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Abstract
Anatomical imaging in OCD using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been performed since the late 1980s. MRI research was further stimulated with the advent of automated image processing techniques such as voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and surface-based methods (e.g., FreeSurfer) which allow for detailed whole-brain data analyses. Early studies suggesting involvement of corticostriatal circuitry (particularly orbitofrontal cortex and ventral striatum) have been complemented by meta-analyses and pooled analyses indicating additional involvement of posterior brain regions, in particular parietal cortex. Recent large-scale meta-analyses from the ENIGMA consortium have revealed greater pallidum and smaller hippocampus volume in adult OCD, coupled with parietal cortical thinning. Frontal cortical thinning was only observed in medicated patients. Previous reports of symptom dimension-specific alterations were not confirmed. In paediatric OCD, thalamus enlargement has been a consistent finding. Studies investigating white matter volume (VBM) or integrity (using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)) have shown mixed results, with recent DTI meta-analyses mainly showing involvement of posterior cortical-subcortical tracts in addition to subcortical-prefrontal connections. To which extent these abnormalities are unique to OCD or common to other psychiatric disorders is unclear, as few comparative studies have been performed. Overall, neuroanatomical alterations in OCD appear to be subtle and may vary with time, stressing the need for adequately powered longitudinal studies. Although multivariate approaches using machine learning methodologies have so far been disappointing in distinguishing individual OCD patients from healthy controls, including multimodal data in such analyses may aid in further establishing a neurobiological profile of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Zhang L, Hu X, Li H, Lu L, Li B, Hu X, Bu X, Tang S, Tang W, Liu N, Yang Y, Gong Q, Huang X. Characteristic alteration of subcortical nuclei shape in medication-free patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 24:102040. [PMID: 31670068 PMCID: PMC6831899 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The study established a subregional-level anatomic alteration profile of subcortical structures in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The OCD patients showed an expansion of the lateral amygdala (right hemisphere) and right pallidum. Deformities in pallidum were associated with illness duration and symptom severity of OCD. Gender difference in OCD-related morphometric alterations were found in amygdala and caudate.
Background Subcortical nuclei are important components in the pathology model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and subregions of these structures subserve different functions that may distinctively contribute to OCD symptoms. Exploration of the subregional-level profile of structural abnormalities of these nuclei is needed to develop a better understanding of the neural mechanism of OCD. Methods A total of 83 medication-free, non-comorbid OCD patients and 93 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited, and high-resolution T1-weighted MR images were obtained for all participants. The volume and shape of the subcortical nuclei (including the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, caudate, pallidum, putamen and thalamus) were quantified and compared with an automated parcellation approach and vertex-wise shape analysis using FSL-FIRST software. Sex differences in these measurements were also explored with an exploratory subgroup analysis. Results Volumetric analysis showed no significant differences between patients and healthy control subjects. Relative to healthy control subjects, the OCD patients showed an expansion of the lateral amygdala (right hemisphere) and right pallidum. These deformities were associated with illness duration and symptom severity of OCD. Exploratory subgroup analysis by sex revealed amygdala deformity in male patients and caudate deformity in female patients. Conclusions The lateral amygdala and the dorsal pallidum were associated with OCD. Neuroanatomic evidence of sexual dimorphism was also found in OCD. Our study not only provides deeper insight into how these structures contribute to OCD symptoms by revealing these subregional-level deformities but also suggests that gender effects may be important in OCD studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianqing Zhang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Functional and molecular imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Xinyu Hu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Functional and molecular imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hailong Li
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Functional and molecular imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Functional and molecular imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Hu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Functional and molecular imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuan Bu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Functional and molecular imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shi Tang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Functional and molecular imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wanjie Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Naici Liu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Functional and molecular imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yanchun Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Functional and molecular imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoqi Huang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Functional and molecular imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Delahoy R, Bartholomeusz CF, Pemberton H, Alonso P, Pujol J, Cardoner N, Menchon JM, Soriano-Mas C, Harrison BJ. An examination of orbitofrontal sulcogyral morphology in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2019; 286:18-23. [PMID: 30852254 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been consistently associated with structural and functional alteration of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and its subcortical connections. In exploring these alterations, a neurodevelopmental basis to OCD has been suggested. While some studies have examined outcomes of early cortical maturation processes, such as global cortical thickness and gyrification, no work has specifically examined the OFC. Within the OFC, three types of sulcogyral patterns have been identified as a result of variance in cortical folding. The distribution of these patterns has been found to differ in patients of various neuropsychiatric disorders relative to the general population, however no study has yet investigated this distribution in individuals with OCD. Eighty OCD patients and 78 healthy controls were evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging, with identification of the sulcogyral pattern based on the method of Chiavaras and Petrides (2000). While gross changes in OFC sulcogyral patterning did not distinguish OCD patients from healthy controls, expression of both the Type II and Type III patterns was significantly associated with increased OCD illness severity. This finding indicates that early neurodevelopmental factors may influence illness severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Delahoy
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cali F Bartholomeusz
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Australia; The Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hugh Pemberton
- Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK
| | - Pino Alonso
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL and CIBERSAM G-17, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesus Pujol
- MRI Research Unit, Department of Radiology, Hospital del Mar and CIBERSAM G-21, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Narcis Cardoner
- Department of Mental Health, Corporació Sanitaria Parc Taulí, Sabadell, CIBERSAM GCV16\SAM\1 and Department of Psychiatry, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Menchon
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL and CIBERSAM G-17, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Soriano-Mas
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL and CIBERSAM G-17, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychobiology and Methodology in Health Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ben J Harrison
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia.
