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Chen J, Guan Z. Function of Oncogene Mycn in Adult Neurogenesis and Oligodendrogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:77-92. [PMID: 34625907 PMCID: PMC8786763 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02584-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human MYCN is an oncogene amplified in neuroblastoma and many other tumors. Both human MYCN and mouse Mycn genes are important in embryonic brain development, but their functions in adult healthy nerve system are completely unknown. Here, with Mycn-eGFP mice and quantitative RT-PCR, we found that Mycn was expressed in specific brain regions of young adult mice, including subventricular zone (SVZ), subgranular zone (SGZ), olfactory bulb (OB), subcallosal zone (SCZ), and corpus callosum (CC). With immunohistochemistry (IHC), we found that many Mycn-expressing cells expressed neuroblast marker doublecortin (DCX) and proliferation marker Ki67. With Dcx-creER and Mki67-creER mouse lines, we fate mapped Dcx-expressing neuroblasts and Mki67-expressing proliferation cells, along with deleting Mycn from these cells in adult mice. We found that knocking out Mycn from adult neuroblasts or proliferating cells significantly reduced cells in proliferation in SVZ, SGZ, OB, SCZ, and CC. We also demonstrated that the Mycn-deficient neuroblasts in SGZ matured quicker than wild-type neuroblasts, and that Mycn-deficient proliferating cells were more likely to survive in SVZ, SGZ, OB, SCZ, and CC compared to wild type. Thus, our results demonstrate that, in addition to causing tumors in the nervous system, oncogene Mycn has a crucial function in neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis in adult healthy brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Chen
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Zhonghui Guan
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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2
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Grison A, Atanasoski S. Cyclins, Cyclin-Dependent Kinases, and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors in the Mouse Nervous System. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3206-3218. [PMID: 32506380 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01958-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Development and normal physiology of the nervous system require proliferation and differentiation of stem and progenitor cells in a strictly controlled manner. The number of cells generated depends on the type of cell division, the cell cycle length, and the fraction of cells that exit the cell cycle to become quiescent or differentiate. The underlying processes are tightly controlled and modulated by cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) and their interactions with cyclins and Cdk inhibitors (CKIs). Studies performed in the nervous system with mouse models lacking individual Cdks, cyclins, and CKIs, or combinations thereof, have shown that many of these molecules control proliferation rates in a cell-type specific and time-dependent manner. In this review, we will provide an update on the in vivo studies on cyclins, Cdks, and CKIs in neuronal and glial tissue. The goal is to highlight their impact on proliferation processes during the development of the peripheral and central nervous system, including and comparing normal and pathological conditions in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Grison
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Suzana Atanasoski
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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3
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Mattugini N, Merl-Pham J, Petrozziello E, Schindler L, Bernhagen J, Hauck SM, Götz M. Influence of white matter injury on gray matter reactive gliosis upon stab wound in the adult murine cerebral cortex. Glia 2018; 66:1644-1662. [PMID: 29573353 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury frequently affects the cerebral cortex, yet little is known about the differential effects that occur if only the gray matter (GM) is damaged or if the injury also involves the white matter (WM). To tackle this important question and directly compare similarities and differences in reactive gliosis, we performed stab wound injury affecting GM and WM (GM+) and one restricted to the GM (GM-) in the adult murine cerebral cortex. First, we examined glial reactivity in the regions affected (WM and GM) and determined the influence of WM injury on reactive gliosis in the GM comparing the same area in the two injury paradigms. In the GM+ injury microglia proliferation is increased in the WM compared with GM, while proliferating astrocytes are more abundant in the GM than in the WM. Interestingly, WM lesion exerted a strong influence on the proliferation of the GM glial cells that was most pronounced at early stages, 3 days post lesion. While astrocyte proliferation was increased, NG2 glia proliferation was decreased in the GM+ compared with GM- lesion condition. Importantly, these differences were not observed when a lesion of the same size affected only the GM. Unbiased proteomic analyses further corroborate our findings in support of a profound difference in GM reactivity when WM is also injured and revealed MIF as a key regulator of NG2 glia proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Mattugini
