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Tawil N, Rak J. Blood coagulation and cancer genes. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2022; 35:101349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2022.101349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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2
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Mantha S, Rak J. Cancer genetic alterations and risk of venous thromboembolism. Thromb Res 2022; 213 Suppl 1:S29-S34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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3
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Chen S, Li F, Xu D, Hou K, Fang W, Li Y. The Function of RAS Mutation in Cancer and Advances in its Drug Research. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:1105-1114. [PMID: 31057104 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190506122228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RAS (H-ras, K-ras, and N-ras), as the second largest mutated gene driver in various human cancers, has long been a vital research target for cancer. Its function is to transform the extracellular environment into a cascade of intracellular signal transduction. RAS mutant protein regulates tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism and angiogenesis through downstream MAPK, PI3K and other signaling pathways. In KRAS or other RAS-driven cancers, current treatments include direct inhibitors and upstream/downstream signaling pathway inhibitors. However, the research on these inhibitors has been largely restricted due to their escape inhibition and off-target toxicity. In this paper, we started with the role of normal and mutant RAS genes in cancer, elucidated the relevant RAS regulating pathways, and highlighted the important research advancements in RAS inhibitor research. We concluded that for the crosstalk between RAS pathways, the effect of single regulation may be limited, and the multi-target drug combined compensation mechanism is becoming a research hotspot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Phar maceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Fengyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Phar maceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Dan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Phar maceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Kai Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Phar maceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Weirong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Phar maceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yunman Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Phar maceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Tawil N, Chennakrishnaiah S, Bassawon R, Johnson R, D'Asti E, Rak J. Single cell coagulomes as constituents of the oncogene-driven coagulant phenotype in brain tumours. Thromb Res 2018; 164 Suppl 1:S136-S142. [PMID: 29703472 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular profiling of human cancers revealed a startling diversity in disease-causing mechanisms superseding histological and anatomical commonalities. The emerging molecular subtypes and disease entities are often driven by distinct oncogenic pathways and their effectors, including those acting extracellularly on the vascular and coagulation systems. Indeed, several oncogenic mutations such as those affecting protein-coding genes (RAS, EGFR, PTEN, TP53) and non-coding RNA (microRNA) regulate multiple effectors of the coagulation system (coagulome), including tissue factor, protease activated receptors, clotting factors, mediators of platelet function and fibrinolysis. This is exemplified by differential coagulome profiles in the molecular subtypes of glioblastoma, medulloblastoma and other human tumours. There is mounting clinical evidence that the mutational status of cancer driver genes such as KRAS or IDH1 may influence the risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with colorectal, lung or brain cancers. Notably, single cell sequencing in glioblastoma revealed a remarkable intra-tumoural heterogeneity of cancer cell populations with regard to their individual coagulomes, suggesting a combinatorial and dynamic nature of the global pro-thrombotic phenotype. We suggest that the cellular complexity of specific cancers may define their mechanisms of interactions with the coagulation system, and the risks of thrombosis. Thus, more biologically- based, disease-specific and personalized approaches may be needed to diagnose and manage cancer-related thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadim Tawil
- McGill University, Montreal Children's Hospital, RI MUHC, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Rayhaan Bassawon
- McGill University, Montreal Children's Hospital, RI MUHC, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Radia Johnson
- McGill University, Montreal Children's Hospital, RI MUHC, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Esterina D'Asti
- McGill University, Montreal Children's Hospital, RI MUHC, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- McGill University, Montreal Children's Hospital, RI MUHC, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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5
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Ulasov IV, Foster H, Butters M, Yoon JG, Ozawa T, Nicolaides T, Figueroa X, Hothi P, Prados M, Butters J, Cobbs C. Precision knockdown of EGFR gene expression using radio frequency electromagnetic energy. J Neurooncol 2017; 133:257-264. [PMID: 28434113 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2440-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Electromagnetic fields (EMF) in the radio frequency energy (RFE) range can affect cells at the molecular level. Here we report a technology that can record the specific RFE signal of a given molecule, in this case the siRNA of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). We demonstrate that cells exposed to this EGFR siRNA RFE signal have a 30-70% reduction of EGFR mRNA expression and ~60% reduction in EGFR protein expression vs. control treated cells. Specificity for EGFR siRNA effect was confirmed via RNA microarray and antibody dot blot array. The EGFR siRNA RFE decreased cell viability, as measured by Calcein-AM measures, LDH release and Caspase 3 cleavage, and increased orthotopic xenograft survival. The outcomes of this study demonstrate that an RFE signal can induce a specific siRNA-like effect on cells. This technology opens vast possibilities of targeting a broader range of molecules with applications in medicine, agriculture and other areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya V Ulasov
- Ben & Catherine Ivy Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, 550 17th Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA.