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Guerrero-Apolo JD, Navarro-Pastor JB, Bulbena-Vilarrasa A, Gabarre-Mir J. The slant of the forehead as a craniofacial feature of impulsiveness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [PMID: 29538488 PMCID: PMC6899405 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2017-2339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Impulsiveness has been the subject of much research, but little is known about the possible relationship between craniofacial anatomy and impulsiveness. The present study was designed to investigate the relationship between one aspect of craniofacial structure (the angle of inclination of the forehead) and impulsiveness. Method: Photographs in profile were obtained from 131 volunteers who had been fined for driving at high speed and were undergoing a court-mandated driving license point-recovery course. They completed the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), the Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS-P), and Zuckerman’s Sensation Seeking Scale (V). The angle of the slant of the forehead was measured with a photographic support and a protractor. Results: High positive concordance was found between forehead inclination and 14 out of the 15 impulsiveness factors studied. Conclusions: The angle of inclination of the forehead was significantly associated with self-reported impulsiveness in this sample of traffic violators.
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Affiliation(s)
- J David Guerrero-Apolo
- Departament de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Doctorat en Psiquiatria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Craniofacial Psychology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Blas Navarro-Pastor
- Departament de Psicobiologia i de Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Facultat de Psicologia, UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Bulbena-Vilarrasa
- Departament de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Doctorat en Psiquiatria, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Unitat d'Ansietat, Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions (INAD), Hospital del Mar, UAB, Barcelona, Spain
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Pujol J, Blanco-Hinojo L, Esteba-Castillo S, Caixàs A, Harrison BJ, Bueno M, Deus J, Rigla M, Macià D, Llorente-Onaindia J, Novell-Alsina R. Anomalous basal ganglia connectivity and obsessive-compulsive behaviour in patients with Prader Willi syndrome. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2016; 41:261-71. [PMID: 26645739 PMCID: PMC4915935 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.140338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prader Willi syndrome is a genetic disorder with a behavioural expression characterized by the presence of obsessive-compulsive phenomena ranging from elaborate obsessive eating behaviour to repetitive skin picking. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been recently associated with abnormal functional coupling between the frontal cortex and basal ganglia. We have tested the potential association of functional connectivity anomalies in basal ganglia circuits with obsessive-compulsive behaviour in patients with Prader Willi syndrome. METHODS We analyzed resting-state functional MRI in adult patients and healthy controls. Whole-brain functional connectivity maps were generated for the dorsal and ventral aspects of the caudate nucleus and putamen. A selected obsessive-compulsive behaviour assessment included typical OCD compulsions, self picking and obsessive eating behaviour. RESULTS We included 24 adults with Prader Willi syndrome and 29 controls in our study. Patients with Prader Willi syndrome showed abnormal functional connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia and within subcortical structures that correlated with the presence and severity of obsessive-compulsive behaviours. In addition, abnormally heightened functional connectivity was identified in the primary sensorimotor cortex-putamen loop, which was strongly associated with self picking. Finally, obsessive eating behaviour correlated with abnormal functional connectivity both within the basal ganglia loops and between the striatum and the hypothalamus and the amygdala. LIMITATIONS Limitations of the study include the difficulty in evaluating the nature of content of obsessions in patients with Prader Willi Syndrome and the risk of excessive head motion artifact on brain imaging. CONCLUSION Patients with Prader Willi syndrome showed broad functional connectivity anomalies combining prefrontal loop alterations characteristic of OCD with 1) enhanced coupling in the primary sensorimotor loop that correlated with the most impulsive aspects of the behaviour and 2) reduced coupling of the ventral striatum with limbic structures for basic internal homeostasis that correlated with the obsession to eat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Pujol
- Correspondence to: J. Pujol, MRI Department, CRC-Mar, Hospital del Mar, Passeig Marítim 25–29. 08003, Barcelona;
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Piras F, Piras F, Chiapponi C, Girardi P, Caltagirone C, Spalletta G. Widespread structural brain changes in OCD: A systematic review of voxel-based morphometry studies. Cortex 2015; 62:89-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Özkucur N, Quinn KP, Pang JC, Du C, Georgakoudi I, Miller E, Levin M, Kaplan DL. Membrane potential depolarization causes alterations in neuron arrangement and connectivity in cocultures. Brain Behav 2015; 5:24-38. [PMID: 25722947 PMCID: PMC4321392 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The disruption of neuron arrangement is associated with several pathologies. In contrast to action potentials, the role of resting potential (Vmem) in regulating connectivity remains unknown. METHODS Neuron assemblies were quantified when their Vmem was depolarized using ivermectin (Ivm), a drug that opens chloride channels, for 24 h in cocultures with astrocytes. Cell aggregation was analyzed using automated cluster analysis methods. Neural connectivity was quantified based on the identification of isolated somas in phase-contrast images using image processing. Vmem was measured using voltage-sensitive dyes and whole-cell patch clamping. Immunocytochemistry and Western blotting were used to detect changes in the distribution and production of the proteins. RESULTS Data show that Vmem regulates cortical tissue shape and connectivity. Automated cluster analysis methods revealed that the degree of neural aggregation was significantly increased (0.26 clustering factor vs. 0.21 in controls, P ≤ 0.01). The number of beta-tubulin III positive neural projections was also significantly increased in the neural aggregates in cocultures with Ivm. Hyperpolarized neuron cells formed fewer connections (33% at 24 h, P ≤ 0.05) compared to control cells in 1-day cultures. Glia cell densities increased (33.3%, P ≤ 0.05) under depolarizing conditions. CONCLUSION Vmem can be a useful tool to probe neuronal cells, disease tissues models, and cortical tissue arrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurdan Özkucur