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Großhaderner Str. 9, Planegg/Martinsried, 82152, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Biomedical Center (BMC), Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Großhaderner Str. 9, Planegg/Martinsried, 82152, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), Großhaderner Str. 2, Planegg/Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Juliane Merl-Pham
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Elisabetta Petrozziello
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Großhadernerstr. 9, Planegg/Martinsried, 82152, Germany
| | - Lisa Schindler
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany.,SyNergy Excellence Cluster, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Großhaderner Str. 9, Planegg/Martinsried, 82152, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Biomedical Center (BMC), Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Großhaderner Str. 9, Planegg/Martinsried, 82152, Germany.,SyNergy Excellence Cluster, Munich, 81377, Germany
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4
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Ablation of cdk4 and cdk6 affects proliferation of basal progenitor cells in the developing dorsal and ventral forebrain. Dev Neurobiol 2018; 78:660-670. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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5
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Cong M, Wen L, Han F, Xu Y, Shi Y. Alterations in cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 expression in the amygdalae of post-traumatic stress disorder rats. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:8351-8358. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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6
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Moyon S, Liang J, Casaccia P. Epigenetics in NG2 glia cells. Brain Res 2016; 1638:183-198. [PMID: 26092401 PMCID: PMC4683112 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The interplay of transcription and epigenetic marks is essential for oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) proliferation and differentiation during development. Here, we review the recent advances in this field and highlight mechanisms of transcriptional repression and activation involved in OPC proliferation, differentiation and plasticity. We also describe how dysregulation of these epigenetic events may affect demyelinating disorders, and consider potential ways to manipulate NG2 cell behavior through modulation of the epigenome. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:NG2-glia(Invited only).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Moyon
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jialiang Liang
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Patrizia Casaccia
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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7
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Liu X, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Li X, Liu C, Huang S, Xu D, Wu Y, Liu X. T-cell factor (TCF/LEF1) binding elements (TBEs) of FasL (Fas ligand or CD95 ligand) bind and cluster Fas (CD95) and form complexes with the TCF-4 and b-catenin transcription factors in vitro and in vivo which result in triggering cell death and/or cell activation. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 36:1001-1013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0290-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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8
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Zechel S, Zajac P, Lönnerberg P, Ibáñez CF, Linnarsson S. Topographical transcriptome mapping of the mouse medial ganglionic eminence by spatially resolved RNA-seq. Genome Biol 2015; 15:486. [PMID: 25344199 PMCID: PMC4234883 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-014-0486-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cortical interneurons originating from the medial ganglionic eminence, MGE, are among the most diverse cells within the CNS. Different pools of proliferating progenitor cells are thought to exist in the ventricular zone of the MGE, but whether the underlying subventricular and mantle regions of the MGE are spatially patterned has not yet been addressed. Here, we combined laser-capture microdissection and multiplex RNA-sequencing to map the transcriptome of MGE cells at a spatial resolution of 50 μm. RESULTS Distinct groups of progenitor cells showing different stages of interneuron maturation are identified and topographically mapped based on their genome-wide transcriptional pattern. Although proliferating potential decreased rather abruptly outside the ventricular zone, a ventro-lateral gradient of increasing migratory capacity was identified, revealing heterogeneous cell populations within this neurogenic structure. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that spatially resolved RNA-seq is ideally suited for high resolution topographical mapping of genome-wide gene expression in heterogeneous anatomical structures such as the mammalian central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Zechel
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
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9