| | - Haidn Foster
- Ben & Catherine Ivy Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, 550 17th Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
| | - Mike Butters
- Nativis Inc., 219 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Jae-Geun Yoon
- Ben & Catherine Ivy Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, 550 17th Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
| | - Tomoko Ozawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Theodore Nicolaides
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Xavier Figueroa
- Nativis Inc., 219 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Parvinder Hothi
- Ben & Catherine Ivy Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, 550 17th Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
| | - Michael Prados
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - John Butters
- Nativis Inc., 219 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Charles Cobbs
- Ben & Catherine Ivy Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, 550 17th Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA.
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Chang L, Zhao D, Liu HB, Wang QS, Zhang P, Li CL, Du WZ, Wang HJ, Liu X, Zhang ZR, Jiang CL. Activation of sonic hedgehog signaling enhances cell migration and invasion by induction of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 via the phosphoinositide-3 kinase/AKT signaling pathway in glioblastoma. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:6702-10. [PMID: 26299938 PMCID: PMC4626128 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant hedgehog signaling contributes to the development of various malignancies, including glioblastoma (GBM). However, the potential mechanism of hedgehog signaling in GBM migration and invasion has remained to be elucidated. The present study showed that enhanced hedgehog signaling by recombinant human sonic hedgehog N-terminal peptide (rhSHH) promoted the adhesion, invasion and migration of GBM cells, accompanied by increases in mRNA and protein levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9. However, inhibition of hedgehog signaling with cyclopamine suppressed the adhesion, invasion and migration of GBM cells, accompanied by decreases in mRNA and protein levels of MMP-2 and -9. Furthermore, it was found that MMP-2- and MMP-9-neutralizing antibodies or GAM6001 reversed the inductive effects of rhSHH on cell migration and invasion. In addition, enhanced hedgehog signaling by rhSHH increased AKT phosphorylation, whereas blockade of hedgehog signaling decreased AKT phosphorylations. Further experiments showed that LY294002, an inhibitor of phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K), decreased rhSHH-induced upregulation of MMP-2 and -9. Finally, the protein expression of glioblastoma-associated oncogene 1 was positively correlated with levels of phosphorylated AKT as well as protein expressions of MMP-2 and -9 in GBM tissue samples. In conclusion, the present study indicated that the hedgehog pathway regulates GBM-cell migration and invasion by increasing MMP-2 and MMP-9 production via the PI3K/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Bin Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Qiu-Shi Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Chen-Long Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Zhong Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Jun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Ren Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Chuan-Lu Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
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Shang RZ, Dai B, Wang DS. Role of uPA/uPAR system in tumors. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:1235-1240. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i9.1235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA) is a major activator of plasminogen, and uPA receptor is the specific receptor of uPA. The uPA/uPAR system regulates plasminogen activity, which participates in degradation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM), and is involved in many pathophysiological processes. In neoplasms, the activation of plasminogen into plasmin caused by the uPA/uPAR system induces the degradation of components in the basement membrane as well as in the ECM, which provides a favorable microenvironment for tumor invasion and metastasis. In addition, the uPA/uPAR system regulates tumor proliferation and angiogenesis. In this review, we will discuss the role of the uPA/uPAR system in tumors and its potential clinical implications.
