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Wang M, Graner AN, Knowles B, McRae C, Fringuello A, Paucek P, Gavrilovic M, Redwine M, Hanson C, Coughlan C, Grimaldo-Garcia S, Metzger B, Bolus V, Kopper TJ, Smith M, Zhou W, Lenz M, Abosch A, Ojemann S, Lillehei KO, Yu X, Graner MW. Differential Effects of Extracellular Vesicles from Two Different Glioblastomas on Normal Human Brain Cells. Neurol Int 2024; 16:1355-1384. [PMID: 39585062 PMCID: PMC11587087 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint16060103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2024] [Revised: 10/23/2024] [Accepted: 11/01/2024] [Indexed: 11/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Glioblastomas (GBMs) are dreadful brain tumors with abysmal survival outcomes. GBM extracellular vesicles (EVs) dramatically affect normal brain cells (largely astrocytes) constituting the tumor microenvironment (TME). We asked if EVs from different GBM patient-derived spheroid lines would differentially alter recipient brain cell phenotypes. This turned out to be the case, with the net outcome of treatment with GBM EVs nonetheless converging on increased tumorigenicity. Methods: GBM spheroids and brain slices were derived from neurosurgical patient tissues following informed consent. Astrocytes were commercially obtained. EVs were isolated from conditioned culture media by ultrafiltration, concentration, and ultracentrifugation. EVs were characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis, electron microscopy, biochemical markers, and proteomics. Astrocytes/brain tissues were treated with GBM EVs before downstream analyses. Results: EVs from different GBMs induced brain cells to alter secretomes with pro-inflammatory or TME-modifying (proteolytic) effects. Astrocyte responses ranged from anti-viral gene/protein expression and cytokine release to altered extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2) signaling pathways, and conditioned media from EV-treated cells increased GBM cell proliferation. Conclusions: Astrocytes/brain slices treated with different GBM EVs underwent non-identical changes in various omics readouts and other assays, indicating "personalized" tumor-specific GBM EV effects on the TME. This raises concern regarding reliance on "model" systems as a sole basis for translational direction. Nonetheless, net downstream impacts from differential cellular and TME effects still led to increased tumorigenic capacities for the different GBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (M.W.); (A.N.G.); (B.K.); (C.M.); (A.F.); (P.P.); (M.G.); (M.R.); (C.H.); (S.G.-G.); (B.M.); (V.B.); (T.J.K.); (M.S.); (W.Z.); (M.L.); (S.O.); (K.O.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Arin N. Graner
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (M.W.); (A.N.G.); (B.K.); (C.M.); (A.F.); (P.P.); (M.G.); (M.R.); (C.H.); (S.G.-G.); (B.M.); (V.B.); (T.J.K.); (M.S.); (W.Z.); (M.L.); (S.O.); (K.O.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Bryne Knowles
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (M.W.); (A.N.G.); (B.K.); (C.M.); (A.F.); (P.P.); (M.G.); (M.R.); (C.H.); (S.G.-G.); (B.M.); (V.B.); (T.J.K.); (M.S.); (W.Z.); (M.L.); (S.O.); (K.O.L.); (X.Y.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Charlotte McRae
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (M.W.); (A.N.G.); (B.K.); (C.M.); (A.F.); (P.P.); (M.G.); (M.R.); (C.H.); (S.G.-G.); (B.M.); (V.B.); (T.J.K.); (M.S.); (W.Z.); (M.L.); (S.O.); (K.O.L.); (X.Y.)
- Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Anthony Fringuello
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (M.W.); (A.N.G.); (B.K.); (C.M.); (A.F.); (P.P.); (M.G.); (M.R.); (C.H.); (S.G.-G.); (B.M.); (V.B.); (T.J.K.); (M.S.); (W.Z.); (M.L.); (S.O.); (K.O.L.); (X.Y.)
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, New York, NY 11203, USA
| | - Petr Paucek
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (M.W.); (A.N.G.); (B.K.); (C.M.); (A.F.); (P.P.); (M.G.); (M.R.); (C.H.); (S.G.-G.); (B.M.); (V.B.); (T.J.K.); (M.S.); (W.Z.); (M.L.); (S.O.); (K.O.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Michael Gavrilovic
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (M.W.); (A.N.G.); (B.K.); (C.M.); (A.F.); (P.P.); (M.G.); (M.R.); (C.H.); (S.G.-G.); (B.M.); (V.B.); (T.J.K.); (M.S.); (W.Z.); (M.L.); (S.O.); (K.O.L.); (X.Y.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Regis University, Denver, CO 80221, USA
- St Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - McKenna Redwine
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (M.W.); (A.N.G.); (B.K.); (C.M.); (A.F.); (P.P.); (M.G.); (M.R.); (C.H.); (S.G.-G.); (B.M.); (V.B.); (T.J.K.); (M.S.); (W.Z.); (M.L.); (S.O.); (K.O.L.); (X.Y.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Regis University, Denver, CO 80221, USA
| | - Caleb Hanson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (M.W.); (A.N.G.); (B.K.); (C.M.); (A.F.); (P.P.); (M.G.); (M.R.); (C.H.); (S.G.-G.); (B.M.); (V.B.); (T.J.K.); (M.S.); (W.Z.); (M.L.); (S.O.); (K.O.L.); (X.Y.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Regis University, Denver, CO 80221, USA
| | - Christina Coughlan
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Stacey Grimaldo-Garcia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (M.W.); (A.N.G.); (B.K.); (C.M.); (A.F.); (P.P.); (M.G.); (M.R.); (C.H.); (S.G.-G.); (B.M.); (V.B.); (T.J.K.); (M.S.); (W.Z.); (M.L.); (S.O.); (K.O.L.); (X.Y.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT 05753, USA
| | - Brooke Metzger
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (M.W.); (A.N.G.); (B.K.); (C.M.); (A.F.); (P.P.); (M.G.); (M.R.); (C.H.); (S.G.-G.); (B.M.); (V.B.); (T.J.K.); (M.S.); (W.Z.); (M.L.); (S.O.); (K.O.L.); (X.Y.)