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Sirko S, Irmler M, Gascón S, Bek S, Schneider S, Dimou L, Obermann J, De Souza Paiva D, Poirier F, Beckers J, Hauck SM, Barde YA, Götz M. Astrocyte reactivity after brain injury-: The role of galectins 1 and 3. Glia 2015; 63:2340-61. [PMID: 26250529 PMCID: PMC5042059 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes react to brain injury in a heterogeneous manner with only a subset resuming proliferation and acquiring stem cell properties in vitro. In order to identify novel regulators of this subset, we performed genomewide expression analysis of reactive astrocytes isolated 5 days after stab wound injury from the gray matter of adult mouse cerebral cortex. The expression pattern was compared with astrocytes from intact cortex and adult neural stem cells (NSCs) isolated from the subependymal zone (SEZ). These comparisons revealed a set of genes expressed at higher levels in both endogenous NSCs and reactive astrocytes, including two lectins-Galectins 1 and 3. These results and the pattern of Galectin expression in the lesioned brain led us to examine the functional significance of these lectins in brains of mice lacking Galectins 1 and 3. Following stab wound injury, astrocyte reactivity including glial fibrillary acidic protein expression, proliferation and neurosphere-forming capacity were found significantly reduced in mutant animals. This phenotype could be recapitulated in vitro and was fully rescued by addition of Galectin 3, but not of Galectin 1. Thus, Galectins 1 and 3 play key roles in regulating the proliferative and NSC potential of a subset of reactive astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetlana Sirko
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sergio Gascón
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Bek
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Schneider
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Leda Dimou
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jara Obermann
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daisylea De Souza Paiva
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany.,Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francoise Poirier
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS-University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Experimental Genetics, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yves-Alain Barde
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany.,Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany.,SYNERGY, Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
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10
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Matsumura N, Nobusawa S, Ikota H, Hirato J, Hirose T, Yokoo H, Nakazato Y. Coexpression of cyclin D1 and alpha-internexin in oligodendroglial tumors. Brain Tumor Pathol 2015; 32:261-7. [PMID: 26233522 DOI: 10.1007/s10014-015-0228-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendroglial tumors with neuronal differentiation cases have been reported in recent studies. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) give rise to both oligodendrocytes and neurons; however, little is known about the association between OPCs and oligodendroglial tumors with neuronal differentiation. Previously, we observed the coexpression of cyclin D1, one of the OPC markers, and alpha-internexin (INA) in oligodendroglial tumor cells. INA is a neuronal marker, and has been indicated as an immunohistochemical surrogate of chromosome 1p/19q co-deletion in oligodendroglial tumors. In this study, we investigated the expression status in 83 gliomas immunohistochemically, and found that cyclin D1-positive cells were commonly detected in gliomas. There was no correlation between the cyclin D1 and Ki-67 labeling indices, suggesting an unrecognized role of cyclin D1 other than a cell cycle regulator in gliomas. Cyclin D1/INA double-positive cells were consistently observed in oligodendroglial tumors regardless of histological grade. In 2 cases of oligodendroglioma with neuronal differentiation, the tumor cells of neuronal morphology showed higher expression of INA, suggesting INA expression may be associated with a bona fide neuronal phenotype. The prevalence of cyclin D1/INA double-positive cells is a distinct feature of oligodendroglial tumors. This new characteristic finding may have practical utility in glioma classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Matsumura
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Sumihito Nobusawa
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hayato Ikota
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Junko Hirato
- Department of Pathology, Gunma University Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takanori Hirose
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yokoo
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yoichi Nakazato
- Department of Pathology, Hidaka Hospital, Takasaki, Gunma, Japan