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Bellavia M, Gioviale MC, Damiano G, Palumbo VD, Spinelli G, Buscemi G, Lo Monte AI. Dissecting the different biological effects of oncogenic Ras isoforms in cancer cell lines: could stimulation of oxidative stress be the one more weapon of H-Ras? Regulation of oxidative stress and Ras biological effects. Med Hypotheses 2012; 79:731-4. [PMID: 22981836 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ras proteins are small GTPase functioning as molecular switches that, in response to particular extracellular signalling, as growth factors, activate a diverse array of intracellular effector cascades regulating cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Human tumours frequently express Ras proteins (Ha-, Ki-, N-Ras) activated by point mutations which contribute to malignant phenotype, including invasiveness and angiogenesis. Despite the common signalling pathways leading to similar cellular responses, studies clearly demonstrate unique roles of the Ras family members in normal and pathological conditions and the lack of functional redundancy seems to be explainable, at least in part, by the ability of Ras isoforms to localize in different microdomains to plasma membrane and intracellular organelles. This different intracellular compartmentalization could help Ras isoforms to contact different downstream effectors finally leading to different biological outcomes. Interestingly, it has also been shown that Ha- and Ki-Ras exert an opposite role in regulating intracellular redox status. In this regard we suggest that H-Ras specific induction of ROS (reactive oxygen species) production could be one of the main determinants of the invasive phenotype which characterize cancer cells harbouring H-Ras mutations. In our hypothesis then, while K-Ras (not able to promote oxidative stress) could mainly contribute to cancer progression and invasiveness through activation of MAPK and PI3K, H-Ras-mediated oxidative stress could play a unique role in modulation of intercellular contacts leading to a loss of cell adhesion and eventually also to a metastatic spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Bellavia
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Disciplines, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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Alves TR, Lima FRS, Kahn SA, Lobo D, Dubois LGF, Soletti R, Borges H, Neto VM. Glioblastoma cells: A heterogeneous and fatal tumor interacting with the parenchyma. Life Sci 2011; 89:532-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zhao Y, Sharma AK, LaPar DJ, Kron IL, Ailawadi G, Liu Y, Jones DR, Laubach VE, Lau CL. Depletion of tissue plasminogen activator attenuates lung ischemia-reperfusion injury via inhibition of neutrophil extravasation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 300:L718-29. [PMID: 21378024 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00227.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury following lung transplantation remains a major source of early morbidity and mortality. Histologically, this inflammatory process is characterized by neutrophil infiltration and activation. We previously reported that lung IR injury was significantly attenuated in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1-deficient mice. In this study, we explored the potential role of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in a mouse lung IR injury model. As a result, tPA knockout (KO) mice were significantly protected from lung IR injury through several mechanisms. At the cellular level, tPA KO specifically blocked neutrophil extravasation into the interstitium, and abundant homotypic neutrophil aggregation (HNA) was detected in the lung microvasculature of tPA KO mice after IR. At the molecular level, inhibition of neutrophil extravasation was associated with reduced expression of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 mediated through the tPA/ LDL receptor-related protein/NF-κB signaling pathway, whereas increased P-selectin triggered HNA. At the functional level, tPA KO mice incurred significantly decreased vascular permeability and improved lung function following IR. Protection from lung IR injury in tPA KO mice occurs through a fibrinolysis-independent mechanism. These results suggest that tPA could serve as an important therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of acute IR injury after lung transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunge Zhao
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated regulation of urokinase plasminogen activator expression and glioblastoma invasion via C-SRC/MAPK/AP-1 signaling pathways. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2010; 69:582-92. [PMID: 20467333 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181e008fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major pathophysiological features of malignant astrocytomas is their ability to infiltrate surrounding brain tissue. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and proteases are known to be overexpressed in glioblastomas (GBMs), but the interaction between the activation of the EGFR and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) in promoting astrocytic tumor invasion has not been fully elucidated. Here, we characterized the signal transduction pathway(s) by which EGF regulates uPA expression and promotes astrocytoma invasion. We show that EGFR activation and constitutively active EGFR vIII in GBM cell lines upregulate uPA expression. Small-molecule inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase, tyrosine kinase, and small interfering RNA targeting c-Src blocked uPA upregulation. Similarly, mutations in the activator protein 1 binding site of the uPA promoter reduced EGF-induced increases in uPA promoter activity. Treatment of GBM cells with EGF increased in vitro cell invasion, and the invasive phenotype was attenuated by gene silencing of uPA using small interfering RNA and short hairpin RNA. In addition, uPA knockdown clones formed smaller well-circumscribed tumors than nontarget U1242 control cells in a xenograft GBM mouse model in vivo. In summary, these results suggest that c-Src, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and a composite activator protein 1 on the uPA promoter are responsible for EGF-induced uPA expression and GBM invasion.
