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van der Horn HJ, de Koning ME, Visser K, Kok MGJ, Spikman JM, Scheenen ME, Renken RJ, Calhoun VD, Vergara VM, Cabral J, Mayer AR, van der Naalt J. Dynamic phase-locking states and personality in sub-acute mild traumatic brain injury: An exploratory study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295984. [PMID: 38100479 PMCID: PMC10723684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Research has shown that maladaptive personality characteristics, such as Neuroticism, are associated with poor outcome after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). The current exploratory study investigated the neural underpinnings of this process using dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) analyses of resting-state (rs) fMRI, and diffusion MRI (dMRI). Twenty-seven mTBI patients and 21 healthy controls (HC) were included. After measuring the Big Five personality dimensions, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to obtain a superordinate factor representing emotional instability, consisting of high Neuroticism, moderate Openness, and low Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Persistent symptoms were measured using the head injury symptom checklist at six months post-injury; symptom severity (i.e., sum of all items) was used for further analyses. For patients, brain MRI was performed in the sub-acute phase (~1 month) post-injury. Following parcellation of rs-fMRI using independent component analysis, leading eigenvector dynamic analysis (LEiDA) was performed to compute dynamic phase-locking brain states. Main patterns of brain diffusion were computed using tract-based spatial statistics followed by PCA. No differences in phase-locking state measures were found between patients and HC. Regarding dMRI, a trend significant decrease in fractional anisotropy was found in patients relative to HC, particularly in the fornix, genu of the corpus callosum, anterior and posterior corona radiata. Visiting one specific phase-locking state was associated with lower symptom severity after mTBI. This state was characterized by two clearly delineated communities (each community consisting of areas with synchronized phases): one representing an executive/saliency system, with a strong contribution of the insulae and basal ganglia; the other representing the canonical default mode network. In patients who scored high on emotional instability, this relationship was even more pronounced. Dynamic phase-locking states were not related to findings on dMRI. Altogether, our results provide preliminary evidence for the coupling between personality and dFNC in the development of long-term symptoms after mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harm J. van der Horn
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Pete & Nancy Domenici Hall, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
| | | | - Koen Visser
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marius G. J. Kok
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacoba M. Spikman
- Department of Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Myrthe E. Scheenen
- Department of Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Remco J. Renken
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vince D. Calhoun
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research (TReNDS), Georgia State, Georgia Tech, Emory, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Victor M. Vergara
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research (TReNDS), Georgia State, Georgia Tech, Emory, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Joana Cabral
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Andrew R. Mayer
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Pete & Nancy Domenici Hall, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
| | - Joukje van der Naalt
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Age-related heterogeneity revealed by disruption of white matter structural networks in patients with first-episode untreated major depressive disorder: WM Network In OA-MDD. J Affect Disord 2022; 303:286-296. [PMID: 35176347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The clinical treatment and prognosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) are limited by the high degree of disease heterogeneity. It is unclear whether there is a potential network mechanism for age-related heterogeneity. We aimed to uncover the heterogeneity of the white matter (WM) network at different ages of onset and its correlation with different symptom characteristics. 85 first-episode MDD patients and 84 corresponding healthy controls (HCs) were recruited and underwent diffusion tensor imaging scans. Structural network characteristics were analyzed using graph theory methods. We observed an accelerated age-related decline of the WM network in MDD patients compared with HCs. Distinct symptom-related networks were identified in three MDD groups with different onset-age. For early-onset MDD (18-29 years; EOD), higher guilt and loss of interest were correlated with the insula, and inferior parietal lobe which in default mode network and salience network. For mid-term-onset MDD (30-44 years; MOD), higher somatic symptoms were correlated with thalamus which in cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical circuit. For later-onset MDD (45-60 years; LOD), poor sleep symptoms were correlated with the caudate in the basal ganglia, which suggests the cingulate operculum network in the control of sleep. These results supported a circuit-based heterogeneity associated with the age of onset in MDD. Understanding this circuit-based heterogeneity might help to develop a new target for clinical treatment strategies.