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Krohn M, Dreßler J, Bauer M, Schober K, Franke H, Ondruschka B. Immunohistochemical investigation of S100 and NSE in cases of traumatic brain injury and its application for survival time determination. J Neurotrauma 2015; 32:430-40. [PMID: 25211554 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of markers able to provide insight into protein changes in the central nervous system after fatal traumatic brain injury (TBI) is limited. The present study reports on the semi-quantitative assessments of the immunopositive neuroglial cells (both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes) and neurons for S100 protein (S100), as well as neuronal specific enolase (NSE), in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum with regard to survival time and cause of death. Brain tissues of 47 autopsy cases with TBI (survival times ranged between several minutes and 34 d) and 10 age- and gender-matched controls (natural deaths) were examined. TBI cases were grouped according to their survival time in acute death after brain injury (ABI, n = 25), subacute death after brain injury (SBI, n = 18) and delayed death after brain injury (DBI, n = 4). There were no significant changes in the percentages of S100-stained astrocytes between TBI and control cases. The percentages of S100-positive oligodendrocytes in the pericontusional zone (PCZ) in cases with SBI were significantly lower than in controls (p < 0.05) and in the ABI group (p < 0.05). In the hippocampus, S100-positive oligodendrocytes were significantly lower in cases with ABI and SBI (both, p < 0.05), compared with controls. It is of particular interest that there were also S100-positive neurons in the PCZ and hippocampus in TBI cases after more than 2 h survival but not in ABI cases or controls. The percentages of NSE-positive neurons in the hippocampus were likewise significantly lower in cases with ABI, compared with controls (p < 0.05) but increased in cases with SBI in PCZ (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the present findings emphasize that S100 and NSE-immunopositivity might be useful for detecting the cause and process of death due to TBI. Further, S100-positivity in neurons may be helpful to estimate the survival time of fatal injuries in legal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Krohn
- 1 Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Leipzig , Germany
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Bragado Alonso S, Schulze-Steikow M, Calegari F. Cell cycle activity of neural precursors in the diseased mammalian brain. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:39. [PMID: 24578681 PMCID: PMC3936187 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Basic research during embryonic development has led to the identification of general principles governing cell cycle progression, proliferation and differentiation of mammalian neural stem cells (NSC). These findings were recently translated to the adult brain in an attempt to identify the overall principles governing stemness in the two contexts and allowing us to manipulate the expansion of NSC for regenerative therapies. However, and despite a huge literature on embryonic neural precursors, very little is known about cell cycle parameters of adult neural, or any other somatic, stem cell. In this review, we briefly discuss the long journey of NSC research from embryonic development to adult homeostasis, aging and therapy with a specific focus on their quiescence and cell cycle length in physiological conditions and neurological disorders. Particular attention is given to a new important player in the field, oligodendrocyte progenitors, while discussing the limitation hampering further development in this challenging area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bragado Alonso
- DFG-Research Center and Cluster of Excellence for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Germany
| | - Max Schulze-Steikow
- DFG-Research Center and Cluster of Excellence for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Germany
| | - Federico Calegari
- DFG-Research Center and Cluster of Excellence for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Germany
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Nobs L, Baranek C, Nestel S, Kulik A, Kapfhammer J, Nitsch C, Atanasoski S. Stage-specific requirement for cyclin D1 in glial progenitor cells of the cerebral cortex. Glia 2014; 62:829-39. [PMID: 24550001 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite the vast abundance of glial progenitor cells in the mouse brain parenchyma, little is known about the molecular mechanisms driving their proliferation in the adult. Here we unravel a critical role of the G1 cell cycle regulator cyclin D1 in controlling cell division of glial cells in the cortical grey matter. We detect cyclin D1 expression in Olig2-immunopositive (Olig2+) oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, as well as in Iba1+ microglia and S100β+ astrocytes in cortices of 3-month-old mice. Analysis of cyclin D1-deficient mice reveals a cell and stage-specific molecular control of cell cycle progression in the various glial lineages. While proliferation of fast dividing Olig2+ cells at early postnatal stages becomes gradually dependent on cyclin D1, this particular G1 regulator is strictly required for the slow divisions of Olig2+/NG2+ oligodendrocyte progenitors in the adult cerebral cortex. Further, we find that the population of mature oligodendrocytes is markedly reduced in the absence of cyclin D1, leading to a significant decrease in the number of myelinated axons in both the prefrontal cortex and the corpus callosum of 8-month-old mutant mice. In contrast, the pool of Iba1+ cells is diminished already at postnatal day 3 in the absence of cyclin D1, while the number of S100β+ astrocytes remains unchanged in the mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Nobs
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Physiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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