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Zhao Y, Xiao A, diPierro CG, Carpenter JE, Abdel-Fattah R, Redpath GT, Lopes MBS, Hussaini IM. An extensive invasive intracranial human glioblastoma xenograft model: role of high level matrix metalloproteinase 9. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 176:3032-49. [PMID: 20413683 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The lack of an intracranial human glioma model that recapitulates the extensive invasive and hypervascular features of glioblastoma (GBM) is a major hurdle for testing novel therapeutic approaches against GBM and studying the mechanism of GBM invasive growth. We characterized a high matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expressing U1242 MG intracranial xenograft mouse model that exhibited extensive individual cells and cell clusters in a perivascular and subpial cellular infiltrative pattern, geographic necrosis and infiltrating tumor-induced vascular proliferation closely resembling the human GBM phenotype. MMP-9 silencing cells with short hairpin RNA dramatically blocked the cellular infiltrative pattern, hypervascularity, and cell proliferation in vivo, and decreased cell invasion, colony formation, and cell motility in vitro, indicating that a high level of MMP-9 plays an essential role in extensive infiltration and hypervascularity in the xenograft model. Moreover, epidermal growth factor (EGF) failed to stimulate MMP-9 expression, cell invasion, and colony formation in MMP-9-silenced clones. An EGF receptor (EGFR) kinase inhibitor, a RasN17 dominant-negative construct, MEK and PI3K inhibitors significantly blocked EGF/EGFR-stimulated MMP-9, cell invasion, and colony formation in U1242 MG cells, suggesting that MMP-9 is involved in EGFR/Ras/MEK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway-mediated cell invasion and anchorage-independent growth in U1242 MG cells. Our data indicate that the U1242 MG xenograft model is valuable for studying GBM extensive invasion and angiogenesis as well as testing anti-invasive and anti-angiogenic therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunge Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Lalou C, Scamuffa N, Mourah S, Plassa F, Podgorniak MP, Soufir N, Dumaz N, Calvo F, Basset-Seguin N, Khatib AM. Inhibition of the proprotein convertases represses the invasiveness of human primary melanoma cells with altered p53, CDKN2A and N-Ras genes. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9992. [PMID: 20404912 PMCID: PMC2852400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered tumor suppressor p53 and/or CDKN2A as well as Ras genes are frequently found in primary and metastatic melanomas. These alterations were found to be responsible for acquisition of invasive and metastatic potential through their defective regulatory control of metalloproteinases and urokinase genes. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using primary human melanoma M10 cells with altered p53, CDKN2A and N-Ras genes, we found that inhibition of the proprotein convertases (PCs), enzymes involved in the proteolytic activation of various cancer-related protein precursors resulted in significantly reduced invasiveness. Analysis of M10 cells and their gastric and lymph node derived metastatic cells revealed the presence of all the PCs found in the secretory pathway. Expression of the general PCs inhibitor alpha1-PDX in these cells in a stable manner (M10/PDX) had no effect on the mRNA expression levels of these PCs. Whereas, in vitro digestion assays and cell transfection experiments, revealed that M10/PDX cells display reduced PCs activity and are unable to process the PCs substrates proIGF-1R and proPDGF-A. These cells showed reduced migration and invasion that paralleled decreased gelatinase MMP-2 activity and increased expression and secretion of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and TIMP-2. Furthermore, these cells showed decreased levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and increased levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data suggest that inhibition of PCs activity results in decreased invasiveness of primary human melanoma cells despite their altered p53, CDKN2A and N-Ras genes, suggesting that PCs may serve as novel therapeutic targets in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Lalou