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Meng Y, Huang D, Hou L, Zhou R. Hypoactivation of autonomtic nervous system-related orbitofrontal and motor cortex during acute stress in women with premenstrual syndrome. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 15:100357. [PMID: 34258334 PMCID: PMC8252112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Meng
- Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.,School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Dejian Huang
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Lulu Hou
- Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.,Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Renlai Zhou
- Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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4
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Altinok DCA, Rajkumar R, Nießen D, Sbaihat H, Kersey M, Shah NJ, Veselinović T, Neuner I. Common neurobiological correlates of resilience and personality traits within the triple resting-state brain networks assessed by 7-Tesla ultra-high field MRI. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11564. [PMID: 34079001 PMCID: PMC8172832 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91056-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous studies investigating resilience and personality trials, a paucity of information regarding their neurobiological commonalities at the level of the large resting-state networks (rsNWs) remains. Here we address this topic using the advantages of ultra-high-field (UHF) 7T-MRI, characterized by higher signal-to-noise ratio and increased sensitivity. The association between resilience, personality traits and three fMRI measures (fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF), degree centrality (DC) and regional homogeneity (ReHo)) determined for three core rsNWs (default mode (DMN), salience (SN), and central executive network (CEN)) were examined in 32 healthy volunteers. The investigation revealed a significant role of SN in both resilience and personality traits and a tight association of the DMN with resilience. DC in CEN emerged as a significant moderator for the correlations of resilience with the personality traits of neuroticism and extraversion. Our results indicate that the common neurobiological basis of resilience and the Big Five personality traits may be reflected at the level of the core rsNWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilsa Cemre Akkoc Altinok
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ravichandran Rajkumar
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- JARA - BRAIN - Translational Medicine, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-4, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dominik Nießen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-4, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Hasan Sbaihat
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-4, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Medical Imaging, Arab-American University Palestine, AAUP, Jenin, Palestine
| | - Margo Kersey
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - N Jon Shah
- JARA - BRAIN - Translational Medicine, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-4, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 11, INM-11, JARA, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tanja Veselinović
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Irene Neuner
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
- JARA - BRAIN - Translational Medicine, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-4, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany.
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Cortical surface area alterations shaped by genetic load for neuroticism. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:3422-3431. [PMID: 30185937 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0236-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Neuroticism has been shown to act as an important risk factor for major depressive disorder (MDD). Genetic and neuroimaging research has independently revealed biological correlates of neurotic personality including cortical alterations in brain regions of high relevance for affective disorders. Here we investigated the influence of a polygenic score for neuroticism (PGS) on cortical brain structure in a joint discovery sample of n = 746 healthy controls (HC) and n = 268 MDD patients. Findings were validated in an independent replication sample (n = 341 HC and n = 263 MDD). Subgroup analyses stratified for case-control status and analyses of associations between neurotic phenotype and cortical measures were carried out. PGS for neuroticism was significantly associated with a decreased cortical surface area of the inferior parietal cortex, the precuneus, the rostral cingulate cortex and the inferior frontal gyrus in the discovery sample. Similar associations between PGS and surface area of the inferior parietal cortex and the precuneus were demonstrated in the replication sample. Subgroup analyses revealed negative associations in the latter regions between PGS and surface area in both HC and MDD subjects. Neurotic phenotype was negatively correlated with surface area in similar cortical regions including the inferior parietal cortex and the precuneus. No significant associations between PGS and cortical thickness were detected. The morphometric overlap of associations between both PGS and neurotic phenotype in similar cortical regions closely related to internally focused cognition points to the potential relevance of genetically shaped cortical alterations in the development of neuroticism.
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Hou L, Han ZR, Meng Y, Huang D, Zhou R. Neural evidence of dysfunction of reward processing in women with premenstrual syndrome. Neuropsychologia 2020; 149:107669. [PMID: 33160966 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most studies on the mechanism behind premenstrual syndrome (PMS) have focused on negative emotional overreaction, but little evidence exists regarding the weakening of positive emotions. Given the close relationship between positive emotions and reward processing, the aim of this study is to investigate the dysfunction of reward processing in women with PMS. METHOD Seventeen women with PMS and seventeen healthy women were scanned during a card guessing task in the late luteal phase. By selecting bilateral caudate and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) as seed regions, region-of-interest (ROI) analysis and functional connectivity (psycho-physiological interaction [PPI]) analysis were conducted to compare the difference between two groups. Exploratory whole brain analysis was also conducted to examine the group differences in other reward-related brain regions. RESULTS ROI analysis revealed that healthy women showed stronger activation at the bilateral caudate and OFC when gains were contrasted to losses feedback, whereas women with PMS showed no significant difference between these two conditions. Whole brain analysis indicated that healthy women showed stronger activation at the right middle frontal gyrus (MFG) when gains were contrasted to losses feedback, whereas women with PMS showed no significant difference between these two conditions. Furthermore, separate analysis on healthy women revealed significant clusters of greater activation to gains minus losses that included the bilateral caudate, right middle temporal gyrus, and left inferior occipital gyrus; conversely, no significant clusters of activations to gains minus losses were observed in women with PMS. PPI analysis results revealed that women with PMS exhibited lower functional connectivity between the right caudate and the right cerebellum than healthy women when experiencing gains versus losses. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide one of the first evidence that PMS is related to dysfunction in reward processing, which could be associated with the weakening of positive emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Hou
- Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Zhuo Rachel Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Meng
- Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Dejian Huang
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, China
| | - Renlai Zhou
- Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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7
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Giustiniani J, Nicolier M, Teti Mayer J, Chabin T, Masse C, Galmès N, Pazart L, Trojak B, Bennabi D, Vandel P, Haffen E, Gabriel D. Event-Related Potentials (ERP) Indices of Motivation during the Effort Expenditure for Reward Task. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E283. [PMID: 32397250 PMCID: PMC7287692 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10050283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic and temporal facets of the various constructs that comprise motivation remain to be explored. Here, we adapted the Effort Expenditure for Reward Task, a well-known laboratory task used to evaluate motivation, to study the event-related potentials associated with reward processing. The Stimulus Preceding Negativity (SPN) and the P300 were utilized as motivation indicators with high density electroencephalography. The SPN was found to be more negative for difficult choices compared to easy choices, suggesting a greater level of motivation, at a neurophysiological level. The insula, a structure previously associated with both effort discounting and prediction error, was concomitantly activated during the generation of the SPN. Processing a gain significantly altered the amplitude of the P300 compared to an absence of gain, particularly on centroparietal electrodes. One of the generators of the P300 was located on the vmPFC, a cerebral structure involved in the choice between two positive results and their predictions, during loss processing. Both the SPN and the P300 appear to be reliable neural markers of motivation. We postulate that the SPN represents the strength of the motivational level, while the P300 represents the impact of motivation on updating memories of the feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Giustiniani
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France; (M.N.); (J.T.M.); (C.M.); (D.B.); (P.V.); (E.H.)
- EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; (T.C.); (N.G.); (L.P.); (D.G.)
- Clinical Investigation Centre, University Hospital of Besançon, Inserm CIC 1431, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Magali Nicolier
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France; (M.N.); (J.T.M.); (C.M.); (D.B.); (P.V.); (E.H.)
- EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; (T.C.); (N.G.); (L.P.); (D.G.)
- Clinical Investigation Centre, University Hospital of Besançon, Inserm CIC 1431, 25000 Besançon, France
- Neuroimaging and neurostimulation department Neuraxess, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Juliana Teti Mayer
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France; (M.N.); (J.T.M.); (C.M.); (D.B.); (P.V.); (E.H.)
- EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; (T.C.); (N.G.); (L.P.); (D.G.)
| | - Thibault Chabin
- EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; (T.C.); (N.G.); (L.P.); (D.G.)
| | - Caroline Masse
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France; (M.N.); (J.T.M.); (C.M.); (D.B.); (P.V.); (E.H.)
- EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; (T.C.); (N.G.); (L.P.); (D.G.)
| | - Nathan Galmès
- EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; (T.C.); (N.G.); (L.P.); (D.G.)
| | - Lionel Pazart
- EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; (T.C.); (N.G.); (L.P.); (D.G.)
- Clinical Investigation Centre, University Hospital of Besançon, Inserm CIC 1431, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Benoit Trojak
- Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, University Hospital of Dijon, 21079 Dijon, France;
- EA 4452, LPPM, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Djamila Bennabi
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France; (M.N.); (J.T.M.); (C.M.); (D.B.); (P.V.); (E.H.)
- EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; (T.C.); (N.G.); (L.P.); (D.G.)
- FondaMental Foundation, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Pierre Vandel
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France; (M.N.); (J.T.M.); (C.M.); (D.B.); (P.V.); (E.H.)
- EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; (T.C.); (N.G.); (L.P.); (D.G.)
- Clinical Investigation Centre, University Hospital of Besançon, Inserm CIC 1431, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Emmanuel Haffen
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France; (M.N.); (J.T.M.); (C.M.); (D.B.); (P.V.); (E.H.)
- EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; (T.C.); (N.G.); (L.P.); (D.G.)
- Clinical Investigation Centre, University Hospital of Besançon, Inserm CIC 1431, 25000 Besançon, France
- FondaMental Foundation, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Damien Gabriel
- EA 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; (T.C.); (N.G.); (L.P.); (D.G.)
- Clinical Investigation Centre, University Hospital of Besançon, Inserm CIC 1431, 25000 Besançon, France
- Neuroimaging and neurostimulation department Neuraxess, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
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Deng Y, Li S, Zhou R, Walter M. Motivation but not valence modulates neuroticism-dependent cingulate cortex and insula activity. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:1664-1672. [PMID: 29314499 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroticism has been found to specifically modulate amygdala activations during differential processing of valence and motivation while other brain networks yet are unexplored for associated effects. The main purpose of this study was to investigate whether neural mechanisms processing valence or motivation are prone to neuroticism in the salience network (SN), a network that is anchored in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the anterior insula. This study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and an approach/avoid emotional pictures task to investigate brain activations modulated by pictures' valence or motivational status between high and low neurotic individuals. We found that neuroticism-dependent SN and the parahippocampal-fusiform area activations were modulated by motivation but not valence. Valence in contrast interacted with neuroticism in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex. We suggested that neuroticism modulated valence and motivation processing, however, under the influence of the two distinct networks. Neuroticism modulated the motivation through the SN while it modulated the valence through the orbitofrontal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Deng
- Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.,National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, School of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.,Research Center of Emotion Regulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Shijia Li
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Shanghai, China.,Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Renlai Zhou
- Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.,National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, School of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.,Research Center of Emotion Regulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.,Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Martin Walter
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany†
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