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University 4 Colby St., Medford, Massachusetts, 02155 ; Biology Department, Tufts University 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600, Medford, Massachusetts, 02155
| | - Kyle P Quinn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University 4 Colby St., Medford, Massachusetts, 02155
| | - Jin C Pang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University 161 College Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts, 02155
| | - Chuang Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University 4 Colby St., Medford, Massachusetts, 02155 ; Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Irene Georgakoudi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University 4 Colby St., Medford, Massachusetts, 02155
| | - Eric Miller
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tufts University 161 College Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts, 02155
| | - Michael Levin
- Biology Department, Tufts University 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600, Medford, Massachusetts, 02155
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University 4 Colby St., Medford, Massachusetts, 02155
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Identifying craniofacial features associated with prenatal exposure to androgens and testing their relationship with brain development. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:3233-44. [PMID: 25074752 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0852-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We used magnetic resonance (MR) images obtained in same-sex and opposite-sex dizygotic twins (n = 119, 8 years of age) to study possible effects of prenatal androgens on craniofacial features. Using a principal component analysis of 19 craniofacial landmarks placed on the MR images, we identified a principal component capturing craniofacial features that distinguished females with a presumed differential exposure to prenatal androgens by virtue of having a male (vs. a female) co-twin (Cohen's d = 0.76). Subsequently, we tested the possibility that this craniofacial "signature" of prenatal exposure to androgens predicts brain size, a known sexually dimorphic trait. In an independent sample of female adolescents (singletons; n = 462), we found that the facial signature predicts up to 8% of variance in brain size. These findings are consistent with the organizational effects of androgens on brain development and suggest that the facial signature derived in this study could complement other indirect measures of prenatal exposure to androgens.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article reviews neuroimaging studies that inform psychotherapy research. An introduction to neuroimaging methods is provided as background for the increasingly sophisticated breadth of methods and findings appearing in psychotherapy research. METHOD We compiled and assessed a comprehensive list of neuroimaging studies of psychotherapy outcome, along with selected examples of other types of studies that also are relevant to psychotherapy research. We emphasized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) since it is the dominant neuroimaging modality in psychological research. RESULTS We summarize findings from neuroimaging studies of psychotherapy outcome, including treatment for depression, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS The increasing use of neuroimaging methods in the study of psychotherapy continues to refine our understanding of both outcome and process. We suggest possible directions for future neuroimaging studies in psychotherapy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol P Weingarten
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Duke University , Durham , NC , USA
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Saygin ZM, Osher DE, Augustinack J, Fischl B, Gabrieli JDE. Connectivity-based segmentation of human amygdala nuclei using probabilistic tractography. Neuroimage 2011; 56:1353-61. [PMID: 21396459 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The amygdala plays an important role in emotional and social functions, and amygdala dysfunction has been associated with multiple neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism, anxiety, and depression. Although the amygdala is composed of multiple anatomically and functionally distinct nuclei, typical structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences are unable to discern them. Thus, functional MRI (fMRI) studies typically average the BOLD response over the entire structure, which reveals some aspects of amygdala function as a whole but does not distinguish the separate roles of specific nuclei in humans. We developed a method to segment the human amygdala into its four major nuclei using only diffusion-weighted imaging and connectivity patterns derived mainly from animal studies. We refer to this new method as Tractography-based Segmentation, or TractSeg. The segmentations derived from TractSeg were topographically similar to their corresponding amygdaloid nuclei, and were validated against a high-resolution scan in which the nucleic boundaries were visible. In addition, nuclei topography was consistent across subjects. TractSeg relies on short scan acquisitions and widely accessible software packages, making it attractive for use in healthy populations to explore normal amygdala nucleus function, as well as in clinical and pediatric populations. Finally, it paves the way for implementing this method in other anatomical regions which are also composed of functional subunits that are difficult to distinguish with standard structural MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep M Saygin
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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