- INSERM, UMRS940, Equipe Avenir, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Scamuffa
- INSERM, UMRS940, Equipe Avenir, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Samia Mourah
- INSERM, UMRS940, Equipe Avenir, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Francois Plassa
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Podgorniak
- INSERM, UMRS940, Equipe Avenir, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Nadem Soufir
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Hormonale et Génétique, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | | | - Fabien Calvo
- INSERM, UMRS940, Equipe Avenir, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Nicole Basset-Seguin
- INSERM, UMRS940, Equipe Avenir, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Abdel-Majid Khatib
- INSERM, UMRS940, Equipe Avenir, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Da Fonseca CO, Silva JT, Lins IR, Simão M, Arnobio A, Futuro D, Quirico-Santos T. Correlation of tumor topography and peritumoral edema of recurrent malignant gliomas with therapeutic response to intranasal administration of perillyl alcohol. Invest New Drugs 2009; 27:557-64. [PMID: 19139816 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-008-9215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to establish a correlation of tumor topography and peritumoral brain edema with the therapeutic response to intranasal administration of perillyl alcohol (POH) in a cohort of patients with recurrent malignant gliomas. METHODS The retrospective study reviewed clinical and neuroradiological data from patients with recurrent malignant gliomas who received intranasal daily administration of POH 440 mg. The following parameters were assessed: demographic characteristics, initial symptoms, overall survival, tumor topography and tumor size, presence of midline shift and extent of peritumoral edema. Statistical analysis was carried out with log rank tests and overall survival as assessed by Kaplan-Meier method including 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS A cohort of 67 patients included 52 (78%) with glioblastoma (GBM), ten (15%) with anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) and five (7%) with anaplastic oligodendroglioma (AO). Accordingly to tumor topography lobar localization was present in all (5/5) AO; eight (8/10) and 41 GBM patients whereas in the basal ganglia two AA and 11 GBM patients. It was also observed a relation between the tumor size and area of peritumoral brain edema (PTBE). Patients with good therapeutic response showed reduction of tumor size and PTBE area, but poor prognosis was associated with lack of response to treatment and persistence of high PTBE. Patients with tumor in the basal ganglia survived significantly longer than those with lobar gliomas (log rank test, p = 0.0003). Presence of midline shift (>1 cm) was a statistically significant risk factor for shorter survival (log rank test, p = 0.0062) CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that: (1) patients with recurrent gliomas with localization in the basal ganglia survive significantly longer than those with tumors at lobar localization; (2) presence of PTBE contributes to symptoms, likely to be implicated in the morbidity and invading potential of malignant gliomas. These findings support the theory that interaction between glioma cells at distinct brain microenvironment can influence the oncobiological behavior of glioma cells and ultimately to the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clovis O Da Fonseca
- Service of Neurosurgery, Department of General and Specialized Surgery, Antonio Pedro University Hospital, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Marques do Paraná 303, 4 andar, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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15
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Rak J, Yu J, Milsom C. Oncogene-Driven Hemostatic Changes in Cancer. Cancer Invest 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/07357900802656533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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