- Occupational Therapy, Illinois College, Jacksonville, IL 62650, USA
- Neuroscience, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
| | - Vince Bolus
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (M.W.); (A.N.G.); (B.K.); (C.M.); (A.F.); (P.P.); (M.G.); (M.R.); (C.H.); (S.G.-G.); (B.M.); (V.B.); (T.J.K.); (M.S.); (W.Z.); (M.L.); (S.O.); (K.O.L.); (X.Y.)
- Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Timothy J. Kopper
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (M.W.); (A.N.G.); (B.K.); (C.M.); (A.F.); (P.P.); (M.G.); (M.R.); (C.H.); (S.G.-G.); (B.M.); (V.B.); (T.J.K.); (M.S.); (W.Z.); (M.L.); (S.O.); (K.O.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Marie Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (M.W.); (A.N.G.); (B.K.); (C.M.); (A.F.); (P.P.); (M.G.); (M.R.); (C.H.); (S.G.-G.); (B.M.); (V.B.); (T.J.K.); (M.S.); (W.Z.); (M.L.); (S.O.); (K.O.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Wenbo Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (M.W.); (A.N.G.); (B.K.); (C.M.); (A.F.); (P.P.); (M.G.); (M.R.); (C.H.); (S.G.-G.); (B.M.); (V.B.); (T.J.K.); (M.S.); (W.Z.); (M.L.); (S.O.); (K.O.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Morgan Lenz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (M.W.); (A.N.G.); (B.K.); (C.M.); (A.F.); (P.P.); (M.G.); (M.R.); (C.H.); (S.G.-G.); (B.M.); (V.B.); (T.J.K.); (M.S.); (W.Z.); (M.L.); (S.O.); (K.O.L.); (X.Y.)
- Occupational Therapy, Illinois College, Jacksonville, IL 62650, USA
| | - Aviva Abosch
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Steven Ojemann
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (M.W.); (A.N.G.); (B.K.); (C.M.); (A.F.); (P.P.); (M.G.); (M.R.); (C.H.); (S.G.-G.); (B.M.); (V.B.); (T.J.K.); (M.S.); (W.Z.); (M.L.); (S.O.); (K.O.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Kevin O. Lillehei
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (M.W.); (A.N.G.); (B.K.); (C.M.); (A.F.); (P.P.); (M.G.); (M.R.); (C.H.); (S.G.-G.); (B.M.); (V.B.); (T.J.K.); (M.S.); (W.Z.); (M.L.); (S.O.); (K.O.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xiaoli Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (M.W.); (A.N.G.); (B.K.); (C.M.); (A.F.); (P.P.); (M.G.); (M.R.); (C.H.); (S.G.-G.); (B.M.); (V.B.); (T.J.K.); (M.S.); (W.Z.); (M.L.); (S.O.); (K.O.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Michael W. Graner
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (M.W.); (A.N.G.); (B.K.); (C.M.); (A.F.); (P.P.); (M.G.); (M.R.); (C.H.); (S.G.-G.); (B.M.); (V.B.); (T.J.K.); (M.S.); (W.Z.); (M.L.); (S.O.); (K.O.L.); (X.Y.)
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Leavenworth JD, Yusuf N, Hassan Q. K-Homology Type Splicing Regulatory Protein: Mechanism of Action in Cancer and Immune Disorders. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2024; 34:75-87. [PMID: 37824394 PMCID: PMC11003564 DOI: 10.1615/critreveukaryotgeneexpr.2023048085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
K homology-type splicing regulatory protein (KSRP) is emerging as a key player in cancer biology, and immunology. As a single-strand nucleic acid binding protein it functions in both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, while facilitating multiple stages of RNA metabolism to affect proliferation and control cell fate. However, it must interact with other proteins to determine the fate of its bound substrate. Here we provide an minireview of this important regulatory protein and describe its complex subcellular functions to affect RNA metabolism, stability, miRNA biogenesis and maturation, stress granule function, metastasis, and inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Leavenworth
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nabiha Yusuf
- Department of Dermatology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Quamarul Hassan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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