacial embryology and discuss how functioning of TGFbeta, BMP, Shh, and Wnt signal transduction pathways contributes to palatal morphogenesis. Our current understanding of palate medial edge epithelial differentiation is also examined. We conclude with a discussion of how the rapidly expanding field of epigenetics, particularly regulation of gene expression by miRNAs and DNA methylation, is critical to control of cell and tissue differentiation, and how examination of these epigenetic processes has already begun to provide a better understanding of, and greater appreciation for, the complexities of palatal morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Greene
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Craniofacial Biology, University of Louisville, Birth Defects Center, ULSD, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Coulon M, Baudoin C, Abdi H, Heyman Y, Deputte BL. Social behavior and kin discrimination in a mixed group of cloned and non cloned heifers (Bos taurus). Theriogenology 2010; 74:1596-603. [PMID: 20708240 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
For more than ten years, reproductive biotechnologies using somatic cell nuclear transfer have made possible the production of cloned animals in various domestic and laboratory species. The influence of the cloning process on offspring characteristics has been studied in various developmental aspects, however, it has not yet been documented in detail for behavioral traits. Behavioral studies of cloned animals have failed to show clear inter-individual differences associated with the cloning process. Preliminary results showed that clones favor each other's company. Preferential social interactions were observed among cloned heifers from the same donor in a mixed herd that also included cloned heifers and control heifers produced by artificial insemination (AI). These results suggest behavioral differences between cloned and non-cloned animals and similarities between clones from the same donor. The aim of the present study was to replicate and to extend these previous results and to study behavioral and cognitive mechanisms of this preferential grouping. We studied a group composed of five cloned heifers derived from the same donor cow, two cloned heifers derived from another donor cow, and AI heifers. Cloned heifers from the same donor were more spatially associated and interacted more between themselves than with heifers derived from another donor or with the AI individuals. This pattern indicates a possible kin discrimination in clones. To study this process, we performed an experiment (using an instrumental conditioning procedure with food reward) of visual discrimination between images of heads of familiar heifers, either related to the subjects or not. The results showed that all subjects (AI and cloned heifers) discriminated between images of familiar cloned heifers produced from the same donor and images of familiar unrelated heifers. Cattle discriminated well between images and used morphological similarities characteristic of cloned related heifers. Our results suggest similar cognitive capacities of kin and non kin discrimination in AI and cloned animals. Kinship may be a common factor in determining the social grouping within a herd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Coulon
- Université Paris 13, Laboratoire d'Ethologie Expérimentale et Comparée, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Most conceptuses derived by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in mice undergo developmental arrest as a result of embryonic or extraembryonic defects. Even when fetuses survive to term, prominent placental overgrowth or placentomegaly is often present, indicating that SCNT affects the development of trophoblast cell lineage. The trophoblast cell lineage is established at the blastocyst stage when the stem cell population of the trophoblast cell lineage resides in the polar trophectoderm. Therefore, it is possible that the developmental arrest and placentomegaly that accompany SCNT are induced by insufficient reprogramming of the donor somatic nucleus to enable the cells to acquire full potency as stem cells of the trophoblast cell lineage. Despite the abnormalities of the extraembryonic tissues of SCNT embryos, trophoblast stem (TS) cell lines have been successfully isolated from SCNT blastocysts and their properties appear to be indistinguishable from those of TS cells derived from native blastocysts. This suggests that SCNT does not affect the emergence and autonomous properties of TS cells. In this review, we discuss specification of cell lineage and the extent of reprogramming of TS cells in SCNT blastocysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Oda
- Animal Resource Sciences/Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Thuan NV, Kishigami S, Wakayama T. How to improve the success rate of mouse cloning technology. J Reprod Dev 2010; 56:20-30. [PMID: 20203432 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.09-221a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has now been 13 years since the first cloned mammal Dolly the sheep was generated from somatic cells using nuclear transfer (SCNT). Since then, this technique has been considered an important tool not only for animal reproduction but also for regenerative medicine. However, the success rate is still very low and the mechanisms involved in genomic reprogramming are not yet clear. Moreover, the NT technique requires donated fresh oocyte, which raises ethical problems for production of human cloned embryo. For this reason, the use of induced pluripotent stem cells for genomic reprogramming and for regenerative medicine is currently a hot topic in this field. However, we believe that the NT approach remains the only valid way for the study of reproduction and basic biology. For example, only the NT approach can reveal dynamic and global modifications in the epigenome without using genetic modification, and it can generate offspring from a single cell or even a frozen dead body. Thanks to much hard work by many groups, cloning success rates are increasing slightly year by year, and NT cloning is now becoming a more applicable method. This review describes how to improve the efficiency of cloning, the establishment of clone-derived embryonic stem cells and further applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Van Thuan
- Department of Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, South Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Maruotti J, Dai XP, Brochard V, Jouneau L, Liu J, Bonnet-Garnier A, Jammes H, Vallier L, Brons IGM, Pedersen R, Renard JP, Zhou Q, Jouneau A. Nuclear Transfer-Derived Epiblast Stem Cells Are Transcriptionally and Epigenetically Distinguishable from Their Fertilized-Derived Counterparts. Stem Cells 2010; 28:743-52. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
50
|
Campos DB, Papa PC, Marques JEB, Garbelotti F, Fátima LA, Artoni LP, Birgel EH, Meirelles FV, Buratini J, Leiser R, Pfarrer C. Somatic cell nuclear transfer is associated with altered expression of angiogenic factor systems in bovine placentomes at term. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2010; 9:309-23. [PMID: 20198587 DOI: 10.4238/vol9-1gmr729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Low efficiency of somatic cell cloning by nuclear transfer has been associated with alterations of placental vascular architecture. Placental growth and function depend on the growth of blood vessels; VEGF-A and bFGF are the most important factors controlling neovascularization and vascular permeability in the placenta. We hypothesize that the VEGF-A and bFGF systems are disrupted in placentomes from cloned animals, contributing to the placental abnormalities that are common in these clones. We determined mRNA expression and protein tissue localization of VEGF-A, bFGF, and their receptors in placentomes from cloned and non-cloned bovine fetuses at term. Real-time RT-PCR revealed that VEGFR-2 mRNA was increased in cloned male-derived placentomes, while mRNA of bFGF and its receptors were decreased in placentomes of cloned females. VEGF-A system proteins were found to be located in placentomal endothelial, maternal and fetal epithelial and stromal cells; there was a variable pattern of cellular distribution of these proteins in both cloned and non-cloned animals. Alterations in the expression of VEGF-A and bFGF systems suggest that angiogenic factors are involved in abnormal placental development in cloned gestations, contributing to impaired fetal development and poor survival rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Campos
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Setor de Anatomia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|